VOLUME II

Newsletter
National Defence College - Kenya

COURSE 25 - 2022/23

The Trailblazers
Course Participants and Faculty pose for photo with Lt Gen A.K Kendagor, Commandant and Mr Peter Ndegwa CEO, Safaricom.
 N e w s l e t
National
t er
Defence
College -

COURSE
Kenya

25 - 20
22/23
Contents
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS.....................................................................................2
VOLUME
II FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK............................................................................3
MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR ................................................................................4
MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN EDITORIAL BOARD................................................ 5
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BY ‘THE TRAILBLAZERS’.................................. 6
THE MOUNT EVEREST MARATHON-NEPAL ............................................................... 8
A TALE OF RESILIENCE.................................................................................................10
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE ECLECTIC ECONOMIC
ANARCHY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH..............................................................................11
THE LAMU PORT AND SOUTH SUDAN-ETHIOPIA TRANSPORT CORRIDOR

zers
(LAPSSET) PROJECT AND REGIONAL SECURITY..........................................................13

railbla ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION MAKING........................ 14

The T VIOLENCE, TRAUMA AND TERRORISM.......................................................................16
BEYOND ‘GROUP THINK’ IN PUBLIC SERVICE............................................................. 17
BEING A SENIOR DIRECTING STAFF AT NDC............................................................... 18
Publisher:
LAND A KEY PERPETRATOR OF INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICTS................................ 19
NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE
P. O. Box 24381- 00502, PILLAR FIVE IN THE KENYA DEFENCE FORCES............................................................ 20
NAIROBI, KENYA HOLY FAMILY IN EGYPT...............................................................................................21
Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES, LALIBELA............................................................................23
2606230 THE UNDERESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION OF AFRICA’S SMALL SCALE FARMING
Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 TO ECONOMIC GROWTH ...........................................................................................24
Email: [email protected] ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF NATIONAL SECURITY.... 25
Website:www.ndc.go.ke “TO EAT OR NOT TO EAT”,
THE DEBATE SURROUNDING GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS................................. 26
Designed & Printed by:
KENYA DEFENCE FORCES PRESENCE IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT............. 28
Perspective House Ltd
ARE FORESTS NATURAL ELEMENTS OF POWER OR AN INSTRUMENT OF
P. O. Box 75002, 00200 Nairobi NATIONAL POWER?....................................................................................................30
Tel: 020 2044338,
DEVOLUTION – FULL OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE DREAMS
Cell: 0721 689 070 AND THE WAY FORWARD...........................................................................................31
Email:[email protected]
WOMEN IN SECURITY.................................................................................................33
Editorial Committee: “NDI UMUNYARWANDA PROGRAM”
IN THE RECONCILIATION PROCESS OF RWANDANS................................................... 34
Col T Boit, MS B Muthigani,
Col P Kihuya, Col T G Sokobe, MENTAL ILLNESS IS A SOCIETAL PROBLEM.................................................................35
MS R V Chenani, Mr J K Musyimi, THE EVOLUTION OF COOK STOVES IN KENYA............................................................ 37
Col B D Khula, Col E N Kitusya, BODABODA-NOMICS; ANARCHY OR ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS IN EAST AFRICA?....... 38
MS A J Parmeres, THE MILITARY STAFF OFFICER - THE UNSUNG HERO................................................. 40
Col D K Karki, Col L Kanobayire, ROLE OF LAKE TANGANYIKA IN THE FUTURE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
Dr C Chumba and MR G K Ng’eno. TRADE EXPANSION TO SOUTH....................................................................................41
CHALLENGES OF ACCESSING FUNDING FOR SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES........... 43
Copy Right © 2023
MY BATTLES WITH THE MOST DANGEROUS ANIMAL IN THE WORLD...................... 44
No part of this publication may be reproduced
in any form or by means without written THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A WILDLIFE WARRIOR......................................................... 45
permission of the publisher. THE PLACE OF DIASPORA IN KENYA’S FOREIGN POLICY............................................ 47
IS KISWAHILI THE LANGUAGE OF DIPLOMACY?......................................................... 48
SOME CRITICAL PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS OF LIFE................................................. 50
CAMEL MEAT AS A DELICACY......................................................................................52
DISCLAIMER WHEN I WAS IN AMERICA…........................................................................................53
MILITARY TRAINING IN PUBLIC SPACES THE DIMINISHING MILITARY
The views and articles contained in FIELD TRAINING AREAS...............................................................................................54
this newsletter are solely those of the
PICTURES SPEAK ...........................................................................................56/81/114
participants concerned. They do not
in any way reflect the official position MILITARY FAMILY CHALLENGES..................................................................................58
of the Ministry of Defence or that CYBER CRIME: A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY..................................................... 59
of the National Defence College. THE GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS DEBATE ON FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA..... 60
MANAGING STRESS: ONE DAY AT A TIME!................................................................. 62

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 1

...Contents
LUCK IS THE ONLY IMPORTANT FACTOR IN STARTING UP A BUSINESS.63 SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE?............... 89
THE BEAUTY OF SOCIAL MEDIA......................................................... 64 TREK TO THE EVEREST BASE CAMP................................................... 90
DE-ESCALATION TECHNIQUE IN PUBLIC ORDER MANAGEMENT..... 65 THE DARK HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSINATIONS SHAPED
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PRACTICES ON WIDOW INHERITANCE....... 66 THE AMERICAN POLICIES (1865-1965)............................................. 92
CLIMBING THE WALL OF WORRY .....................................................68 LEPROSY: THE FORGOTTEN DISEASE................................................. 93
KENYA’S LONGEST POLITICAL DETAINEE, I THOUGHT YOU SHOULD KNOW...................................................... 95
BARSIRIAN ARAP MANYEI.................................................................. 69 THE FUTURE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT......................................... 96
BRAVING THE PANDEMIC TO ACHIEVE AMISOM MANDATE............ 71 Kikuyu Males- Circumcision............................................................... 98
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL BARINGO TOURISM: A GOLDEN GEM............................................... 99
IMPLICATIONS OF THE UKRAINE-RUSSIA WAR ON EAST AFRICA...... 72 SPORTS DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY IN
THE CURSE OF HUNGER IN AFRICA................................................... 73 KENYA................................................................................................. 101
FROM RAGs to RICHES....................................................................... 75 THE ISLAMIST JIHAD MISCONCEPTION............................................. 102
THE PLEASURE OF TRAVELLING ALONG KENYA’S COAST.................. 76 HELICOPTER AERIAL FIREFIGHTING................................................... 104
BEING A FIGHTER PILOT….................................................................. 78 “EXPRESSWAY” TO PROSPERITY......................................................... 106
EFFECT OF MORALE ON .................................................................... 79 SHOWCASING CULTURAL
MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS.................................................................. 79 DIVERSITY........................................................................................... 108
THE COLONIAL QUEEN...................................................................... 82 WHERE DID THE SNOW ON THE PEAKS DISAPPEAR TO?.................. 109
BOTSWANA TOURISM INDUSTRY: ..................................................... 84 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION:
AN ENDURING PROBLEM IN KENYA.................................................. 111
ANOTHER DIAMOND IN THE WILDERNESS....................................... 84
NAMIBIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HER SADC LANDLOCKED
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TSAVO NATIONAL PARKS........... 86 NEIGHBOURS .................................................................................... 112
THE THIEVES IN OUR BUS.................................................................. 87

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editorial Board from L to R: Col T Boit, MS B Muthigani, Col P Kihuya, Col T G Sokobe, MS R V Chenani, Mr J K Musyimi,
Col B D Khula, Col E N Kitusya, MS A J Parmeres, Col D K Karki, Col L Kanobayire, Dr C Chumba and MR G K Ng’eno.

2 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK

LT GEN A K KENDAGOR MGH, CBS ‘ndu’ (USA) ‘psc’ (K)

commaNdant

I
t gives me great pleasure to note that Volume II Newsletter of Course 25- 2022/23 cohort is ready after successfully delivering
Volume I in term two. The quality of the articles in the newsletter is a manifestation of the hard work and dedication that the
course participants have put into the thought process. From my interactions with the course participants, I have observed that
this cohort is cohesive, inquisitive and ready to learn which is a positive attribute to participants who are focused to achieve the
course aim. Indeed, this resonates well with the course motto “The Trailblazers” in which the participants have upheld due to their
dedication to the course.
As term three progresses; I am encouraged to note that the course is doing well having achieved term one and two-course
milestones, both in class and in the field. These included the conduct of local and regional study visits, university examinations and
the just concluded cultural day. The participants displayed the rich cultural diversities from the fifteen countries represented in the
course during the cultural fete.
I also register that the participants have bonded well despite coming from a mix of thirteen different cultural backgrounds. Truly as
it is said, diversity is strength; I note with gratitude that the participants have exploited this virtue to integrate well. This has enabled
them go through the course as one family with a common goal to excel. I urge the participants to continue with the same spirit and
the positive attitude demonstrated toward their studies as the course advances on well.
I commend the participants for rising up to the occasion by contributing the much needed donations towards alleviating the effects
of the ravaging draught.
As i conclude, let me take this opportunity once again to most sincerely thank the course participants for their well-done articles
and the Editorial Team for their able leadership that has led to the publication of this Newsletter. It is my trust that our esteemed
readers will find this Newsletter educative, thrilling and exciting as they read.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 3

 MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR
SENIOR DIRECTING STAFF

BRIG E RUGENDO ‘awc’, ‘acgc’ (USA) ‘Psc’ (K)

SDS ARMY

A
s we launch Volume of the National Defence College N6ewsletter, I wish to compliment
the participants of Course 25-2022/2023 and the Editorial Team for the commendable effort
committed to produce this Newsletter. The 70 contributors from the fifteen countries that is
Egypt, India, Bangladesh, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Nepal, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania,
Uganda, Burundi, Botswana and Zambia have shared their interesting experiences that abound with
illuminating chronicles, narratives, stories and lessons.
This volume comes at a time when the human security concerns particularly health and food
have informed the participants’ discourse as well as redefined the global security agenda due Covid-
19 pandemic and ravaging drought. The edition provides us with an exciting read covering wide
geographical, cultural and professional scope of the course participants who hold immense experience
from their diverse backgrounds and professions.
I extend utmost appreciation to the Editorial Committee, Course Participants and Faculty Members
for their commitment and effort in preparing the articles amidst demanding course curriculum. Special
appreciation goes to the College Commandant for the invaluable moral and material support that enabled
this informative publication to be possible.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN
EDITORIAL BOARD

COL Boru D Khula ‘psc’ (K), (Bdi)

CHAIRMAN

A
s “Trailblazers”, you once again rose to the occasion to pen down memorable and educative articles
to continue providing insightful read through the College Newsletter II produced during the third term
phase of the course. The “Trailblazers” have once again scaled the heights of this course in ensuring
delivery of the Newsletter II and working together towards milestones achievement.
The integration, cooperation and teamwork demonstrated by the course participation has been enormous
as was evident during the cultural day celebration. The true spirit of “The Trailblazers” was demonstrated by
your generous food donations to communities affected by draught and famine in dry parts of Kenya due to
rains failure for the past four seasons. I thank the Commandant and the Faculty for their support to this noble
cause - facilitating the process and having the food donations delivered.
On behalf of the Editorial Team, Course 25-2022/23 participants and the entire Faculty of National Defence
College, I would like to welcome our esteemed readers to the second volume of our Newsletter. This edition
is a collection of articles rich in diverse culture, educative and share experiences of the participants from their
diverse backgrounds. I have no doubt that our readers will be informed, educated and entertained.
I take this opportunity to thank the editorial team, the participants of course 25- 2022/23 and the entire
college fraternity for their immense contribution towards the production of this Newsletter. My sincere
gratitude goes to the Sponsor Senior Directing Staff Army for his continuous guidance and encouragement.
I thank the Commandant for the material and moral support in the production of this edition. To all our
distinguished readers I wish you a pleasant read.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 5

 CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY BY
‘THE TRAILBLAZERS’
C
orporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept where in- been highly affected. According reports by the Intergovernmental
dividuals, companies or organisations use to participate in Authority on Development (IGAD), over 50 million people within
various community building activities that touch on the so- the IGAD member states are food insecure.
cial and environmental aspects of the society which are beneficial to Food insecurity among the IGAD member states which are
their stakeholders. CSR activities are classified into four main types Kenya, Somalia, Uganda, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan
namely environmental responsibility, ethical responsibility, philan- and Eritrea currently experiences rampant food insecurity due failed
thropic responsibility and economic responsibility. The course par- rainfall in around four seasons resulting to poor yields. In Kenya,
ticipants NDC Course 25, with the guidance of the Commandant the situation is dire as the drought has hit several areas including the
and the faculty exercised philanthropic social responsibility by way regions that were considered food basket of the country.
of food donation to needy Kenyans affected by the ongoing drought, The IGAD statistics further indicate that in Kenya 4.5 million
brought about by climate change. people are suffering from food insecurity. The drought in Kenya has
Generally speaking, climate change can be defined as changes affected several facets of the society. Education has been hampered
in temperatures and weather patterns on earth. These changes are in various areas due to the ongoing drought. Livestock deaths have
attributed to non-sustainable human economic activities which in- also been reported due to lack of water and pasture. Loss of the
clude burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. This has led livestock by the pastoralists has led to loss of livelihood. Citizen
to generation of greenhouse gas emissions which trap the sun’s heat TV Kenya recently featured a class session on food challenge in a
thereby leading to increase in global temperatures. Consequently, primary school in Kilifi County where children could hardly keep
climate change has had adverse impacts on different socio-economic in school due to the hunger situation. This prompted the welfare
sectors with the African continent being among the areas that have patron who happens to be the Course Coordinator to propose a CSR

6 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

initiative which was supported by course participants in re- Pokot County in appreciation for the gesture which has moti-
sponse to the government appeal for well-wishers to help vated and given joy to the participants.
with donations to mitigate the drought crisis. Overcoming effects of climate change in Kenya is an is-
In response to the national call, the National Defence sue of urgency to state and non-state actors. Efforts must be
College – Kenya, participants pursuing Staff Grade 1 Course made to ensure that the negative impacts of climate change
made their contributions towards supporting the national ini- like drought are reversed by putting in place simple strate-
tiative in their own small ways in solidarity with the victims. gies like planting trees. Restoration of the ecosystems is a
This move was supported by Chief of the Defence Forces - critical requirement in mitigating the impacts of environment
Kenya, the Commandant National Defence College (NDC-K), degradation. Embracing modern methods of farming that en-
the Faculty and Managing Director, Defence Forces Canteen compass irrigation of crops rather that depending on rain fed
Organisation (DEFCO). agriculture should be encouraged. Adoption of crops that are
Through these donations, the course participants man- drought resistant, that require less water to mature should be
aged to procure a truckload of assorted foodstuffs which was in the priority list. Food storage and preservation which in-
dispatched to areas where citizens were in dire need. volve collection and storage of food from areas that receive
The climax of the exercise was the handing over of the high surpluses for consumption during dry seasons should be
foodstuffs to the Ahadi Kenya Trust, an anti-Jigger NGO. The encouraged.
NGO works in partnership with the Ministries of Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture ought to roll out programmes
and Interior in the noble task of food distribution to families to sensitise farmers on the need to preserve food for con-
affected by drought. The Commandant NDC and the CEO sumption during drought periods. This practice goes hand in
Ahadi Trust thanked the course participants for their noble hand with growing of non-perishable foods such as millet and
gesture and assured them that the food would be delivered to sorghum which can be stored for longer periods. Livestock
most deserving cases particularly the aged and the disabled. farmers also need to be empowered on storage of enough hay
The course participants have so far received testimonies from and silage for use during drought to avoid cases of their live-
beneficiaries of the donations in far flung areas like West stock dying due to lack of pasture.

Commandant NDC dispatches food donations by participants.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 7

 Pic Source; bimpinfology.com

THE MOUNT EVEREST

MARATHON-NEPAL
M
ount Everest; is known to most a 60km extreme ultra-marathon race, a
people in the world as the highest 42km full marathon race, and a 21km half
point on the earth. Though it marathon race. The Everest Marathon is
is located between Nepal and China, the open to both male and female runners over
top of the mountain belongs to Nepal. the age of 18 from anywhere in the world, as
This mountain, which is 8,849M high is long as they meet certain criteria. A medical
known by different names. In Nepal, it examination certificate from authorized
is called SAGARMAHA, Chinese say medical professionals certifying the
QOMOLANGMA, ZHUMULANGMA runner’s ability to withstand conditions at
and it is known as Mount Everest all over high altitudes is required upon submission
the world. Its most common Tibetan name of the application form. Considering
is Chomolungma, which means “Goddess the high-altitude conditions of the race,
Mother of the World” or “Goddess of organizers also advise runners to allow a
the Valley.” The Nepali (Sanskrit) name few days to acclimatize at similar altitudes.
Sagarmatha means literally “Peak of BRIG GEN B THAPA All runners are also obliged to take out valid
Heaven.” Mount Everest is one of the most health insurance before participating. It has
NEPALI ARMY
attractive tourist destinations in Nepal for a participation limit of around 250 runners
climbers, trekkers, and viewers. This is one the traditionally used high Sherpa trails of in all categories.
of the places one should strive to visit at the Khumbu Valley. Since its inception, the race has
least once during their lifetime. In May 2023, Everest Marathon is going traditionally taken place in May 29th
to be held in honor of Tenzing Norge Sherpa every year. However, in 2015 the race
The Everest Marathon and Sir Edmund Hillary, who scaled Mount was postponed to early October after
Since 2003, Nepal has organized the highest Everest on 29 May, 1953 for the first time in the devastating earthquake in Nepal that
cross-country marathon called the Everest history. The Everest Marathon is an annual killed more than nine thousand people and
Marathon significantly named after Mount marathon event held in Solukhumbu District injured many others. The start times for the
Everest, which starts from the base camp of Nepal. This run is officially permitted and marathon differ depending on the category.
of Everest. The Everest Marathon is listed recognized by the Nepalese government as The ultra-marathon starts at 6:00 a.m., the
in the Guinness Book of World Records part of their annual tourism calendar, in full marathon at 7:00 a.m., and finally the
as the highest marathon in the world. The recognition of the successful first ascent of half marathon at 8:00 a.m. Depending on
start line is at 5,364m above sea level and is the world’s highest peak by duo. the category, the run has different starting
considered one of the highest and toughest The marathon features three different points. The starting point for the full
races in the world. The marathon begins at categories for its participants, including marathon and the extreme ultra-marathon
Mt. Everest Base Camp and moves through category is the Khumbu Icefall, which is at

8 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

an altitude of 5356m above sea level. The
half marathon starts in Dingboche, which is
at an altitude of 4359m.

Route
The Everest Marathon route consists
entirely of cross-country off-road surfaces.
Runners have to navigate natural paths,
stone paths, steps, and sometimes even
snowy and muddy paths. As such, the route
requires special clothing and equipment
for navigating the trails. The Everest
Marathon has the following categories in
which interested participants can compete
according to their choice.

• Extreme Ultra-Marathon (61km); Pic Source; bimpinfology.com

The longest route in the event is
start and finish points is as high as 1620m. avoid environmental problems caused by
the extreme ultra-marathon, which
overcrowding. Typically, organizers limit
moves through the following
Acclimatization; The Everest Marathon the number to around 250 per year. The
route:Khumbu Icefall (0km-5356m),
is a high-altitude race that takes place in organizers have also incorporated a concept
Nha la (39.3km-4381m), Machhermo
a region of low air pressure and oxygen that makes the Everest Marathon a green
(41.4km-4413m)Phortse, Tenga
levels, with some parts covered in snow event through the application of waste
Kyanjuma (55.4km-3650m) Namche
year-round. In order to prevent health risks minimization and the implementation of
(60km-3550m) finishing point.
such as altitude sickness, snow blindness, clean waste disposal practices.
• Full Marathon (42km); This is and cold allergies, runners often need a Winners; To date, the medals in the
the most popular category in the few days to acclimatize during the race. ultra-marathon and full marathon categories
event. The full marathon moves To naturally acclimate to the high altitude, are mostly wiped out by Nepalese runners.
through the following route; Khumbu runners usually team up for a 26-day holiday The best record was set in 2013 by Ram
Icefall (0km-5356m), Gorakhshep in Nepal. This holiday combines sightseeing Kumar Raj Bhandari of Nepal with a time
(17.3km-4395m), Bibre Loop(21.5km- in the capital Kathmandu, a 15-day trek to of 3:40:43. The best female time was set
4349m) Pangboche (27.5km-4012m), the start under medical supervision, climbs by New Zealand’s Anna Frost in 2009. Her
Tengboche (32.6km-3868mNamche of GokyoRi Lake (5483m) and Kala Pattar time was 4:35:04. She is the only woman to
(42.195km-3550m). (5623m) for the best views of Everest, and have walked more than five hours till now.
one of the most strenuous races in the World. Finally, I encourage and humbly request
• Half Marathon (21km); The half- The race is only suitable for runners with all readers to participate in the world’s
marathon event is an event exclusive recent experience in cross country, mountain highest marathon and see the natural beauty
only for non-Nepali nationals, which or mountain running, and endurance events. of Nepal, and wish that you receive the
moves through the following route; Participation; In order to protect precious Guinness Book of Records holder
Dingboche (0km-4395m),Pangboche the delicate natural ecosystem around marathon medals or enjoy seeing the news
(7km-4012m),Tengboche (11.5km - the Everest region within the boundaries or follow the online Media on Everest
3868m) Namche (21-km - 3550m) of Sagarmatha National Park (the Marathon conducted at the base of the
highest national park in the world), the Mount Everest.
The total elevation drop between the number of participants is limited to

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 9

 A TALE OF RESILIENCE
scattered landmines prevented the farmers The personal protective equipment we all
from cultivating their land and herders from had to wear would quickly change to a
freely moving their herds in search of better sauna as the temperatures rose, making it
grazing land and water, which disposed very uncomfortable to work; and this meant
them to abject poverty and suffering. we had to be in the minefields by first light,
It was May 2004 when our demining around 0600hrs. We, therefore, had to work
company boarded Eritrean Airlines at back our timings and start the days quite
the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, early because, as the troop commander,
Nairobi. The flight to Asmara Airport, conducting a detailed safety briefing was
Eritrea, was full of feelings of joy and part of the standard operating procedures
uncertainty at the same time. As one of the every time before heading to the minefields.
troop Commanders within the demining Demining activities were conducted
company, I had to find courage despite being between 0600hrs to 1100hrs when it became
Brig C M Mutisya afraid, since my soldiers were looking up to humanely impossible to continue demining,
me for leadership. If I haven’t mentioned – I mainly because of our canine heroes who

I
KENYA ARMY
was the only female officer in that company! also donned the protective equipment.
n 2004, I was deployed to the The Kenya Contingent Commander
Ethiopia-Eritrea border as a troop received us at the Asmara airport, gave Her name was
commander of the integrated us a briefing, and then directed us to the
demining company, which was part minefields. Demining did not occur in the Roxie. Roxie was the
of the United Nations Mission in Eritrea capital, so our company had to travel 300km troop commander’s
(UNMEE). I had just served in the military by road to the border town of Badme, where
for three years. Our demining company had the war had taken place. The advance party companion. She was
four troops; two manual deminers’ troops, had already set up camp, so we occupied, a special dog, timid
one mine detection dogs’ troop, and one and in the preceding days, we familiarized
mechanical demining troop. I commanded ourselves with the mined areas. It was but compassionate,
the mine detection dogs’ troop. We received excruciating; seeing the number of maimed and had a well-
high-level training involving various field children in Badme and the poverty levels
exercises, which gave us confidence that we almost confirmed that this was the sole trained nose in
were ready for the mission. However, this reason I joined the military – I felt like I had the minefields.
being my first foreign deployment, I was found my purpose!
anxious. Eritrea is a scorching country, with
Following the 1998-2000 border temperatures rising to fifty degrees Celsius. Demining activities were carried out
war between Eritrea and Ethiopia, land from Monday to Friday, then all mines
mines were left within the conflict zones. and unexploded devices collected during
UNMEE’s mission was to restore the land the week would be destroyed in situ by
for use by the citizens through humanitarian the troop commander. If there was a day
demining. Humanitarian demining is the I looked forward to was Saturday when
physical removal of abandoned mines, I would blast away all the explosives.
explosive remnants of war, and Improvised This event gave me a sense of fulfilment,
Explosive devices (IEDs) to protect knowing that we, as Kenyan deminers,
civilians from their indiscriminate effect, incrementally were contributing to a safe
facilitate a return to ordinary civilian life space for the communities to rebuild their
and, where applicable, ensure the delivery livelihoods. Watching children playing and
of humanitarian aid. The vast majority of the headers grazing their camels in the cleared
mine-impacted communities in the Ethiopia areas was gratifying.
-Eritrea border depend on farming, cattle, The afternoons were spent in the camp
and camel herding for their livelihood. The Source: https://www.gichd.org/fileadmin/pdf/ resting, conducting physical training, and
LIMA/PPEEffectiveProtectionDeminers.pdf

10 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 Lessons learned in Eritrea
First and foremost, I learned quite a lot about the impacts of
landmines and the significant difference that the humanitarian
demining activities made in the lives of the affected communities.
Although we could not clear all the minefields in Badme, the benefit
of making a difference in the lives of people in mine afflicted
communities and seeing refugees coming back to occupy cleared
areas gave me a great sense of satisfaction and purpose for my
deployment in Eritrea.
Secondly, I appreciated the importance of training for the mission.
Integrated humanitarian demining is complex, mainly because the
various demining techniques require high skills and coordination.
Nothing prepared me and my troops for the challenging task more
than training and proper equipment.
Capt C M Mutisya (2004). As a young officer in a challenging deployment, I learned much
about leadership. My first lesson was that being a leader is not
grooming the canines for the following days’ work. While all the
about giving orders but requires embracing the leadership role and
other demining dogs in my troop were German Shepherds, one
developing myself in all aspects: character, competence, and actions.
unique dog was an English springer spaniel. Her name was Roxie.
I learned to lead well in Eritrea by adopting military values, learning
Roxie was the troop commander’s companion. She was a special
military skills, and practicing leadership qualities. Through this
dog, timid but compassionate, and had a well-trained nose in the
conscious self-development, you become a confident and competent
minefields. The bond I created with her in the minefields of Eritrea
leader of character. These lessons have stayed with me to date.
has cemented my great love for dogs to date.

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE ECLECTIC

ECONOMIC ANARCHY IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
financial regulations, and uncontrolled and other politically correct individuals
banking and money movement regulations covertly supported the status quo because
in a capitalist society, which often leads they were the biggest beneficiaries of the
to a huge waste of labor thereby causing system. This system seemed to work well in
anarchy. According to Albert Einstein in these countries despite intense criticism by
his work ‘why Socialism?’ this situation the global major powers and international
is the real source of capitalism’s evil: In financial markets.
the contemporary world, the economic However, the end of the Cold War in
anarchy of the capitalist society creates 1989 marked the collapse of the majority of
what many idealists describe as the real these governments in the Third World owing
source of the evil, which in many occasions to the withdrawal of protection by the major
breeds international criminal networks such powers leading to the formation of new
as money launderers while also creating governments, which abandoned the eclectic
terrorism and illegal banking hubs for economic anarchy system thereby adopting
COL J E ADU
national and international criminal groups. a regulatory system with strict banking and
KENYA ARMY

P
Eclectic economic anarchy in this article financial sector controls including imposing
olitical economy is the study of refers to the approach of nation-states to severe penalties on culpable bankers and
the linkages between economic selectively apply the laws and regulations individual account holders.
and political systems focusing on that guide financial management in a The paradox here is that despite the
macroeconomic variables such as growth, country. In the 1980s and 1990s, some adoption of the new economic system
distribution, inequality, and trade as well governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin in the Global South, the reality on the
as how these variables are shaped by America were accused by the global ground portrayed a different picture as
institutions, laws, and political behavior. hegemonies of condoning financial crimes the inflation rate rose sharply more than
Economic anarchy according to this including money laundering within their the situation during the eclectic economic
article entails unrestrained competition, states. These governments were accused anarchy system, which experts believed to
selective application of economic and of corruption as most government officials be the genesis of inflation and poverty. For

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 11

instance, in most Global South countries,
during the reign of the so-called ‘Third
World Despots’ who enjoyed the support
of global hegemonies, the economy was
said to be at its lowest, however, there was
more money in circulation and the common
citizen enjoyed better value for the currency
than today.
One then can argue that the eclectic
economic anarchy system has a place
in the enhancement of the well-being of
society, especially within countries that
are surrounded by unstable neighbors.
Observers have established that following
the collapse of the Siad Barre government
in Somalia in the 1990s, the economy of
the country was not badly off as reported
by international media somehow people
within warlord-controlled regions of the
country went on with their normal economic
activities including exporting and importing
A Somalia Town During Clan Conflict. Source: Getty Images
commodities.
Similarly, the prices of commodities that an eclectic economic anarchy system 1990s, whereby confidentiality in banking
were lower than in neighboring countries can work well if adopted and managed was practiced. Individual bank accounts
while petty theft never existed in the objectively by the neighboring states as were classified as private and confidential,
country. Further to the paradox, those entrepreneurs in conflict zones need stable a development that attracted customers
commodities which found their way to the countries to invest and bank their hard- worldwide including corrupt government
neighboring countries were priced lower earned money. officials from within and without. Of note
compared to prices of similar commodities Consequently, the benefits of the is the possibility of dubious account holders
within neighboring countries’ markets even eclectic economic anarchy in Somalia to from conflict areas such as Somalia and
after paying taxes to warlords and terrorists’ the neighboring countries are many and the possibility of terrorist organizations’
roadblocks. This supports the argument varied. To begin with, the neighboring accounts: To political economists, this
countries benefit from Foreign Direct situation can be said to be healthy for the
Consequently, Investment (FDI) where investors typically economy due to the circulation of foreign
take controlling positions in domestic firms currencies and to the security strategist, the
the benefits of the
or joint ventures and are actively involved situation is a threat to national security.
eclectic economic in their management. A typical example is Further, in Global North particularly in
anarchy in Somalia that of Ogaden in Ethiopia and Eastleigh Switzerland, the country benefits from a
in Nairobi where there is a unique business semblance of the eclectic economic anarchy
to the neighboring
ecosystem that handles money exchange, system as the Swiss bank accounts are
countries are many goods, and services at far much lower costs. maintained at high levels of privacy since
and varied. To begin This has led to Economic Development the country’s laws prevent disclosure of
Stimulation with the informal sector information regarding an account without
with, the neighboring
recording all-round progress. For instance, the holder’s permission, except in cases
countries benefit Eastleigh was far much undeveloped in the where severe criminal activity is suspected.
from Foreign Direct 1980s, and in less than ten years following In conclusion, an eclectic economic
the collapse of Somalia the story is different. anarchy system has its place in the host
Investment (FDI) where
Mushrooming estates, hotels, schools, countries’ economic development thus it
investors typically take banks and markets keep increasing by the is highly recommended that governments
controlling positions day. The government earnings in such cases consider adoption of a hybrid and selective
increase with the escalation of economic eclectic economic anarchy system that does
in domestic firms or
activities thereof, host countries have not compromise the security of the state;
joint ventures and are definitely benefited from eclectic economic as this system would encourage millions
actively involved in anarchy in Somalia. of citizens to deposit monies locally to the
In Eastern Africa, a similar system of advantage of the economy.
their management.
eclectic economic anarchy prevailed in the

12 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 THE LAMU PORT AND SOUTH SUDAN-
ETHIOPIA TRANSPORT CORRIDOR (LAPSSET)
PROJECT AND REGIONAL SECURITY
T
he importance of security and projects in an effort to promote human
development has grown recently both security. As in any other region of the world,
globally and in Africa. Infrastructure East African nations have started a variety of
initiatives that affect both the domestic and initiatives that have an impact both within
regional economies have received a lot and outside of their borders in an effort to
of attention from governments. The most secure development, economic progress, and
successful economies have extensive and security. For instance, among other projects
effective infrastructure. Some of the world’s in the area, Ethiopia started working on the
largest economies spend billions of dollars Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD),
on either building new infrastructure projects the Hoima-Tanga Pipeline Project between
or maintaining existing ones, according to Uganda and Tanzania, and the Kenya’s
a World Economic Forum report on global LAPSSET Initiative.
competitiveness (Brinded, 2016). In contrast, In Kenya, seven major infrastructure
the International Monetary Fund survey projects make up the LAPSSET Corridor,
demonstrates that inadequate infrastructure
Col E W Ndegwa which connects Kenya, Ethiopia, and South
KENYA AIR FORCE
inhibits growth in developing nations. Sudan. They include a 32-berth port in Lamu,
However, emerging economies that invest in Kenya; interregional highways from Lamu to
infrastructure do so to raise production through both a proportionate Juba, South Sudan; Lamu to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and Lamu to
rise in demand and a sustained improvement in the economy’s Garsen, South Sudan (Kenya). Additionally, it has three international
capacity for production. airports—one each at Lamu, Isiolo, and Lake Turkana—along with
Due to its massive infrastructure investment, Kenya has retained a crude oil pipeline from Lamu to Juba, a product pipeline from
its position as the region’s economic powerhouse in Eastern Africa. Lamu to Addis Abeba, interregional standard gauge railway lines
In 2016, the country spent an estimated $7 billion on eleven from Lamu to Juba, Isiolo to Addis Abeba, and Nairobi to Isiolo.
infrastructure projects. The provision of security for the utilization
and realization of the economic benefit of such infrastructure projects
in particular and development in general remains crucial as countries
engage in infrastructure for economic growth. According to Mark
Duffield (2006), security and development are directly related, with
the former fostering the latter’s expansion. Other scholars argue that
it is essential for government entities, regional units, and bodies to
design their programs in a way that acknowledges the likelihood
that success and excellence will be attained through the adoption
of human security elements rather than the more conventional
traditional security and the ensuing development agenda.
African countries in their new resurgent growth strategy have
made infrastructure development the priority for the continent
to realize economic growth. The Program for Infrastructure
Development in Africa’s (PIDA) 7th edition of its premier
infrastructure event focused on the theme of “Putting Africa on
a Firm Footing for Recovery, Growth, and Resilience through
Infrastructure” and was held in Nairobi, Kenya on March 1, 2022.
The purpose of the meeting was to evaluate and monitor the progress
of monetary investments in African infrastructure development.
To critically assess the infrastructure delivery in Africa, African
politicians, representatives of foreign development organizations,
and the business sector came together. Countries in the Eastern
African region have started a variety of economic and infrastructure

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 13

The project also intends to reduce the excess beyond would be enhanced. Moreover, a areas that are water and petroleum-rich
traffic in the Mombasa port. reliable and viable access to the sea for the remain unexploited. Besides the economic
The port among the largest deep-water landlocked eastern and northern parts of incentives resulting from the LAPSSET the
commercial ports in Africa together with Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Sudan would project will promote peace and security in
corridor projects is aimed to develop regions also be enhanced. the region through poverty alleviation and
that were economically marginalized in LAPSSET is the first infrastructure enhanced business activities.
southern Ethiopia, South Sudan, and northern project that Kenya had implemented under However, the level of success of
Kenya. The project is a mega-infrastructure its Vision 2030 Strategy Framework and infrastructure depends on the effectiveness
project with overall budget running into would be part of the land bridge that was of complementary policy at the local,
billions of dollars. The LAPSSET project proposed to stretch from Lamu (Kenya) to national, as well as international levels. The
development will promote economic growth Douala (Cameroon), thus connecting Kenya implementation of the LAPSSET project
in the region through facilitation of trade, to the rest of Africa. In addition, LAPSSET results in various challenges. Enhancing
interconnectivity, and integration between would strengthen Kenya’s position as hub security along the vast corridor poorly
the countries. in Eastern Africa, enhance seamless and policed will be necessary. Loss of fishing
The project benefits will be realized efficient logistics and transport operations grounds has been cited by local Fishermen
through creating employment opportunities in the country and boost the GDP growth by arising from the project’s location at the
and promoting all sectors such as 2-3%. port. Other challenges include land access
transport, logistics, manufacturing, fishery, The project was ambitious, and its and local livelihood, security as well
agriculture, commerce, and transport. completion would mean emergence of new as the geopolitical implications that the
International tourism arrivals at Isiolo, complexities into the economic and political establishment of crude oil routes has on the
Lamu, and Turkana will increase while the interactions within the region. Former region.
position of Kenya as a transport hub and LAPSSET CEO, Silvester Kasuku, once
gateway in the Eastern Africa region and stated that over 60% of the northern region

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION MAKING
language understanding (NLU), and natural better prepared to combat crises. AI improves
language processing falls under this general automation and lessens the tedious, labor-
category. Researchers have also found intensive, and human-intensive aspects
that AI is rethinking the business world, of forecasting and prediction analysis.
enhancing efficiency and innovation, and Additionally, the majority of companies
assisting firms and organization in thinking continue to face increased pressure to react
bigger. quickly to changing social situations. This
Organizational leaders must continuously perspective change has led to a change in
promote change and assess where and how organizational transformation and
how complicated AI should be applied to growth are perceived. Instead of being seen
support business objectives.At present, as one-time undertakings, they are now seen
every industry is feeling the effects of AI. AI as ongoing activities to which all members
can help businesses make better decisions, may and should contribute.
products, and procedures. Organizations According to experts, there are three
BRIG GEN MESBAH should be able to achieve organizational stages in which AI has developed or
BANGLADESH ARMY
agility powered by AI using the technology matured: The first is aided intelligence,

A
rtificial Intelligence (AI) is the that is already available. There are several in which people draw conclusions from
simulation of human intelligence examples of applying AI in the transportation, data and act accordingly. Pure data-driven
processes by machines, especially education, operations, marketing, supply decision-making is discussed. We can
computer systems. Specific applications of chain, and pretty much every other business segment, validate, and process data with the
AI include expert systems, natural language that is transitioning from manual to aid of technologies like cloud computing
processing, speech recognition and machine technologically assisted processes. Through and a variety of data processing tools.
vision. AI is not a single technology, any the use of AI decision-making algorithms, Businesses and organizations may increase
sort of software or hardware that supports which can also identify abnormalities and the efficiency, efficacy, and consistency of
machine learning, computer vision, natural forecast further behaviour, businesses are their decision-making processes by utilizing

14 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

AI-powered datasets. AI can analyze huge datasets without making data collection, tracking, and reporting. AI can help forecast results
mistakes, in contrast to human analysis. The second step, known as using many data points, including project size, contract type,
augmented intelligence, expands on data processing. The augmented and project management skill. Automation will also enhance the
intelligence adds machine learning (ML) capabilities to current requirements-based project sequencing. Organizations will be able to
information management systems to continuously improve results. maximize project investment value and identify savings for product
The system is continuously being trained, or learning over time based development and organizational growth by using AI to automate and
on activities made. People believe that AI will likely reach the third optimize project data sets.
level, or full automation, in the upcoming years. Through workflows Furthermore, AI can support overall risk analysis and mitigation
and machines, all processes and activities will be fully digitalized by predicting faults or redundancy early in projects. Additionally, it
and automated, and bots and systems will act on intelligence obtained assists managers in precisely estimating the personnel and resources
from them. needed to execute a project and maintain its schedule. With the help
The development of AI has quickened the rate of change. of machine learning and AI, future project’s realistic timetables
Researchers have found that integrating AI in an enterprise has five can be predicted using historical data, such as anticipated start and
key advantages; improving current products, optimizing internal finish dates. AI might watch people and predict things based on their
operations, optimizing external operations, releasing employees behaviours. AI systems may monitor projects and team member
to be more creative, and assisting decision-makers. Based on behaviour, identifying patterns and subtleties that could otherwise
the organization’s product strengths, industry, and customer go unnoticed.
involvement, each business has a different approach to employing AI Finally, executives should first pinpoint the critical areas where
to improve products; but practically every organization can use AI to AI can be used to close gaps between project and organizational
improve processes. AI systems in the businesses can handle internal success. Following the identification of the problem areas, AI must
operations like scheduling, reminders, and follow-ups with little to be carefully applied, followed, and modified as necessary. The
no human involvement. By ensuring nothing is missed in the midst of accuracy will increase as more data is used. Project leadership is the
all their activities, this is just one of the many intelligent ways these new way of thinking, not project management. Project managers may
technologies may help people save time. evaluate past outcomes, including early project failure indications,
Additionally, AI-based solutions support managers and leaders and provide useful advice to data-driven leadership. AI will enable
in setting priorities and selecting the best course of action at every project and organizational leaders to make strategic decisions, while
stage, from planning to implementation. It assists in processing tactical and repetitive activities will be delegated to AI and bots. This
project data and identifying trends that may have an impact on the will result in a simple shift in the focus of project managers from
project’s execution. Accordihng to experts, by 2030, 80% of current tactical to strategic. Organizations must adopt the technology if they
manual project management responsibilities will be replaced by AI. don’t want to lag behind other companies and lose ground in the
AI will be used to perform a variety of tasks, including planning, market.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 15

VIOLENCE, TRAUMA AND TERRORISM
needs are met, violence would reduce and Different nations, states, communities,
probably be eradicated. Naturally, there is agencies and academics define and perceive
the desire of the victim to revenge with a terrorism in different ways.WEBSTAR
view to correcting the wrongs done to him. dictionary defines terrorism as the deliberate
The assumption is that through revenge, exploitation of fear through violence or the
one would satisfy themselves.Rene threat of violence in the pursuit of political
Girard (1977), a proponent of the mimetic change. In Kenya, terrorism is defined as
structure of violence, posits that people the unlawful use of violence with intent
emulate the behaviors of those they admire to advance a political, religious, and
and that violence is produced by seeking ideological or other such cause and includes
justifications to place blame.The drive to any unlawful use of violence with intent to
be powerful like the ones committing the put public or a section of the public in fear.
violence comes into focus, even though it is According to STOUT, those who experience
believed that victims would naturally despise trauma, go through a period of self-blame
Col G M Kimonge the people who hurt them. This is due to the asking themselves why they let themselves
KENYA ARMY
fact that those committing acts of injustice be victims. Struggle between the hated self
have the authority and control to do so while and the assailant set conditions against self

K
enya has had a number of cowardly the victims are defenseless. Consequently, to end emotional suffering or to others who
terrorist acts that have caused great those who have been victimized frequently have projected their trauma. Using Stalin
pain among victims, particularly mistakenly interpret power as the capacity and Hitler as examples, he opines that
children. Typically, those who survived to carry out the actions of their abusers. As those victimized are likely to join groups
such events tell frightening stories about a result, they often resort to using violence to rid themselves of victimization and do
what they saw and went through. Most of themselves or recruiting others to do so. away with the shame they perceive. He
these encounters go beyond their wildest They imitate and take after the behaviors of points out that the two leaders underwent
dreams. Such incidents render the victims those who abused them.The victim admires traumatic experiences at childhood that
defenseless, and any attempts to analyze, the oppressor or aggressor for their position left them shamed and bitter. Consequently,
interpret and comprehend such regrettable of power and control, yet he hates them for their cruelty could be attributed to troubled
events lead to trauma. Being involved in or the hurt they have done to him and hence childhood. He also gives examples of school
witnessing a violent personal assault like the endeavor to have the ability to have shooters in America as examples of people
rape, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, power to act unabated just like the people who had no political motives but driven by
or military warfare are all examples of who victimized them so that they are able to revenge by peers who bullied or humiliated
situations that could cause trauma. A few of revenge and satisfy themselves. them.
the signs of trauma are sadness, depression, Recognition, dignity, and respect It is clear therefore that unresolved
fear, anxiety, impatience, and self-doubt. are among the needs of humans. People trauma resulting from violent acts is a
Phobias, sleep difficulties, rage, sadness, experience guilt and worthlessness breeding ground for future violent acts
self-doubt, and behavioral issues may when these aspects are taken from them. by victims to claim self-worth. Survivors
affect victims. The author of Psychology Therefore, people will commit violent acts of terrorist attacks, victims of bullying in
of Terrorism: Coping with the Threat, Chris against the offender if he is capable of doing schools and other forms of abuse including
Stout, claims that Trauma undermines the so or against a lesser person if he lacks the domestic violence require professional help
belief systems that give human experiences ability to deal with the offender in order to overcome unresolved trauma. Failure to
meaning and violates the victims’ confidence to restore or regain status. People will use address trauma arising from past violent
in a natural or divine order. It also destroys violence in an effort to reclaim and fulfill activities could be providing terrorists with
the bonds of family, friendship, love, and their basic wants. In other words, some of fertile recruitment grounds and promoting
community. More crucially, trauma robs the victim’s needs are therefore met through violence in all spheres our lives. It is
the person of their basic human desire violence. From the aforesaid; it’s worth therefore advisable to have our eyes open
for protection and damages identity, the noting that some needs are satisfied through to notice and identify the different forms
foundation around which they built their violence. These include revenge, security of violence perpetrated particularly to the
sense of self. Violence, according to him, is and self-defense. Once one is wronged, to youth in all environments as such acts
any relationship, method, or circumstance get satisfaction an individual may resort to leave permanent marks in their lives that
wherein a person or group undermines the violence either to the person who wronged could be destructive. so that we are able
social, psychological, or bodily dignity them or a weaker person in the same group. to recommend appropriate action. Dealing
of another person or group. Violence comprehensively with youth trauma
robs people of the basic human needs that Terrorism resultant from violence can contribute as a
make them stable emotionally and function There is no international consensus on the strategy to terrorism and violent extremism.
well psychologically. When all security legal or academic definition of terrorism.

16 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 BEYOND ‘GROUP THINK’ IN PUBLIC SERVICE
Despite successes of multiagency multiagency methodologies to work,
approaches, there are challenges that the responsible agencies would have to
impede their effectiveness, two of which are appreciate that coordination is an interactive
explored in this article. Critical is the idea of process of gradually, progressively
‘Group Think’ which prevents officials from building trust, understanding and working
navigating between policy, strategy,and relationships where each agency commits
power, operational and tactical levels a reasonable amount of resources and
of strategy within the organization and surrenders some degree of control over
between state agencies and departments. outcomes. This is usually difficult to
The notion of ‘Group Think’ is a state overcome as officials fall back on their
of organizational mind-set which occurs mandates and independence when faced with
when a group or an organization reach a serious issues of national security concern.
consensus about a matter without critical In Kenya, despite the establishment of the
thinking or assessment of the significances National Development Implementation
MR G K Ng’eno or options. ‘Group Think’ makes it difficult and Communication Cabinet Committee
for multiagency units to navigate through to oversee the delivery and oversight
Ministry of FOREIGN Affairs
the various levels of decision making. of national government development

M
any countries have adopted Historian and author Yuval Noah Harari, programmes and projects, lapses continued
multiagency approaches in in his book, “Sapiens: A brief History to be witnessed across government between
public intervention to tackle of Humankind”, explores an interesting 2020 and 2022.
challenges of globalization and emerging perspective to this challenge as he advances Overcoming the challenge of ‘Group
threats to national security. After the 9 his theme about humans as storytelling Think’and making it easier for departments to
September 2001 terrorist attack on the animals with the capacity to cooperate cede departmental independence, entails the
World Trade Centre, New York (9/11), the in large numbers. By creating and telling adoption of models that allow departmental
United States reviewed its national security ‘stories’, ‘fictions’ or collective narratives flexibility. Instead of focusing on singular
framework and established the Department whose power is derived from their reality goals and outcomes, national security goals
of Homeland Security through the passage in our collective imaginations, humans are are examined through combined efforts and
of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. able to create alternative realities. In his cohesiveness of different groups and their
Kenya, which has received its fair share other writing Homo Deus: A Brief History of progress toward achieving collective goals.
of terrorist attacks, has had to establish Tomorrow, Harari argues that, historically, The approach adopted at the ‘Newsroom’
several multi-agency frameworks to deal as bureaucracies become powerful, they by Media Houses, or the ‘Situation Room’
with terrorism and attendant challenges become ‘immune’ to their own mistakes. by the African Union and the ‘John F.
such as money laundering. For instance, in Using examples from pharaoh’s Egypt and Kennedy Conference Room’ of the ‘United
2015 Kenya revised its National Strategy to Mao Zedong’s China, he argues that when States Government offers useful lessons to
Counter Violent Extremism (NSCVE) and there is a variance between ‘reality’ and multiagency units. The singular message
mandated the state agency – the National ‘text’, reality gives way, as people tend to from these illustrations is that they all draw
Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC), hold on to their stories or created reality. from multiple units, agencies or sources but
with the responsibility of coordinating Bureaucracies refuse to learn from their consistently, consciously and deliberately
the implementation of the strategy. An mistakes and instead vary reality to suit their guard against departmental turf defensive
auxiliary agency - the Financial Reporting stories. Ultimately, external reality matches behaviour, ‘Group Think’ and rigidity.
Centre (FRC) assists in the identification their bureaucratic fantasies, fictions, and The way the Newsroom is designed, and
of the proceeds of crime, combating of stories. Each department participating in the manner in which it operates permits the
money laundering, and battling financing a multiagency setup attempts to satisfy its choice of news that is most relevant to the
of terrorism. The mark of these agencies, own goals, based on pre-set expectations of demands of the consumer. Similarly, the
be it Homeland Security in the US, the outcomes as per their respective mandates, African Union’s Situation Room, which is
NCTC or FRC in Kenya, and other similar and renders collective decision making an the hub of the Continental Early Warning
frameworks across the world is their arduous undertaking. System (CEWS), monitors and collects
multiagency nature. They all draw expertise The second challenge relates to information on simmering, potential, actual
and resources from various state agencies the reluctance to cede departmental and post-conflict initiatives and activities
and departments. Although terrorism independence and mandates. If multiagency in Africa and reports information in order
remains a global challenge, the multiagency initiatives were to remain effective, the to facilitate timely and informed decision-
character of security frameworks has made inter-agency approach would have to be making. Equally, the United States White
it possible to detect, prevent, and thwart applied to the entire business process from House’s John F. Kennedy Conference
transnational crimes such as international agenda setting, formulation, adoption, Room is manned by elite pool of officials
terrorism, money laundering, immigration implementation and administration, drawn from various agencies, who remain
and other transnational crimes. and evaluation of a particular issue. For apolitical in their deliberations.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 17

 BEING A SENIOR DIRECTING
STAFF AT NDC
I
n Zambia, we say, “Join Zambia Army without fail. I always wonder if they have
as a challenging career.” Previously, the any time to themselves because they are
Defence Force was the one looking for always with us in the Central Lecture Hall
candidates to join this challenging career. and seminar rooms monitoring how the
The targets were school leavers. Defence lectures were progressing. I do not even
Force trucks would be released to ambush know if they have dedicated time to be with
school leavers as they completed writing their families. I am sure this is the same
their last Grade twelve (12) papers by then question that their families normally ask.
Form V. It helped these individuals turn into It takes a lot of patience, commitment and
responsible and patriotic citizens. Nowadays, self-denial for one to be SDS. This is what
it is a different ball game altogether. School is embedded in an SDS.
leavers and graduates are the ones chasing If I was the EGUGU, I would have
to be employed in the Defence Force. One is allowed a duty participant of the day to
advised to join out of the love of the job, not take up the responsibility of introducing
as a means of earning a salary or survival. col c m Munachilemba the lecturers of the day and giving a vote
You must be ready to work at awkward zambia ARMY of thanks. This could be done at least in the
and lengthy hours to achieve your target. third week of the course after the demo from
Indeed, it is a challenging career. It is not major role in guiding, instructing, directing the SDS. Unfortunately, I am too small
for the fainthearted. It is very difficult to and shaping up the course participants in to be an EGUGU. To provide guidance
pick out genuine candidates because of the seminar rooms and Central Lecture Hall. and inculcate knowledge into course
stiff competition during recruitment. This The First SDS we came across during participants, the SDS ensures that he is well
is a crucial stage where the Defence Force our first days in the College was Brig E P ahead of course participants. He ensures
requires to be strict in terms of recruiting Lopokoiyit, SDS Air. The first thing he said that he prepares himself well by reading
genuine candidates ready to take up the was to follow the house rules in the Central and internalising all the course materials. It
challenge. What is little known by the Lecture Hall and I quote, “Whenever you is like doing the course all over again. This
candidates is the task that was ahead of come late in class and find me in front, sit at always goes unnoticed, especially by those
them. They would be required to summon the back on the black chair, not the red ones. outside the college. Seeing what the SDS
all their mental faculties to excel and make You will have to explain why you came in goes through, and the determination and
it through till commissioning day or pass late to me or write a report.” As a course dedication they show, G1 course participants
out depending on which side of the coin participant, I was wondering whether he are encouraged and motivated, though in the
they were. had just come to Staff College as a Directing early days it looks like the SDS was being
For you to be shaped and attain the Staff or what for him to start bringing out hard on the course participants. Through the
required standards there are always people such stringent measures like doing a G2 SDS, strategists are born.
behind that achievement. They will sacrifice course. I was asking myself why he was In conclusion, it calls for self-denial
their time to ensure that set standards are not taking into consideration that there were for one to excel as an SDS at the National
met without compromise. Hence the need civilians among the course participants. It is Defence College. A lot of work is put in by
to be serious during the recruitment period worth noting that the Brigadier was trying the SDS to ensure that there is coordination in
to avoid regrets as one continues rising in to align to the required standards within the college and amongst course participants.
ranks. As one rises in ranks, they will be the college. After all, as senior officers, we It is not an easy task to coordinate people
required to undergo several military courses needed to be self-driven and adhere to the with different personalities and coming
from platoon commanders up to the strategic college standards and routine. from diverse backgrounds. It is a challenge
course which is National Defence College Therefore, this article tries to bring to those who would be SDS from our
(NDC). At Junior Command and Staff or out the critical role, challenges and course. You should have the patience to
Senior Staff Course, the treatment differs responsibilities placed upon an SDS at sacrifice your personal time and ensure
from when you are at NDC. Of course, there National Defence College. The SDS is that the programme runs smoothly in the
are people you will first come into contact expected to sacrifice his time and energy to college. Indeed, it is a challenging career
with. These are the people who will be able ensure that the programmes in the college and not for the faint-hearted. At the end of
to guide you in your day-to-day routine in run smoothly without any interference the course, the SDS are proud to see their
college. These are the Senior Directing and undue delay. He always ensures that products graduating successfully.
Staff. Behind them is the EGUGU who time is well managed. I may call the SDS
becomes the referee in times of hardship. a college timekeeper. Programmes have to
A Senior Directing Staff (SDS) plays a run as stipulated in the training programme

18 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 LAND A KEY PERPETRATOR OF
INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICTS
fading off mostly amongst the Mbeere the Mbeere community that Tharaka had
ethnicity. The Tharaka and Mbeere were attacked them. On the other side of the
traditionally known for their traditional river was the same narrative that “Mbeere
dance “Mukutha/ Mukanda” which up warriors have regrouped to attack Tharaka”,
to date dominates the national traditional by Njagi’s aggressor.
music arena during schools’ music festivals. The aftermath was more devastating.
They are also known to possess the most Both communities had sent signals for
lethal bows and poisoned arrows which their best hunters to regroup while armed
they traditionally owned for hunting, to defend their land. The Mbeere warriors
livestock protection and community safety. had their intent on driving out Tharakas and
Traditionally they were known to be never stop until all land up to River Mutonga
very talented in wars hence neighboring was reclaimed. Mobilization of all youthful
communities feared any confrontational fighters, all men who had experience of
engagements with them. However, Mbeere hunting elephants in Kiambeere area prior
Mr J N Nthiga SSP
and Tharaka co-exist very peacefully and to Seven Folks Dams construction in the
NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE

T
can be likened to a single ethnicity with just area were mobilized, lorries were ready to
he Mbeere and Tharaka ethnic slight dialect alteration. transport the warriors to the theatre of war.
communities live along the banks This co-existence almost collapsed in The most seasoned hunters were ready to
of River Tana in the lower Central March 1994 despite centuries of harmony. prove their marksmanship. Some went to
Eastern Region of Kenya. They neighbor The trigger for this dissonance was a the battlefield with one arrow and chest
each other with the Mbeere living in the simple land dispute between two villagers. thumping that their single arrow was enough
Western side in Embu County while the One, Njagi, a Mbeerian had suspected that to defeat the enemy. “I will shoot only one
Tharaka are on the Eastern side in Tharaka his neighbor from Tharaka residing on arrow to defeat the Tharaka community
Nithi County. They are distinctly separated the Mbeere side was expanding his land then go back, but the problem is that if this
by River Thuci which flows from Mt. parcel allegedly encroaching on Njagi’s quiver of mine gets out of this house and I
Kenya water catchment to River Mutonga ancestral land. Njagi decided to seek fail to shoot this arrow, it will not get back
downwards draining to River Tana. They neither legal opinion nor traditional dispute home without a bull slaughtered to return it
live in the Arid and Semi-Arid basin where resolution, but to handle the issue himself. home” several old men lamented. A similar
they practice small-scale pastoralism and One morning, Njagi approached his mobilization exercise was concurrently
also practice subsistence crop production opponent who was preparing his farmland going on in Tharaka land determined to
mainly of lowlands drought tolerant crops in anticipation for the onset of rains and a drive the enemy past abrook by the name
such as millet, sorghum, cowpeas, pigeon quarrel ensued over the borderline. Njagi Kang’ote, more than ten kilometers inside
peas and green grams. They can be classified was focused on the emotive Mbeere- the current Mbeere North Sub County.
as marginalized communities that lagged Tharaka borderline and why had Tharaka The greatest victims of any conflict are
behind in infrastructural development, community residents closed River Thuci women and children. The women from
education levels and other aspects of socio- whereas by taboo they should not live both communities who were threshing and
economic development. They attribute their across the river. He was definitely focused winnowing millet in groups left their cereals
marginalization to unequal opportunities on fuelling tribal animosity. Whatever in the threshing fields hurriedly to pick
with their counterparts occupying the the response he got from his opponent their children, and anything else they could
slopes of Mt. Kenya, the Embu and Chuka notwithstanding, he rushed to the village salvage. Then they ran to schools to pick the
ethnicities respectively. They are however and announced that the Tharaka community remaining children and flee the warzone.
very optimistic that devolution will remedy had regrouped fully armed with bows and Every tribe was fleeing in the opposite
the marginalization. poisoned arrows and was advancing past direction leaving the contested villages
The two communities share cultural River Thuci to attack Mbeere. Rumors do deserted. Some fled with some livestock
similarities especially the elaborate spread like wild fire. Instantly, traditional while most livestock was left unattended.
traditional circumcision ceremonies, though signals of a community under attack; cries The women who went to schools were
the conservative cultures are gradually and blowing of coros were all over, to alert not courteous, they were shouting to their

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 19

 children by names, “get out, we flee or you die had assembled at a convenient point for night rituals
like your colleagues who have been killed in the ready to pounce on the enemy at wee hours. The
neighboring school”. One boy who outwitted others Tharaka warriors were also on rituals and reciting
in the run passed by the nearby schools shouting “all their war doctrines at their rendezvous awaiting the
children in our school have been killed by Tharaka, it day-break incursion in Mbeereland.
is only me who remained.” Teachers and pupils alike Unknown to the fighters was that security
had to flee for their lives. A state of insurgency had apparatus had mobilized and dominated the entire
resulted with two communities who in the morning conflict area. Early that evening a vehicle mounted
were allies and by mid-day turned foes. with a public address system communicated a
As dusk approached, groups of desperate warning that police officers will not spare anybody
women, children and their livestock were crossing carrying a bow, arrows or a quiver the following
a river more than twenty kilometers away from morning, from first light. The situation was pacified.
their homes proceeding to establish an internally A conflict had ended with not even a single arrow
displaced person’s camp in the slopes of Kiambeere shot, no single casualty. The only issue was how
hills. On the Tharaka side, similar groups of women, “seasoned warriors” would return their “sacred
children and their livestock were crossing River quivers home without a sacrifice”. A bull had to be
Mutonga for overnight refuge on the river banks. sacrificed by the two communities to cleanse their
The Mbeere fighters had already been mobilized, weapons and redeclare peace.
some transported; some had voluntarily trekked and

PILLAR FIVE IN THE KENYA

DEFENCE FORCES
do with the time available. Managing our to achieving a secure retirement plan. How
finances just like time management requires you save is as important as how much you
refocusing on, personal management save. Inflation and the type of investments
besides managing time. Time is constant you make play important roles in how much
and we can only maximize time by doing you’ll have saved and invested at the time
some of the following steps and with the of retirement
same ability, we shall be able to manage
our finances. This will involve what we Diversification by putting one’s
do concerning our current situation as part savings in different types of
of solving tomorrow’s problem and taking investments.
tomorrow as our today’s responsibility. By diversifying the investment, you can
Personal management includes setting reduce risk and improve return. Your
something aside for a rainy day saving, keep investment mix may change over time
saving, and sticking to your goals. If you are depending on several factors such as your
col S KIAGO already saving, whether for retirement or age, goals, and financial circumstances.
KENYA ARMY any other goal, keep saving that saving till Financial security and knowledge go hand

W
it becomes a habit. If you’re not saving, it’s in hand. If you have saved your money
hat is Pillar Five, otherwise
time to get started. Start small if you have whether in a Savings and credit cooperative
referred to as side hustle in the
to and try to increase the amount you save society/union Defence Forces Saving and
contemporary world? As part
each month. The sooner you start saving, the Credit Cooperative Society (DESACCO)
of the military pillars of training, the fifth
more time your money has to grow. Make or medical schemes such as Defence
pillars are about resettlement. The initiative
saving for retirement a priority. Devise a Forces Medical Scheme (DEFMIS). It’s
is meant to encourage folks to prepare
plan, stick to it, and set goals. Remember, not advisable to withdraw your retirement
for life after employment. This may take
it’s never too early or too late to start saving. savings before since you may end up losing
different forms, in this article we will look at
Experts estimate that you will need 70 to part of your principal savings and interest
three aspects, Saving, Health and Insurance
90 percent of your pre-retirement income and may even end up paying withdrawal
as means of managing one’s life after formal
to maintain your standard of living when penalties.
employment. We all have 24 hours, 1440
you stop working. Research has shown that Focus on passion and not just outcome.,
minutes, and 86400 seconds in a day but
taking charge of your financial future is key having side hustles have often been referred
the difference is usually in how or what we

20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

to as nothing more than a means to a financial end, but it’s important Colonel Sanders was rejected 1000 times before he was
to have a mind sift by growing into a real business. Mark Twain says, successful with KFC. Wilson Churchill said, “Success is going
“Find a job you enjoy doing, and you will never have to work a day through failures to failure without losing your enthusiasm” Be
in your life.” If you’re truly into your business and love what you disciplined and put in some hard work and determination to
do, it’s imperative that you set it up properly, so you can focus on succeed. Work and life are like Siamese twins. Things do just
using all your energy to help further its broader purpose, something happen; they are caused to happen.
beyond the financials that it looks to achieve. There is a need to g). Acquire appropriate skills for efficiency and effectiveness.
consider the following nuggets as the rule of the thump: Efficiency is a critical component for a successful side hustle
a). Make saving a virtue (the patient to wait, ignore your phone, or any business venture. These can be achieved through good
email, etc. for later) in the Bible in the book of Genesis man was Personal Management and improvement in business skills.
told to be fruitful and multiply and subdue the earth, not only Efficiency is identifying and doing things faster by employing
with procreation but also in terms of innovation and income technology and leveraging media, especially in learning and
b). Do market research – Immerse yourself to know your market. marketing.
c). Do a business plan and convince yourself. Have a budget and be It is important to note that, a successful hustle must be passion-
disciplined enough to stick to it driven, have the freedom to do what you love to do, be aware of
d). Raise money to enable you to invest in your intended side hustle oneself, knowing one’s weaknesses and strengths. The other critical
or keep aside something for the rainy day as advised by Joseph in aspect is prioritization. Prioritizing does not necessarily create
Genesis 41 when the Pharoah had a dream of the tiny cows eating extra time but is about the importance borrowing time. Having a
the fat one. Joseph introduced the theory of what is popularly multiplier dimension determines the urgency. A multiplier must
known as the principle of a fifth, for every 5 bags of the harvest, know what can done today to make tomorrow better and what can I
he advised the pharaoh to keep aside a fifth 1/5 for the seven do right now to make the future better. It’s important to arm oneself
years of use during the succeeding year of drought or scarcity of with Entrepreneurial skills before venturing into any investment. It
plenty. You can do it by either saving consistently to proverbs 30: is about identifying the existing gap and what solution you bring to
25 solve the problem. Remember ideas are useless if they are just in
e). Make it happen to decide what you want to become and what you your head as potential is a dormant ability if not exploited. As an
will become. Boost strapping detail, details – self believe comes entrepreneur agency, you must identify what you love. What you
through doing what you love most but with determination. love doing will inspire you to spring out to be what you want to be.
f). Don’t give up, there is no overnight success. What is Success?

HOLY FAMILY IN EGYPT

him. The next destination from their journey
All Eastern and Western sources agreed was Tel Basta where Jesus performed a
on that the means of transportation that miracle. He blessed the place by causing
carried Virgin Mary and her son was a water spring to well up from the ground.
a donkey, while Joseph tagged along The Family then reached Mostorod,
according to the Eastern traditions. This also known as el Mahamaah, meaning the
picture was not strange in the Bible, since bathing place. A name that was given to the
the Exodus described the return of the town Virgin Mary bathed the child Jesus
Prophet Moses from the country of the and washed his clothes.
Midianites to Egypt. After that, the Holy Family made their
“So Moses took his wife and sons, put way to Belbeis where they sat under the
them on a donkey, and returned to the land shades of a sycamore tree, later known as
of Egypt. And Moses took God’s staff in his the “Virgin Mary’s Tree.”
BRIG A m ELGHANDOUR hand.” (Exodus 4:20). When they crossed the Nile to the city of
EGYPTIAN ARMY
The stages and steps of the Holy Samanoud, Jesus hollowed another water

T
Family’s journey in Egypt were as follows: well. While in Sakha, it is believed Jesus
he arrival of Jesus Christ and the The Holy Family left Bethlehem for touched a stone and pure water thrust from
Holy Family is an important event Egypt after an angel warned Joseph to leave it.
that took place in Egypt. The story with Jesus and Virgin Mary. They started The Holy Family then traveled westward
starts with a group of wise men declaring their journey through northern Sinai, until to the Valley of Natroun. The Valley was
Jesus as the next King of the Jews. That’s they reached Farama. The places they monasticism’s first home in the world to
why King Herod (Ruler of Judea at the stayed in have now been transformed into practice chastity and meditating God.
time) felt threatened and decided to kill churches and monasteries. The Family eventually headed to Cairo’s

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 21

 authentic Egyptian tradition. The Egyptian
Saint Anthony the Great is the first monk
in the world and also the father of the
monastic family. He was born in 251 AD
in the village of Qmn Al Arous- Al wasetta
center of Assiut. Monasticism then moved
from Egypt to Palestine and Mesopotamia,
Syria, Italy, France, Central Asia, Greece
and then to the whole world. Centuries later,
Egypt was the womb that embraced Prophet
Muhammad Peace, be Upon Him. In 642
AD, Egypt opened its gates to the Islamic
religion, which protected home, property
and places of worship and guaranteed the
freedom and the sanctity of belief.

districts of Matariyah and Ain Shams where confirm God’s choice of Egypt to be the Then Mark the
Jesus created a water well and blessed it. second home to Jesus in his childhood, Evangelist entered
Then Virgin Mary washed Jesus’s cloth was for Egypt to be blessed by Him. From
pouring the water onto the ground which the beginning of time, Egypt had its land Egypt in 43 AD,
blossomed the Balsam tree. Balsam essence blessed by the advent of the prophets and and founded
is used for the preparation of the Holy saints. For example, the Prophet Idris,
Myron. Abraham, Father of the Prophets, Joseph the first Christian
The Holy Family moved on to Old Cairo the Righteous, Prophet Jacob, and the theological school
where they took refuge in a cave. At this twelve tribes, Prophet Moses the Holy
site, the Church of AbiSerja, within the Family. in Alexandria. Egypt
walls of the Fortress of Babylon, was built Then Mark the Evangelist entered presented the gift
years later. The whole area has become Egypt in 43 AD, and founded the first
a place of pilgrimage for Egyptians and Christian theological school in Alexandria. of monasticism to
Christians from around the globe. Egypt presented the gift of monasticism the Christian world.
They then set out to Al-Maadi, where to the Christian world. Monasticism is an
the Virgin Mary Church was built by the
Nile. From where the Family embarked on
a sailing boat heading southwards.
The Family then headed to Minya
from which they crossed to the east bank
of the Nile. There stands the Monastery
of the Virgin on top of the Gabal Al-Kaf
(Mountain of the Palm). It is believed that
Jesus left an imprint of his palm on a stone
in the mountain.
From that spot, the Family crossed the
Nile back west, to Qussqam in Assiut. They
stayed for more than six months, longer
than in any other place in Egypt. In that
area, the Monastery of Al-Moharraq was
built. Later, in the same spot, an angel
appeared in Joseph’s dream telling him to
return to Palestine as Herod was dead.
The Holy Family took almost the same
route on their journey back to Palestine,
after spending over three years in Egypt.
Egypt is the land of prophecies and
celestial messages:
All the religious and historical facts

22 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES, LALIBELA
T
he eleven (11) medieval monolithic with the traditional village adjacent to the
cave churches of this 13th-century property, and the infrastructure of tourism.
‘New Jerusalem’ are situated in a
mountainous region in the heart of Ethiopia Authenticity
near a traditional village with circular- The Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela are
shaped dwellings. Lalibela is a high place of still preserved in their natural settings. The
Ethiopian Christianity, still today a place of association of the rock-hewn churches and
devotion. the traditional vernacular circular houses,
in the surrounding area, still demonstrate
Lalibela flourished after the decline evidence of the ancient village layout. The
of the Aksum Empire. original function of the site as a pilgrimage
There are two main groups of churches – to place still persists and provides evidence
the north of the river Jordan: Biete Medhani of the continuity of social practices. The
Alem (House of the Saviour of the World), intangible heritages associated with church
Biete Mariam (House of Mary), Biete practices are still preserved.
Maskal (House of the Cross), Biete Denagel Col A s ADDISE
(House of Virgins), Biete Golgotha Mikael ETHIOPIA Defence ForceS Protection and management
(House of Golgotha Mikael); and to the requirements
south of the river, Biete Amanuel (House the historical situation. In the Church of Biet For centuries, the Church and State have
of Emmanuel), Biete Qeddus Mercoreus Golgotha, are replicas of the tomb of Christ, been jointly responsible for the holy site
(House of St. Mercoreos), Biete Abba and of Adam, and the crib of the Nativity. The of Lalibela. Home to a large community
Libanos (House of Abbot Libanos), Biete holy city of Lalibela became a substitute for of priests and monks, it is a living site that
Gabriel Raphael (House of Gabriel Raphael), the holy places of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, draws many pilgrims to celebrate the great
and Biete Lehem (House of Holy Bread). and as such has had considerable influence feasts of the Ethiopian Christian calendar.
The eleventh church, Biete Ghiorgis (House on Ethiopian Christianity. This active and energetic perspective is
of St. George), is isolated from the others but Criterion (iii): The whole of Lalibela central to the management of the site.
connected by a system of trenches. offers an exceptional testimony to the No special legal framework is provided
The churches were not constructed in a medieval and post-medieval civilization to protect the Rock-Hewn Churches except
traditional way but rather were hewn from of Ethiopia, including, next to the eleven the general law, Proclamation No. 209/2000,
the living rock of monolithic blocks. These churches, the extensive remains of which has also established the institution
blocks were further chiseled out, forming traditional, two-story circular village houses in charge, the Authority for Research
doors, windows, columns, various floors, with interior staircases and thatched roofs. and Conservation of Cultural Heritage
roofs, etc. This gigantic work was further (ARCCH). With the Ethiopian Church as a
completed with an extensive system of Integrity partner, the ARCCH has a representative in
drainage ditches, trenches, and ceremonial The drainage ditches were filled up with earth Lalibela but a principal difficulty has been
passages, some with openings to hermit for several centuries, before being cleared in the harmonization of the different projects
caves and catacombs. Biete Medhani Alem, the 20th century, and have been disrupted and effective coordination between the
with its five aisles, is believed to be the by seismic activity. This has resulted in partners.
largest monolithic church in the world, while severe degradation of the monuments from The property is administered under the
Biete Ghiorgis has a remarkable cruciform water damage, and most of them are now regional and the Lasta District Culture and
plan. Most were probably used as churches considered to be in critical condition. Tourism Office. To prevent the property
from the outset, but Biete Mercoreos and Structural problems have been identified from the impact of development, a draft
Biete Gabriel Rafael may formerly have been in Biet Amanuel where an imminent risk proclamation has been prepared but this
royal residences. Several of the interiors are of collapse is possible, and other locations is not yet ratified. A management plan
decorated with mural paintings. need to be monitored. Serious degradation has not yet been established. A four-year
Near the churches, the village of Lalibela of the paintings inside the churches has Conservation Plan was established in 2006
has two-story round houses, constructed occurred over the last thirty years. Sculptures but this has yet to be fully implemented. The
of local red stone, and known as the Lasta and bas-reliefs (such as at the entrance boundary for the property has not yet been
Tukuls. These exceptional churches have of Biet Mariam) have also been severely clearly delineated and a buffer zone has not
been the focus of pilgrimage for Coptic damaged, and their original features are yet been provided.
Christians since the 12th century. hardly recognizable. All of this threatens the There is a need for stronger planning
Criterion (i): All eleven churches integrity of the property. Temporary light- controls for the setting of the churches that
represent a unique artistic achievement, in weight shelters have now been installed address housing, and land-use tourism and
their execution, size, and the variety and over some churches and these while for a management plan to be developed that
boldness of their form. offering protection, impact visual integrity. integrates the conservation action plan, and
Criterion (ii): The King of Lalibela set Other threats include encroachment on the addresses the overall sustainable development
out to build a symbol of the holy land when environment of the churches by new public of the area, with the involvement of the local
pilgrimages to it were rendered impossible by and private construction, housing associated population.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 23

 THE UNDERESTIMATED CONTRIBUTION OF AFRICA’S
SMALL SCALE FARMING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH
countryside enjoy. mortgages that takes years to settle. Yet,
The accommodation dwelling, modest these are the very people that are considered
as it was, provided adequate comfort to the to be richer than their counterpart rural folks
household members. These houses were who have mortgage free houses.
often built by support from the peers who The rural household economies have
would provide free labour, and without over the years been a silent engine for
getting a loan facility. For the elderly and economic growth for developing countries.
widows, it was upon the able-bodied men in This informal sector has been the biggest
the community to ensure that they had decent employer, contributing over 80% of
dwelling shelter. In the contemporary world, the national population. This sector is
a majority of able-bodied men lack shelter responsible for all the agriculturally based
and those who have acquire them at a very exports that earn the developing countries
high cost, some getting mortgages that take a lot of foreign exchange which helps in
them years to complete payment. reducing the countries’ balance of payments.
Col J Niwamanya Water was a free good that was fetched The large agricultural base makes the
UGANDA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCES
from protected spring wells. This water was developing countries food sufficient thereby
so pure and clean that there was no need to

G
saving the huge foreign exchange that would
rowing up in rural Nyamengo boil it before drinking. Energy was mainly otherwise have been used to import food. As
village found in Kamuganguzi, from wood fuel that was harvested from the a result, the developing countries have been
Kabale district located in South- family tree plantations. There was no bill for able to survive global recessions because
Western Uganda in the early 1970s and water and energy, save for some small cash of food sufficiency unlike the developed
1980s, ours was a happy family of ten to buy paraffin for lighting. This situation countries such as Ireland, Cyprus, Greece,
siblings. To say that life was cozy for us may still pertains in most of our rural areas but Spain and Portugal whose economies over the
be an overstatement, but when one reflects the economists are continuously adamant in past decades failed and required an economic
on what is pertaining currently globally, it monetizing these crucial services. Today, the bailout from the European Union to bring
raises a question as to whether indeed we bills for water and energy are so high that them back to life. Similarly, the developing
were as poor as we tended to think. In our most households which depend on service countries have not been adversely affected by
rural set up, we were self-sustaining in terms providers for these are so stressed when it the prevailing world inflationary pressures
of shelter, food, water and energy. comes to settling the bills. caused by the on-going Russia-Ukraine
Although the farm holdings were small, Where the urban dwellers are paying high conflict the way the developed countries
the produce from the farms was adequate insurance premiums and high savings for have been affected because of the economic
to feed the family. A variety of food crops social security, all these were easily catered cushion provided by the rural farm holdings.
were grown ranging from tubers, to cereals for in the rural setting. One did not struggle Over the past decades, the rural households
and vegetables that provided a balanced food raising resources for hosting a party, since all from proceeds of small agricultural farm
diet. The family was self-sufficient in food the food requirements and other necessities holdings have progressively empowered their
production, and some surplus was sold to were raised locally from the community. For children through education and business.
enable the family get funds to buy industrial fundraising, especially in support of church Some of these are as a result currently holding
basics such as salt, sugar, paraffin, clothes, and school projects, all that was required senior government and political posts and
shoes, pangas, scholastic materials, school was for one to carry agricultural produce are considerably prosperous. Others who
fees, just to mention. Each family had a silo which would be auctioned to raise funds. are in the business sector are running very
where the farm produce was stored and this Also, when it came to burials, this was a successful enterprises, including engaging
would last until the next harvesting season. community affair and all the families in the in manufacturing. More and more people
Seeds and seedlings for planting were locally neighborhood donated the required resources are every other passing year graduating
available, and none was bought. There are willingly. from subsistence agriculture to the money
still many households in our rural dwellings This preamble brings us to the argument economy.
that are still self-sufficient in food production as to whether the parameters that the Bretton The firm economic base provided
in this manner. However, when it comes to Woods Institutions base on in determining by the small agricultural farm holdings,
considering the nations’ economic growth, the wealth of nations do not undervalue although largely ignored by the Bretton
their contribution is not factored in since developing nations’ economies. The affluent, Woods Institutions, have been credited for
they are not monetized. Economists place who stay in urban areas, in both developing absorbing world economic shocks, which
preference on the households who buy food and developed countries, majority leave in has maintained the developing countries on a
from the market, majority of whom cannot rented accommodation due to inability to consistent economic growth path.
even afford the rich diet that the people in the construct their houses. Some have housing

24 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: A CRITICAL
COMPONENT OF NATIONAL SECURITY
Environmental security Conservation and management of
considerations the environment
Rehabilitation and restoration The overall preservation, conservation,
Environmental security helps in strengthen- and management of the environment lead
ing national security through processes key to environmental security which provides
to the well-being, peace, and prosperity of national security for intra and inter-genera-
people as they ensure that there is the eco- tional guarantees to access and enjoy natural
logical recovery of degraded environmen- resources sustainably. This helps the current
tal resources back to their normal or bet- generation to meet current needs without
ter states which supports human wellbeing compromising the needs of future genera-
Wuestet al., 2022. For example, the restora- tions Elisha., 2022.
tion of derelict land to formal productive ag-
ricultural land, ensure food security which The triple bottom line
is a part of national security Aidonojieet al., The triple bottom line involves accounting
COL C K ARITHO
2022. for three sectors of an economy comprising
KENYA AIR FORCE
of social, financial, and environmental in

E
nvironmental security entails the Environmental protection through the production process. Public and corpo-
protection of the biosphere from compliance and enforcement rate organizations are normally encouraged
degradation, overexploitation or The presence of environmental institutions to adopt the triple bottom line in order to
destruction from anthropogenic activities that are governed by laws, policies, and evaluate their performance from a broader
or natural ecological impacts. National se- regulations constitutes the standards that are perspective so as to create greater business
curity, on the other hand, presupposes safe- supposed to be adhered to by citizens and value Elisha., 2022. The triple bottom line
guarding a nation’s resources including its organizations. There is guaranteed access ensures sustainable development through
citizens, economy, institutions and natural and control of environmental resources in social equality, economic viability, and en-
resources from threats emanating internally a fair and equitable manner Kaplan et al., vironmental protection. The use of a triple
or externally Aidonojie et al., 2022. When 2022. This leads to sustainable exploita- bottom line contributes to environmental
natural resources are protected and the vi- tion and consumption of resources. This security and thus the country’s security
tal interests of citizens and governments are accounts for environmental security and through the three aforementioned sectors
protected the national security of a country thus contributes to the national security of Wuestet al., 2022.
prevails. her natural resources Wuestet al., 2022. If
Globally there has been an increase of conflicts emerge due to compliance-related Good health and wellbeing
environmental problems caused by both issues, environmental courts pronounce jus- A clean environment is a prerequisite for
human and natural phenomenon. Through tice hence promoting peace and security. human health and well-being. Poor man-
environmental security, solutions to these agement of hazardous waste chemicals, air
problems are proffered and therefore goals The environmental policies, laws, pollution, and water pollution is a threat to
of economic, social, and political aspects are and treaties human survival Kaplan et al., 2022. This is
accomplished. The security of a country can There are environmental policies, laws, governed by environmental security through
be strengthened by environmental security and treaties governing the exploitation and treaties, policies, and laws. Protection of
thus a nexus between the two Elisha., 2022. sustainable use of natural resources. These the health and well-being of citizens rests
Additionally, the threats and risks posed by galvanize environmental conservation to with the government’s responsibilities thus
either natural environmental events or hu- ensure national security prevails, for ex- accounting for national security Wuestet
man activities are addressed and organized ample, the EMCA Act 1999 in Kenya gives al., 2022. The well-being of people is an
under environmental security. This may the framework of laws on the management, essential factor in economic stability and
take the form of repairing or preventing the conservation, and preservation of our envi- social development. The critical infrastruc-
environmental damages from human activi- ronment. These give safeguard a nation’s ture is maintained and protected to manage
ties, response or preventing of environmen- natural resources which constitute the secu- pollution and other effluents to ensure the
tal conflicts and protecting the environment rity of a nation Wuestet al., 2022. well-being of both the environment and the
due to its inherent moral value. people is achieved.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 25

Maintenance of a physical toward reducing pollution from industries is Resource governance
environment as a national heritage key to overall development. The promotion of sustainable resource gov-
The conservation, management, and sus- ernance is an essential aspect of maintain-
tainable utilization of natural resources Mitigation and adaptation ing the Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems
constitute to the maintenance of the physi- Mitigation involves reducing the adverse ef- Elisha., 2022. Environmental security pre-
cal environment. Environmental protection fects of climate change either by reducing sides over improved resource governance
and preservation in turn act as a national greenhouse gases or enhancing the increase and resilience to the shocks and stresses
heritage and treasure thus adding value to of biomass to ensure the sequestration of caused by the natural and human phenom-
the scope of national security of a nation gases. On the other hand, adaptation en- ena. Additionally, effective management of
Elisha., 2022. Countries also promote care tails adjustment to fit the new environment. environmental risks is an essential element
and maintenance of the environment by cre- Environmental security upholds mitigation of human security.
ating awareness by showcasing and articu- and adaptation due to climate change which The focal point of interest in environ-
lating their environmental priorities in con- enhances the nation’s security from natural mental security is the intersection of three
ferences and agreements with dimensions catastrophes Khalifa et al., 2022. pertinent sectors namely social equity,
anchored on environmental sustainability ecological protection, and economic vi-
and general fulfilment of sustainable devel- Environmental civic education ability. The interaction of the three pillars
opment goals. Dissemination of information on envi- ensures sustainable development that un-
ronmental issues encourages citizens to derscores the national security of a nation.
Technology advancement for adopt environmentally friendly practices. Environmental security is important and
environmental protection Environmental civic education ensures its dividends transcend the international
Environmental security leverages techno- environmental security awareness and realm, human security and sustainable de-
logical development and a case in point is practices prevail Khalifa et al., 2022. Key velopment hence cannot be underestimated.
the use of Geographic Information System stakeholders are mobilized into incorpo- Environmental security is critical in accu-
(GIS) in tracking and monitoring natural re- rating environmental-related issues on na- mulating environmental abundance which
sources for example monitoring forests from tional priority thus contributing to national promotes national security interests.
being over-exploited Kaplan et al., 2022. security.
Coordination of technological innovations

“TO EAT OR NOT TO EAT”,

THE DEBATE SURROUNDING GENETICALLY
MODIFIED FOODS
(Plant, Animal, or Micro-organism) that the cultivation and import of genetically
possesses a novel combination of genetic modified organisms (GMOs), vacating the
material obtained through the use of modern earlier decision of 8th November 2012 ban-
biotechnology. ning open cultivation of genetically modi-
The debate surrounding genetically fied crops and importation of food crops
modified foods is a controversial one. On and animal feeds produced through biotech-
one hand, are the environmentalist and nology. This could be because of persistent
consumer activist groups who are against drought about by climate change. Kenya
the consumption and production of GMOs joins the likes of Nigeria, Malawi, and
versus chemical and seed producers on the Ethiopia.
other hand who claim the benefits outweigh Kenya established National Biosafety
the risks? Despite this heated debate in agri- Authority (NBA) under the provisions of
business, most consumers are not aware of the Biosafety Act 2009 to control the trans-
the pros and cons of growing and consum- fer, handling, and use of genetically modi-
Col A M NTEERE ing GMOs. Advocates of biotechnology fied organisms (GMOs), to ensure the safety
KENYA ARMY want governments and international orga- of human and animal health and provision

T
nizations to promote its development and of an adequate level of protection of the
hese foods are also called Living commercialization by reducing regulatory environment.
Modified Organisms (LMOs); The barriers, those against are demanding pre-
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety cautionary regulation to safeguard against GMO Debate
defines an LMO as a “Living modified or- potential future harm. Over the last decade, the genetically modi-
ganism” which means any living organism On 3rd October 2022, Kenya approved fied (GM) food controversy has become a

26 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

truly global phenomenon, with environ-
mental and consumer activists coordinating
their activities across national boundaries.
Public protests and direct action against
the planting of GM crops have been re-
ported from around the world. In several
European countries, Greenpeace activists
have destroyed GM crop fields and tried to
block the unloading of GM crop shipments
from North America. Similar protests have
been reported in Brazil and India, where
Monsanto and other biotechnology firms
have tested and promoted GM crops such
as soybeans and cotton. In China, consumer
protests have caused several food produc-
ers to eliminate GM content from their
products, and lawsuits have been filed by
concerned citizens to force food manufac-
turers to label GM content. Several African Disease-resistant livestock. analyzing modern concepts of molecular
countries have rejected GM food aid from On the downside, farmers who have biology.
the United States, despite food shortages, cultivated GMOs, argue that they needed to The GM process is highly mutagenic re-
and have vowed not to allow the sale of GM apply herbicide between two and five times sulting in thousands of changes in the host
seeds in their markets. within a growing season and spray addi- plant DNA, with extensive and damaging
tional pesticides to adequately protect GM consequences. This damaging possibility
GMO Technology crops. Weeds and insect pests have become has not been thoroughly explored by the
Genetically modified crops were developed resistant to chemicals either used on or en- authorities.
from the 1980s to 2015 based on three key gineered into GM crops. Overall yields have
technologies: recombinant DNA, tissue not been more than non-GM conventional Conclusion
culture, and Agrobacterium-mediated cell varieties. In the case of GM soya, the yields Developing countries have been suspicious
transformation. Another important tool have been consistently lower. of the biosafety of GMOs. Why is it that
was micro projectile bombardment, which Further Problems with GM crop perfor- despite the challenges with GM crops there
emerged in the latter half of the 1980s, also mance have been reported, cotton failures has been quite a substantialacceptance in a
known as the gene gun method. in India, led the state of Andhra Pradesh to limited part of the world? The only expla-
ban the growing of this crop in the region. nation could be through manipulation and
Pros and cons of GMO’s Foods The failure of GM crops to live up to ex- deception (promoted as something other
During their introduction, many promises pectations maybe could be explained by than what it is), by powerful corporate and
were made about the efficiency and nutri- political actors.
tional efficacy of GMOs. Many years’ later Is a change of heart driven by new facts
questions abode. Do they require the appli- The GM process is on the biosafety of GMOs, could it be the
cation of herbicides and pesticides or they highly mutagenic global agribusiness companies’ promo-
don’t, are the yields better than conventional tion of their use gaining acceptance or is
varieties, and how has been the overall per- resulting in the grumbling stomachs due to scarcity of
formance? What are the environmental or
health benefits of GMOs?
thousands of food as a result of drought brought about by
climate change? The jury is still out there,
The proponents of GMOs emphasize changes in the but the fact is that the closer a substance is
that Maize varieties that are genetically to its natural form the better. For example,
modified are able to resist maize stalk borer host plant DNA, why do pests find GMOs unpalatable if they
(and fall armyworm) pests. Cotton variet- with extensive were better than conventional food? The bee
ies that are genetically modified can resist knows the best pollen.
cotton ball worm pests. Rice varieties that and damaging As we embrace food modification tech-
are genetically modified produce vitamin
A. Cassava that is genetically modified
consequences. This nology (GM foods) in Africa as a stop-gap
measure, let’s not lose sight of the antelope,
can resist the cassava brown streak virus. damaging possibility which is to mitigate against climate change
Biofortified sorghum is genetically modified by going green and harvesting water to in-
to enhance its nutritional value (vitamins and has not been crease organic food production. The con-
micro-nutrients).Drought-tolerant maize va- thoroughly explored sumer is at a dilemma, “To eat or not’’. Let’s
rieties are genetically modified to withstand eat but with caution, especially for GM
drought (water stress). Recombinant DNA by the authorities. foods that are susceptible to uncontrolled
Animal Vaccines development can generate mutation.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 27

 KENYA DEFENCE FORCES PRESENCE
IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
purposes when the country is not engaged in contributor to economic and social growth
military hostilities. This claim is especially is primarily responsible for the military’s
valid in nations where conscription into greater involvement in the governance of
the military deprives the labour market the nation and its involvement in civilian
of skilled young workers for an extended tasks.
period of time. The Chief of Defence Forces has carried
By focusing on a variety of social welfare on the tradition of the military’s support to
projects and programs, the Social Pillar civil affairs. The military’s track record is
of Kenya’s Vision 2030 seeks to improve related to effectiveness and efficiency in
the standard of living for all citizens. This completing public projects. The KDF has
quest serves as the foundation for change overseen the transformation of the National
in eight important socio-economic sectors, Security Telecommunications Service
including gender, youth, sports, and culture (NSTS), the resurrection of the National
as well as education and training, health, Air Support Department (NASD) and the
Col A N Kiraguri housing, and urbanization. Additionally, rehabilitation of ancient metre gauge railway
Kenya ARMY Kenyans with various disabilities and line in addition to revamping the KMC. The

N
formerly underprivileged communities are 240km-long, outdated railway line between
umerous justifications for and given special consideration. Nairobi and Nanyuki was renovated by the
against military engagement in In recent years, Kenya Defence Forces KDF in 2020. The Nakuru-Kisumu railway
national development programs (KDF) has become more involved in line was also repaired by the military after
have frequently been made whenever national development tasks. The Kenya being out of service for more than 20 years.
the topic has been brought up. The most Meat Commission (KMC) was transferred The MV Uhuru ferry was also revived by
common defence used against military to KDF under the Jubilee administration in the Kenya Navy Engineers. The revamping
involvement in this subject is that doing the year 2020. The decision was made for of Kisumu ports has also been a priority for
so interferes with the military’s principal a variety of reasons, including the fact that the Kenyan Navy with the establishment of
duty, which is the defence of the nation. the agency had only become successful for Kenya Shipyard Limited (KSL).
This viewpoint contends that an armed a very short time after its inception in the KDF has also contributed greatly in the
force’s participation in development plans 1950s. The action aimed to put a stop to the rehabilitation of educational institutions and
ultimately diverts limited resources and commission’s protracted losing streak that other spaces that advance public wellbeing.
manpower from their primary role. However, had been going on for years. Additionally, Notably is the renovation of Uhuru Gardens
past experience has demonstrated that the it attempted to resuscitate KMC by handing and building of a Museum where generations
armed forces may contribute significantly to it over to the Kenya Defence Forces. The will be able to appreciate their heritage and
society’s development without significantly Chief of Defence Forces (CDF) strategy of history as well as recreation. In addition to
degrading their ability to carry out military reshaping the military’s perception as a direct helping other educational institutions close
tasks.
Those who favour military
involvement in national
development efforts have
emphasized that there is strong
economic foundation for their
opinions. Resources like trained
manpower, which are in short
supply particularly in emerging
nations, must be used to the
fullest extent possible. In such
a situation, it is not believed to
be sufficient to merely employ
military personnel and resources
in a standby role ready to defend
the country should it become
necessary but they should also be
used as fully as possible for other Elburgon Km 30.7 – Before rehabilitation. Elburgon Km 30.7 - After rehabilitation.

28 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 Ulinzi Sports complex Langata.

to military cantonments, the military has prioritized renovation When it comes to environmental issues, the Defence forces
of schools. For instance, the Kenya Army Corps of Engineers have been actively involved in conservation through the
rehabilitated 31 schools within a 90-day period during the “Environmental Soldier Program,” where they have worked
2007-2008 post-election violence. The construction of National together with other stakeholders to reforest areas and support
Defence University (NDU-K) has been a big milestone in the country realise a 30% forest cover by the year 2050. This
Military development on education sector and the country as a initiative will enable the country in its effort to combat global
whole. This is one of its own in the East African region, and will warming and climate change. The KDF has been actively
enhance civil-military cooperation among all military and civil involved in opening up roads, constructing water pans and
society in the region in the field of academy. sinking boreholes in the Arid and Semi Arid areas in the
Additionally, KDF constructed the Ulinzi Sports Complex, Northern and North Eastern part of the country to help the
a 7,500-seat sports facility that includes a top-notch sports population have good access to markets and provision of water
facility comprising of football pitch, basketball and tennis for their animals.
courts, an Olympic-size swimming pool, an indoor arena and The military has improved its online presence by updating
other cutting-edge amenities. This facility will not only promote its website and social media accounts. The goal is to uphold
sporting activities in the military but to the country as a whole; transparency and responsibility for its public activities. All of
hence supporting the social pillar. On healthcare KDF has these initiatives are focused on promoting political, social, and
constructed four regional hospitals in Isiolo, Eldoret, Nairobi, economic development and serve as evidence of how crucial
and Nakuru. These regional hospitals, equipped with level 4 the military is in enhancing socio-economic development in the
facilities are meant to cater for military personnel, their families country.
and the country as a whole.
Further, the military has built a wellness centre at Lang’ata,
a hospital with a capacity of 70 beds, well-equipped to provide
outpatient and inpatient medical treatments in the areas of
mental health, visual and hearing, physiotherapy, occupational
therapy, and orthopaedic specialities. The Wellness Centre fits
in well with the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) pillar of
the government’s Big 4 Agenda, which prioritizes preventive
healthcare. As the nation prepares for the national roll-out of
UHC, which is essential to realizing the Kenya vision 2030,
the health facilities will be integrated into the national health
system. A classroom block at Ole Tarkash Primary School in Narok County
constructed by KDF.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 29

ARE FORESTS NATURAL ELEMENTS OF POWER
OR AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POWER?
countries where approx. one-quarter of that accounting for the 2.3 percent of the value
populace derive income from forests. of global exports and imports in 2020.The
Studies reveal that a range of 3.5 to 5.76 contribution of the forestry and logging
billion forest dependent people heavily sub sector was spectacular for the forest
rely on forest resources for wild foods sector related employment in Africa where
and fruits. Such forest resources critically it generated 42 percent of the global forest
provide an insurance against food insecurity sector job market.
and dietetic supplements and to a larger Forestry sector related employment
extent most invaluable non-timber forest in the case of China whereby a growth
products for livelihoods of the global forest of 52.47 million in 2015 compared to 60
communities living within the tropics and million people in 2020 was realized. On
subtropics. the other hand, the contribution of United
The global Forest Resource Assessment States of America (USA) accounted for
(FRA) of 2020 supported by International approximately 196,000 jobs in 2017
Labor organization (ILO) reported that compared to 955,400 jobs in 2018
MR A G Omolo approximately 33 million of the 3.3 Billion employable in the forest products industry.
Kenya Forest Service part of the global population were of However both developed and developing

M
feminist gender found engaged in the Forest global economies embarked on strategic
any developed and developing
sector-related employment between 2015 country-wide forestry programs through
economies are at a crossroad
and 2019. community based support initiatives aimed
in opinion, as to whether the
Generally, over half of Global Gross at poverty reduction. Spectacular cases
endowment of forest resources of a country
Domestic Product (GDP) is derived from recorded from Germany, Switzerland,
are natural elements of power or rather an
the forest the ecosystem services. Presently, Turkey, and the United States of America
enabler of economic instruments of national
the wealth of forest regulative ecosystem (USA) in providing substantial financial
power.
services account for 21 percent of the land aid in strengthening community forestry
At the very onset, Forests are globally
asset worth of USD 7.5 trillion that represent aimed at the enhancing the forest-dependent
categorized as Boreal, temperate, sub-
9 percent of the global (GDP).Additionally, community’s economic capacities on
tropical and tropical forests. The area under
the contribution of the provisioning forest poverty reduction programs.
world forests therefore measures approx.
sector generated over USD 1.52 trillion in The Native Forest and Community
4.06 billion hectares occupying 31 percent
2015 compared to USD 1.26 trillion in 2011 Project, in Argentina supported 150,000
of the planet earth’s surface.
into the world GDP. forest-dependent in the improvement
Besides the economic importance,
The pulp and paper industries of the sub of the quality of life initiative through
Forests are strongly linked with the
sector recorded 31 percent of the Sector’s implementation of comprehensive
sequestration and sinking of over 662
economic performance followed by the community plans for sustainable forest
billion tons of the devastating atmospheric
tradable logging and solid wood products management. In United States of America,
carbon load, slightly estimated at above half
the global carbon stocks presently held in
the soil and vegetation.
The Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) report of 2020 indicates that forests
managed to sequester an averagely 2 billion
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually
in the accounting period of 1990 to 2010.
The planet Earth therefore ameliorated the
state of the depressed global economy from
the climatically degrading effects of the
atmospheric carbon footprints from 668 to
662 Gigatonnes (Gt) during the reported
epoch.
It is further estimated that approximately
4.17 billion people of the World’s population
are forest dependent for regulative and
provisioning aspects of survival. The
larger portion of this global communities
makes up the 80 percent predominantly the
extreme rural poor, majorly living in tropical Tropical plantation forestry for timber.

30 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

the Collaborative Forest Landscape that was approximated at 2.6 percent with
Restoration (CFLR) programme undertook the wood processing industry contributing
local job and contracting opportunities 5.7 percent of the total exports. The wood
to rural communities in attaining forest processing and furniture industry supported
restoration objectives. The programme over 2,182 companies creating employment
generates approximately 5,600 jobs per year for 22,965 workers. However Ukraine forest
thus contributing US$1.8 billion to the local enterprises emerged the biggest employer in
labor market since 2012. FRA 2020 report as a major the fiscal sub-
In a demonstration of economic worth sector within the western and northern parts
of the global forest sector performance in of the country.
the developed and developing economies. In conclusion, Forest resources
China for instance had an output value of substantially support productive resilience
forestry at approximately US$1.081 trillion thus immensely contribute to the
in 2018 comparably 7 percent higher than in world economy. The regulative and the
2017. While the total output of commercial provisioning functions of forests mainstays
timber stood at 88.11 million m3, still 5 the global industrial wood & non-wood
percent higher in 2017. Framing lumber from forest logs. forest sub-sectors, and the ecosystem
In the case of Nepal, the average services that regulate the allied natural
annual worth of community-based forestry of the forest sector in 2018 prices amounted resource-based productive sectors of global
groups comprising of Community Forest to US$0.413 billion mostly from pulp and economy. Forests and Forests resources are
User Groups and Collaborative Forest paper-making industry part of the national therefore a guarantee enabler of economic
Management Groups was estimated at over economy. In the United States of America, instrument of national power.
US$50 million. The income was mainly the sector created approx. 196,000 jobs Clarion call to every global person “let
generated from the timber and non-timber thus generating over US$11 billion in GDP us all invest in forests and tree growing for
forest products. annually. cleaner, healthier environment, and a better
In the Slovak Republic, the GDP value The growth of the Serbian forest sector livelihood for global economic prosperity”.
contributed its share to the country’s GDP

DEVOLUTION – FULL OPERATIONALIZATION

OF THE DREAMS AND THE WAY FORWARD
I
n August 2010, the people of Kenya In the previous Constitution, employment
adopted and gave themselves one of the was considered an elitist Nairobi issue
most progressive constitutions in the thereby denying the counties a fair share of
world that has brought a sense of belonging the allocations. The 2010 Constitution created
and inclusivity through the establishment of and secured County Service Boards, it is now
the devolved governments as contained in incumbent upon them to act professionally in
Chapter Eleven of the Constitution. The key recruiting County staff while observing due
objects of devolution are to foster national diligence as well as avoiding bloated and
unity by recognizing diversity, giving unnecessary staffing. Inclusivity based on
powers of self-governance to the people and the diversity of the County should now be
enhancing the participation of the people the pillar of employment with the ultimate
in the exercise of the powers of the state in goal of having a lean government that is task
making decisions affecting them. Citizens’ oriented as opposed to employment oriented.
participation, which was not contained in the
old Constitution, has proved to be very critical Col C T Boit Infrastructural Revolution
in leadership and development through Devolution continues to open the country’s
KENYA ARMY
prioritization of development projects as per rural areas and has led to efficient delivery
the peoples’ requirements. of public goods and services through
improved infrastructure across the country. Section 185 (4) (b) of
Constitutional Employment Goodies the Constitution mandates the County Assembly to receive, approve
It is amazing indeed that every County is the focal point of good plans and policies for the development and management of its
things such as employment, which has hitherto been controlled in the infrastructure and institutions. Therefore, devolution has enabled
capital city Nairobi through the Public Service Commission and other far flung counties like Wajir, Mandera and Turkana to witness and
relevant institutions. The citizens are quite amazed that employment appreciate tarmacked roads for the first time since independence,
within the Counties is run by the County Service Boards that they fifty years down the memory lane. Similarly, the National
can relate with, thus providing a sense of ownership and belonging. Government has expanded infrastructural networks linking with

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 31

 rustling. There is also need to address the
aspect of post-harvest losses through proper
management and storage.
Land Control and Zoning. This
should be implemented in order to control
land usage. The County Assemblies need
to urgently enact legislations to curb
on-going sub-division of large pieces of
land into small plots that are killing farming
potential. This should go hand in hand with
zoning of land in the counties to help plan
for areas that are good in food production,
pastoralism, minerals exploitation, County
wildlife parks, and residential development
amongst others.
Management and Exploitation of
the County’s Resources. This is a crucial
issue that calls for proper utilization of the
available resources in order to raise the
living standards of the citizens. The national
government should amend the existing
First tarmac road in Wajir County 2014. File photo, Nation Media Group (NMG). law on natural resources revenue sharing
to ensure that the county governments
works done by County Governments, thus recorded in education, health, infrastructure
retain at least 30% of revenue collected
easing transport and connectivity across the and installation of high mast lights in urban
from exploitation of resources like oil,
country. With other development projects areas that has helped improve security,
geothermal, solar, wind energy and titanium
being undertaken, it is expected that this amongst others. Notwithstanding the
in the counties. This is expected to address
would spur greater economic development successes, several measures need to be
serious disagreements between the two
stemming the escalating rural-urban actualized in some areas including vetting
levels of government over resources.
migration and more importantly promote the staff employed to tame issues of rent-
In conclusion, the counties remain the
patriotism amongst the disgruntled youth. seeking. Going forward, the national and
focal point for development and therefore
In addition, the County Assembly is county governments should give priority to
devolution should be supported wholly by
mandated to receive and approve plans for the following areas:-
the national government as per the dictates
the management and exploitation of the Food Security. This is a critical issue,
of the Constitution. Through devolution
County’s resources. This is paramount as it which may be achieved through irrigation
and its full operationalization, the dreams
ensures that resources within the County are farming to enhance food production. This
will be actualized. Finally; meritocracy,
exploited for its development and wellbeing will mitigate drought and famine in most
pragmatism and honesty must continually
of the inhabitants. counties as well as reducing dependency
prevail.
on pastoralism which has encouraged cattle
Achievements by Counties
Notably, some counties have utilized their
resources well thereby setting the standards
for others to emulate. For instance,
Makueni County has established a number
of factories including mango factory to
curb the perennial wastage and losses
experienced over time. Similarly, Baringo
County has set-up an electricity plant
that uses the ‘Mathenge’ trees (prosopis
juliflora) to produce electricity. The process
of generating electricity involves burning
the tree chips at high temperatures to emit
gas that runs the generators to produce
electricity.

The Way Forward

Generally, there have been some observable
achievements across the counties. However,
the level and status of achievement vary
according to the priority of every County.
The machine chopping logs of Prosopis (Mathenge) tree from farmers at Cummins power generation
Substantial achievements have been industry at Marigat in Baringo County, NMG.

32 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 WOMEN IN SECURITY
mainstreaming has played a key role in negotiation and mediation since they are
bringing out the best in women. The United also part of society and they should work
Nations in October 2000 passed a security hand in hand with men. There are situations
council resolution 1325 that calls for or nations where men cannot mix with
increased representation of women at peace women and as such the combatants need a
negotiations and at all levels of decision- female soldier to go between and reassure
making regarding security; inclusion of the victims of war crimes as such the
women in post-conflict, reconstruction government wins the hearts and minds of
efforts and in disarmament, demobilization, the local population. In the case of the police
and reintegration efforts; increased force, victims of sexual violence will only
protection from sexual violence; and an end be comfortable talking to a policewoman
to impunity for crimes affecting women. as opposed to a policeman. Additionally,
This was the first resolution that recognized the men will be at ease letting their wives
the disproportionate and unique impact of and children explain cases of abuse to the
COL E W NGIGI armed conflict on women and girls. It also female security personnel without trauma.
Kenya ARMY acknowledged the contributions women It is therefore prudent to increase women’s

W
and girls make to conflict prevention, participation including the deployment
omen play vital roles in society
peacekeeping, conflict resolution, and peace of gender-balanced peacekeeping units,
and more so in the family unit.
building and highlighted the importance of a whole-of-government approach to the
However, in other aspects,
their equal and full participation, as active security sector and judicial reform, and
they are considered the weaker sex and
agents in peace and security. more intentional solicitation of the input of
majorly victims of conflicts globally as
Women are also active agents of peace in women at the community level on priorities
well as regionally. Women are not spared
armed conflict, yet their role as key players for national budgets and international
in most cases as they suffer sexual violence
and change agents of peace has been largely programs.
and are rendered homeless and left with
unrecognized. As such, there is a need to The implementation of Women Peace
children to provide for. They also have the
recognize that lasting sustainable security and Security (WPS) priorities is a political
responsibility to protect their children right
is not achievable without the involvement commitment in the Secretary General’s
from birth. Additionally, they have been
Action for Peacekeeping initiative.It
active participants in conflicts affecting their Women should reaffirms that women’s full, equal and
countries. Notably, they are also victims
of domestic violence even in the absence also be involved in meaningful participation in peace processes
and political solutions is essential for
of conflicts within the nation. In the olden
days, a woman’s place was in the kitchen
negotiation and effective peacekeeping.
and in the garden tiling the land and cooking mediation since In conclusion, it is important to ensure
continued staffing, training, and deployment
for the family while their male counterpart
did the hunting for food.
they are also part of gender-balanced units at all levels within
This view, however, masks the important of society and they the military. Gender mainstreaming for
effective leadership across emerging peace
roles women play as leaders, especially in
helping end the conflicts, developing post-
should work hand and security complexities is key. Currently,
cultural resistance within military and
conflict reintegration efforts and economic in hand with men. police institutions and in society as a
life, and even leading the organization of
whole is no longer a barrier as women are
camps for internally displaced persons.
of women. This underpins the gender slowly taking up leadership positions in
This article points out the role of women in
equality and gender mainstreaming that is many countries in Africa where for a long
security, especially in the nineteenth century
responsible for positioning women in key time it has not been the case. Whether at
when women have taken up their positions
roles of leadership. Wars create more female the peace table or in parliaments, a critical
in leadership not only in security but in all
heads of households and force more women mass of women is required to introduce
other sectors of government as well as the
to become active in informal markets so gender-sensitive legislation and agreements
private sector.
their families can survive especially after for consideration. Tanzania has set the
With adequate training, women have
losing their husbands. Reconstruction offers pace in the Global South with the first
proved to be capable of leadership roles
countries the opportunity to take a new look female President and by default; she is the
and just as good as men and in some cases;
at the constraints women face in building Commander-in-Chief of the Tanzanian
they do better than their male counterparts
homes and businesses. Peoples Defence Forces.
since they pay attention to details. Gender
Women should also be involved in

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 33

 “NDI UMUNYARWANDA PROGRAM”
IN THE RECONCILIATION PROCESS OF RWANDANS
teaches us how and why we should live colonialism, Rwandans identified themselves
together as Rwandans without seeing through different identities, the colonialists
ourselves through ethnic lenses. collapsed all these into Hutu, Tutsi, and
It made us Rwandans start looking at one Twa, culminating into cleavages that they
another as one without looking at one another exploited to divide and rule the country while
from the ethnic identity. We see ourselves as often playing one group against the other. The
Rwandans, we are brothers and sisters. And I program broke these cleavages and re-created
also know that I am just as Rwandan as any the bonds that united Rwandans along
other Rwanda. The “Ndi Umunyarwanda” common identities that superseded these such
program is our life as Rwandans. It is the as heroism (ubutwari), integrity (ubupfura),
values and principles that define our identity unity (ubumwe), and patriotism (ubutore).
as Rwandans rooted in our past. It is those
things that unite us; our everyday life; how Contribution of ‘Ndi
Col L Kanobayire you relate to another person; the support we Umunyarwanda’, as a home-grown
rwanda defence force give one another; that solidarity; working solution, to eradicating divisions

R
together to solve problems. Therefore, we ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ is described as a
wandans are encouraged to face and have to make ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ our life. totality of the life of Rwandans. It is seen as
critically examine their dark history I see the program as a mechanism a panacea for solving the divisions among
towards shaping a bright future. The for liberating our minds. It assists us to Rwandans that were promoted during colonial
approach aims at taking stock of the past, understand the identity that brings us together times and during the independence and post-
extracting lessons from current experience instead of dividing us. All this is based on our independence regimes. These divisions were
informing future steps, and adjusting policies past. We are released from the divisive past based on pseudo-ethnicism and regionalism
and practices where needed. Though “Ndi and then we live together well. It is a really and they led to rejection, exclusion,
Umunyarwanda” has a particular and good program because it is a result of our separation, segregation, and denial of basic
distinctive focus: the common identity of past. civil rights for sections of the population. The
Rwandans, the “Rwandanness” or citizenship. ultimate cost of these divisions was the 1994
The theoretical connection between Contribution of ‘Ndi genocide against the Tutsi.
citizenship and identity had suggested that Umunyarwanda’ to various values The program eliminated the mistrust and
the more there is a shared sense of national ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ contributes to the suspicion among people working together,
identity and inclusive citizenship, the more restoration of traditional values of Rwandan where people used to look at each other
the promotion of reconciliation is likely to society. These values include solidarity, suspiciously, not trusting one another; where
succeed. reconciliation, dignity, and a culture of once one left a room, others would talk, and
“Ndi Umunyarwanda” is all about self-reliance. Recall that colonialism and when he/she returned they would keep quiet.
promoting what is common, what is the post-independence governments sowed It is one of the programs that have yielded
cohesive, and what is reconciliatory. This is divisions and where there was peace, they clear results because, if someone says, look
not because other identities don’t matter; you sowed discord, where there was trust, they guys when I say my name and you laugh,
know we always have multiple identities; sowed mistrust and suspicion, and where I feel bad or if I mention my name and
we could be Tutsi, Hutu or Twa, but we there was unity and solidarity, they sowed someone asks, oh! are you Rwandan? I feel
can also be catholic and you are Muslim, a divisions. With regard to solidarity, it brought rejected and I find that you were one of the
footballer while I am a film actor; all those Rwandans together to promote strong people with such an attitude yet you never
are identities. “Ndi Umunyarwanda” is personal and communal interdependence thought that you were hurting other people;
a program that emphasizes our common by looking for solutions to problems in people have now changed these attitudes.
citizenship; it aims to diminish the identities an amicable manner. In terms of identity,
that divide us. Therefore, it is a good program ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ amplifies the idea Contribution of ‘Ndi
for post-conflict reconstruction, especially that a Rwandan identity supersedes all Umunyarwanda’, as a home-grown
for peacebuilding. “Ndi Umunyarwanda” other forms of identities. Although, before solution to building a peaceful

34 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

future
Reconciliation in Rwanda in connection with ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ is
understood as both backward and forward-looking; that is, it considers
the past, present, and future of Rwanda. A general hypothesis in
this regard was that ‘the more Rwandans are able to understand and
confront the sources of their historical social divisions while getting
committed to a common future, the more likely reconciliation is to
occur. The assessment thus focused on whether ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’
builds hope for a peaceful and prosperous future, creates a space for
open discussions, provides people with an opportunity to ask for and
grant forgiveness, encourages reconciliation, and offers an opportunity
to learn about the history of Rwanda. ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ is like
a journey with many milestones. You reach one milestone and it
becomes the starting point of the new phase of the journey. It is a
process.

Conclusion
‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ is a program that the Government of Rwanda
among Rwandans, and therefore putting national interests first instead
launched in 2013 with the aim of strengthening national unity by
of favors based on ethnicity, blood relationships… and region of origin
cultivating a sense of respect and dignity among all Rwandans through
among other things. ‘Ndi Umunyarwanda’ program as a homegrown
national identity. The positive outcome is observed through the good
solution is standing in a better position by contributing widely to the
relationships between people.
sustainability of different values of reconciliation in Rwanda.
The policy’s very first principle read that the country is committed
to promoting the spirit of Rwandan identity by restoring the bond

MENTAL ILLNESS IS A SOCIETAL

PROBLEM
illness is invisible but devastating. On A Societal Problem
the contrary, Kenyan humour writer Ted It is well-documented that human mental
Malanda feigned astonishment quipping health emerges from a complex interplay
because he can’t wrap his mind around the between genetic, psychological, lifestyle,
fact that depression is an illness. In fact, he and other factors. In addition, people are
went ahead and argued that mental illness also exposed to numerous environments
was such a non-issue that African languages that interplay with the individual’s social
never even bothered to create a word for world. That social world is usually proximal
it. But what is mental illness? Different and includes family, kinship, employers,
propositions on how to define/understand peers, colleagues, friends, and, in the far end
mental health have been advanced, but in a within the context of society and culture.
nutshell, mental health includes emotional, This, therefore, suggests that the interaction
psychological, and social well-being. It between individuals and society becomes
affects how we think, feel, and act. It also
Col E K CHIRCHIR ‘psc(j)’ (UK) critical in building healthy societies, which
helps determine how we handle stress, relate in turn can promote mental health. The core
Kenya ARMY

M
to others, and make choices. In summary, of mental health is being at ease with oneself
ental illness operates in society, mental health gives an individual the feeling and at ease with others. Having a state of
is internalized by individuals, of worth, control, and understanding of good mental health translates to a strong
and is attributed to health internal and external functioning. The gist sense of self and others and establishing
professionals. This ethics-laden issue of this conversation is to try to understand positive relations while maintaining
acts as a barrier to individuals who may mental illness, a devastating societal comfort in own company. Across the world,
seek or engage in handling this scourge. problem. more people with major mental illnesses
According to Lansana Gberie, mental are living in the community rather than in

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 35

hospitals. This reality triggers why we need effective strategy in the treatment of mental family level is to increase interaction in the
to expand our knowledge in understanding health. Deploying this option is not for the usual way in society. This interaction breaks
mental health. The understanding, therefore, sake of the sick, but the society. We know down stigmas associated with mental illness
is in fact humane and consistent with the that stress can lead people with mental allowing the patients to be considered for
hopes and aspirations of people with mental illnesses to more frequent relapses of their social responsibilities that foster recovery.
illness and their families. Most of the sick illness and the family being the immediate For the family, feeling less burdened by
want to live as regular citizens - doing frontline needs to be equipped to better deal caring for their loved one is equally very
things that we all do, such as studying and with the challenge. important. The other benefit of working at
working. the family level is that services will meet
Society must begin to appreciate the role Psychoeducation them in their homes.
that it should play in order to win the fight. Family Psychoeducation is an approach
For example, we need to start appreciating designed to help families support individuals Conclusion
that people suffering from mental illnesses with a mental illness and better understand In conclusion, interventions for
need a friend, a job and the experience of mental illness while working together mental illness are numerous including
a better quality of life. They aspire in their toward recovery. To execute this option, psychotherapy, medication, and sometimes
state to feel empowered. Such awareness during family psychoeducation sessions, hospitalization however, psychosocial
has become an important goal for personal participants learn techniques for fostering treatment is emerging to be an alternative
recovery. These aspirations are not enough hope and recovery. This can include reducing and best approach to mental illness
in themselves. They must be supported stress, improving communication, and management. Psychosocial treatments
by the development of high-quality strengthening relationships. The main goal are important because they can help
and comprehensive community mental is to give families an increased awareness to patients live as regular citizens in society.
health services. With internet penetration deal with the problem. Psychoeducation can Psychosocial treatments should be given a
and mobile phones, societies are better help families understand what capabilities, higher priority and ensuring that workloads
placed on having these services available as well as symptoms, the patient may to the caregivers should be low enough
on phones through mobile applications. have. At the family level, the patient and for staff to spend their time on involving
Equally, the use of modern medicines which family are involved together leading to families. As a caution, this option does
play a critical role needs to be accelerated. greater understanding and most important not suggest that professionals in mental
This high-quality response is not a solution to empower the patient. Information about health will soon be relegated, in fact, for
in itself. Psychosocial treatment has been the illness is shared and discussed with the the Psychosocial treatment to succeed,
identified as a cheaper alternative to treating patient whereas the family learns to cope professionals will remain central. The
mental health. better in an event of a relapse. Training professional will retain presence and be the
APA dictionary simply defines to improve how the family talks with “champion for family involvement” while
psychosocial management as treatment each other and solves problems together supervising and mentoring others working
designed to help an individual with is important. Goal-setting is used to help with them in involving families.
emotional or behavioral disturbances adjust all family members achieve their personal
to situations that require social interaction goals. The goal of training individuals at the
with members of the family, work group,
community, or any other social unit. To
deliver this treatment option, training must
happen at the local/family level. To do
this, a number of psychosocial treatments
have been shown to be effective by strong
scientific research and are recommended in
guidelines for mental health practice and
this is where society needs to focus. This
discussion will narrow itself to the family
perspective (option to tackle mental health)
for it has statistically been proven as the
best approach among other psychosocial
therapy options. Why is this so? First, it has
been observed that most families want to be
involved in the treatment and care of their
relatives with mental illness and to assist
with their recovery. Secondly, involving
families has been proven to be the most

36 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 THE EVOLUTION OF COOK
STOVES IN KENYA
rural areas. This cooking solution heavily their health by causing respiratory related
relies on firewood making it a less efficient diseases; some have also sustained physical
solution for energy conservation. The injuries including burns and blunt trauma.
continued use of this cooking solution These among others inform why women
has threatened the environment because have been actively involved in embracing
it embraces the excessive cutting down of alternative cooking means.
trees for its sustainability. Sustainable Goal number seven calls for
A large amount of carbon monoxide, the use of clean energy. The advancements
which lingers in the atmosphere even of modern cooking stoves are brought
longer than carbon dioxide and is an about by the need to significantly reduce
even bigger contribution to climate the reliance on wood fuel from forests and
change, is also released by three-stone other sources. It also aims at improving
fires. Additionally, these stoves release livelihoods and enhancing productivity
particulate matter, such as black carbon, given the less time consumed on fuel wood
MS J F WAMBOI which exacerbates respiratory illnesses. collection. Additionally, it aims at reducing
KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE Three stone fires produce much smoke the amount of indoor air pollution. In light

C
which causes breathing difficulties as well of this, several improvements have been
ook stoves are kitchen stoves that as other diseases. They are simple to build, made to wood fuel consumption, which
rely on direct heat for cooking but their cooking efficiency is quite poor, has seen the introduction of the Improved
and may also include an oven for as only about 10% of the heat produced is Cooking Stove which is more efficient in
baking. Cook stoves are also known as transferred to the pot and the rest is lost. wood use.
cooking stoves or wood stoves. They heat by Firewood saving is largely attributed to
burning wood or charcoal. Gas stoves heat Three stone open fire Source: Solar the fired clay liner that ensures heat retention
by burning gas while electric stoves heat by Cookers International for a long time. The fired ceramic liner
using electricity. Over 93.2 percent of rural The role of women in seeking for alternative provides thermal insulation to minimise
households in Kenya use biomass in form cooking solutions can never be ignored. heat loss. The Improved firewood stove can
of wood fuel (firewood and charcoal), dung Undoubtedly, in the context of the evolution be fixed in the kitchen and is commonly
and crop residues as the main source of fuel of cooking solutions, they have largely known as Maendeleo Jiko or Jiko Sasa.
for cooking and heating. This has serious contributed to this grand development. Alternatively, they can be portable by being
implications to public health. According Given the patriarchal nature of most African enclosed in a metal known as Kuni Mbili
to the Stockholm Environment Institute societies, cooking and fetching firewood Jikos.
(SEI), an estimated 15,000 deaths linked to have been strictly left to women. With this,
indoor pollution has been recorded. About women and girls are disproportionately Charcoal Stove and its
30 percent of the population uses Liquefied affected by the use of open fires. They are improvements
Petroleum Gas (LPG) with only 3 percent reported to experience extreme exposures to Most of the population from the urban
of households owning an electric cooking household pollution which has endangered areas are unable to resort to firewood,
appliance. Kenya’s approaches and attitude
towards cooking solutions have been
gradually evolving from the use of three-
stone-open fire to use of charcoal stoves,
fireless cooking baskets to the current use
of clean energy therefore improving on the
environment as well as women well-being.

Three-Stone-Open Fire
The Three-Stone-Open Fire has historically
been and remains the most formidable
commonly used fuel wood-based cooking
option. This cooking solution has defied
the call for its displacement and remains
Three stone open fire Source: Solar Cookers
the most commonly used, especially in International

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 37

making the use of charcoal inevitable. The pollution. They include biogas, ethanol,
charcoal stove is mainly used by lower and LPG, solar energy and electricity. Clean
middle-income households. The charcoal is cooking reduces on the need to get wood
obtained from the burnt wood in traditional biomass from the forest hence reduces on
earth kilns. Apart from the wood charcoal, environmental degradation. Clean fuels
women have also invented charcoal balls in Kenya do not cause indoor air pollution
which are efficient in energy conservation. and are used for clean cooking. Kenya
This among other innovations demonstrates has committed to 100% transition to clean
the active role of women in the quest to energy by 2030. Currently not many people
improve on the Kenya’s energy sector. can afford clean fuels. Improvement in
Cooking stoves were introduced by energy efficiency and conservation will help
the Indian railroad labourers in the 1900s. Kenya to achieve this goal.
These cooking stoves were made up of scrap
metal assembled by the local smiths in the Conclusion
informal sector. They assumed a cylindrical Large scale shift from traditional biomass
shape and had doors for draft and regulation to clean energy may take time. Kenya
of ash removal, 3 legs provided the base Fireless cooking basket should therefore continue to implement
support, a metal gate and two handles. Source: Internet Yaota.com
its policy and legal framework to enhance
However, they were never insulated, thus energy. A fireless cooker is an insulating uptake of clean cooking. To achieve this,
radiating heat to the air as well as the pot. basket that traps heat and allows the cooking all environmental projects and programmes
process to be completed without additional should have a component geared towards
Fireless Cooking baskets fuel. supporting clean energy especially for the
In Western Kenya, many projects have rural households.
embarked on improving the traditional Clean fuels
stoves by coming up with fireless cooking Clean fuels in Kenya are generated from
baskets which significantly save on the fuel systems that do not produce and form of

BODABODA-NOMICS; ANARCHY OR
ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS IN EAST AFRICA?
occasionally been linked to some of the employer” where the majority of job seekers
most heinous crimes the area has seen. have sought safety.
The bodaboda sector among the three East
African States namely; Uganda, Kenya Provision of Economic Solutions
and Tanzania is one associated with chaos, It is true that bodabodas have come a long
impunity and even deaths. way toward helping East Africans with their
The bodaboda sub-sector has expanded economic problems. Youth employment
into a very large industry that employs rates in bodaboda taxis have been increasing
people from all vocations, including riders, recently, nearly doubling annually. The
traders of spare parts and managers of growth in the sub-sector is attributed to the
small cooperatives and Saccos which the ease of acquisition of the motorcycle given
operators have membership. During my the relatively lower cost compared to motor
keen observation of the bodaboda sector, I vehicles and other automobile devices.
have met university graduates, diploma and Apart from the low prices for acquiring
Col J B J Rweyemamu
certificate holders, trained teachers and other bodabodas, the cost of running the taxi trade
TANZANIA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCES
people with full-time jobs who have joined is relatively small while offering efficient

T
he bodaboda sub-sector has the trade as a side-hustle to supplement consumption of fuel and on saving time. The
frequently been viewed as a their incomes, realizing that; bodaboda is use of bodabodas as public transport in cities
double-edged sword, offering an exciting venture capable of turning their and towns has attracted small and medium
both economic solutions and aggravating economic fortunes. Although employment investors dealing in spare parts and in other
insecurity among East African countries. opportunities for university graduates have accessories. The bodabodas have organized
Although the sector has provided innovative drastically decreased recently, the bodaboda themselves into cooperative movements
transport and logistics solutions, it has sub-sector has served as a “humble net and organization where their members pool

38 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

resources and offer credit to their members anger toward the bodaboda riders, whom government to introduce a mandatory third-
among other benefits. Because of the they accused of being rowdy, negligent, and party insurance cover for bodaboda riders
severe traffic snarl-up, the region’s cities, always acting with impunity in regard to to cater for costs related to motorcycle
towns, and highways frequently come to a traffic and road rules. The incident attracted accidents.
complete stop. Bodabodas offer an effective global condemnation and was regarded as a
way to get around the gridlock. single case of an existing plethora of ugly Way Forward
incidents which continue unreported and Even though the bodaboda trade is causing
The Anarchy associated with deeply rooted among societal grievances. excessive anarchy, a ban is not an option
Bodabodas The recklessness with which bodaboda because it would harm the East African
There is an unsightly aspect of the bodaboda have been operating on East African roads is region’s developing economies. They have
sub-sector that has gained popularity one riddled with impunity. Occasionally, a a sizable impact on economic expansion and
recently and caused governments, bodaboda is seen cruising on the pavements progress. Authorities in respective countries
communities, and individual households to which are designated for pedestrians, on the need a policy shift that formally recognizes
become more aware. Recent reports indicate wrong side of the road or making a wrong bodabodas as public service operators
that; in most cities and towns in East Africa turn in the middle of the road. They play and which needs official regulation like
indicate there is a serious increase in fatal hide and seek with the police and the city the rest of the public service sector. The
road accidents involving bodabodas. Many authorities as a means of ensuring their policy shift should entail mandatory
people have lost their lives in road carnage survival in the streets. training, registration and testing while at
involving bodabodas, while others have Bodaboda riders’ carelessness is the same time a mandatory requirement
been maimed and reduced to confinement primarily motivated by their desire to which insures all the bodaboda riders and
onto wheelchairs after being engaged in earn more money as quickly as possible, their passengers. A third-party insurance
grisly road accidents. These records have with little regard for their own safety or scheme is an appropriate insurance scheme
raised a debatable question of whether the safety of other road users. Households which can cover for injuries and deaths
the bodabodas improve people’s lives and families are losing breadwinners daily resulting from bodabodas. The police and
economically and socially or rather it is with other incurring high medical bills for local authorities need to double up their
another cause of poverty and anarchy in the recuperating riders and pavement users surveillance and intelligence gathering to
region. who suffer serious injuries resulting from smoke out criminals who are hiding in the
In 2022, the general public in Kenya was reckless riders and with a realization that sub-sector. The authorities in each country
treated to rather an awkward scenario where the majority of bodabodas lack insurance should place a strong emphasis on civic
a female motorist was sexually molested covers particularly third-party insurance. education and campaigns that promote
by bodaboda riders who descended on her There are rising cases of injuries and death wearing safety gear and reflective clothing
while stuck in traffic. As a result of the among riders and pavement users recorded for both the rider and the passenger, as well
incident, the public erupted in a flurry of every year. Such development prompted the as having valid identification.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 39

 THE MILITARY STAFF OFFICER
- THE UNSUNG HERO
involves the subordinates in decision- therefore in this loop cannot act alone
making while maintaining responsibility but require a strongly assembled team
for the decision. This is essential when the of staff officers who are able to interpret
subordinates are able to analyze the situation situations at a speed that matches the battle
and determine the course of action to take. rhythm. Similarly, even in peacetime setup,
Critically, therefore, one would argue commanders will still require brilliant staff
that in most successful military operations, and subordinates to shadow their daily
several leadership styles have been applied progress. The point is, in every career path
interchangeably depending on the situation of ninety percent of successful military
at hand and that the styles manifest in an leaders across the world, there is a fine and
intricately interwoven manner during the brilliant staff officer who works behind
action. This is apparent in conventional the curtains to build the visible images of
warfare and the same applies to hybrid successful generals
and/or unconventional setups in the But writing a chapter for them in an effort
Col c o Mitoko contemporary world. But while decision- to have them share the ‘Cake of Fame and
making might have been well understood in Reward’ has not been forthcoming. They
KENYA Army
the conventional setup, in the new strategic shape the critical path that make generals

L
eadership is an art that influences reality and in the context of a transparent in militaries across the world but remain
by example or persuasion to effect battlefield, it is more dynamic, quick, and unsung heroes.
action. Before the advent of the technology-driven. Therefore, modern Upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt,
‘Mission Command Philosophy’, leadership militaries must prepare to operate within a Walter Lippmann, an American writer
in the military was more inclined to the more dynamic, uncertain and unpredictable absolutely observed that: ‘The final test
authoritarian style of leadership, where environment. It is seemingly a complex of a leader is that he leaves behind him in
the leader directed the subordinates on environment invested with an adversary other men, the conviction and the will to
what was to be done and how it was to employing irregular, unconventional, and carry on…The genius of a good leader is to
be done, without seeking views from the asymmetric means whose closing norm is: leave behind him a situation with common
subordinates. This leadership style was ‘Adopt or Die .’ who then does the timely sense, with which the grace of genius can
perfect in wartime environments, where the planning? deal with successfully. Lippmann, in this
Commander had the information to solve Leadership styles aside, success text, was referring to a well-kept record of
the problem, there was little planning time calls for intelligent and quick minds to events, a diary in the form of an institutional
and the subordinates were well motivated. navigate smoothly and swiftly through the memory clear enough to ensure continuity.
In laisse-faire style of leadership, the leader speedy military planning with a ruthless This can only be done by an assembled
determination to succeed. Commanders staff that works closely with the leader or
commander. There is always a staff officer
who must be able to correctly predict the
ideas in the leaders’ mind, draft and present
them into a workable plan. The staff officer
walks the longest journey most of the time.
Even though wars and actions happen away
from where they stand, they will have
traveled the whole sequence before it even
begins.
Similarly, history has witnessed that
superior generals surrounded themselves
with staff officers who would complement
them by covering their ‘blind spots.
Napoleon Bonaparte for example was
widely acknowledged to be the most
esteemed commander who led troops into
battle with tremendous success. But little is
spoken of his Chief of Staff Berthier, who
did the planning, endured the waspish sting
Col C Mitoko of KDF during Command & Staff training with counterparts from the East African militaries of his burning intellect, and bore the weight
in Uganda (2011). amid occasional humiliations. Instead, he is

40 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

more often referred to by historians as a clerk. handling of situations earned Rommel an
Soon after WW II, Field Marshal Success calls for unmeasured reputation on the battlefield.
Montgomery, a highly celebrated British
general was asked to enumerate the
intelligent and quick General Rommel’s Chief of Staff, Alfred
Gause is singled out and recorded as one staff
requirements for a good general. He listed minds to navigate officer who would anticipate with near-perfect
nine items but the first, he said was ‘to have accuracy what Rommel needed and when he
a good Chief of Staff and in his book ‘The
smoothly and swiftly needed it.
Path to Leadership’ he goes ahead to elaborate through the speedy Consequently, below the Chiefs of Staff,
that a good staff officer is the pearl of a very there is usually an assembly of tirelessly
great price. Montgomery held on to several military planning working staff in various roles, who walk the
staff as he progressed through the ranks
because of their strengths and capabilities thus
with a ruthless longest journey in the planning. Most of the
time, wars are fought slightly away from
underscoring the essential duties performed determination where they stand, drained and fatigued in their
by the staff. planning. Even though they have the bigger
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was one to succeed. picture, their contributions are not immediately
military general who undoubtedly stood recognized as they do not share the medals but
distinct, particularly among German generals stand there holding the pillars of the reward
of the Second World War. In a war in which the reputation of the arena. That is a glimpse of the unwritten chapter of the staff officers’
German officer corps was associated with atrocities, brutalities story. Indeed, there is no simple set of rules by which to establish
and mass genocide, Rommel epitomized the gallant, skillful and the pillars of successful military leadership in the absence of staff
tactical genius of exceptional gifts which gained him open respect officers. Most applicable in my own speculation, though, is that the
even among his enemies. Though a great general, history records general officer must be adept at the art of choosing competent and
that it was his staff that made vital decisions at times when he compatible subordinate staff to support his generalship. Bravo to the
was seen to be pursuing incorrect strategic lines. Their accurate Staff Officer - the Unsung Hero!

ROLE OF LAKE TANGANYIKA IN THE

FUTURE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
TRADE EXPANSION TO SOUTH
to South. The lake is bigger than Burundi, 12 million are living in local communities
and covers about 12,700 square miles around the lake, particularly on the western
(32,900 square Km). Its shoreline touches and northern shore
four (04) countries which include: Burundi To reinforce the regional connectivity,
(8%), Zambia (6%), the Democratic a program codenamed “Lake Tanganyika
Republic of Congo (45%), and Tanzania Transport Corridor Development Project”
(41%). Lake Tanganyika serves for fishery is supporting the rehabilitation of ports
activities, trans-border trade, and tourism. infrastructure and their connected roads
and railways; and the development of
Geo-strategic Location of Lake harmonized policy framework on cross-
Tanganyika border transport. The program will boost
The lake lies at the crossroads of three regional integration and foster trade in a
main sub-Saharan African Trade Corridors wide range of agricultural, manufacturing,
namely Northern Corridor (Mombasa in and fishery; as well as enhance tourism
COL E MBERAMIHIGO
Kenya), the central corridor (Dar-es-Salaam and other economic activities. Bujumbura
BURUNDI NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE

L
in Tanzania), and the Southern Corridor port is linked to about a dozen of ports and
ake Tanganyika is one of the great (Mpulungu in Zambia/Durban in South should serve as an inter-regional trade hub
lakes systems; it occupies the Africa). Therefore, the lake constitutes a
southern end of the Western Rift southwards corridor, thus promoting trade Expansion of East African
Valley. Lake Tanganyika is the second between the major ports of Bujumbura Community borders
deepest in the world after the lake Baikal, (Burundi), Kigoma (Tanzania), Kalemie and Since its restoration in 2000, the East
the world’s second-largest fresh water in Kalungu (DRC), and Mpulungu (Zambia). African Community has grown very faster
volume after Lake Victoria, and the world’s The population of the four riparian countries from three member states in 2000 to six
longest freshwater with 673Km from North is estimated at 174 million people; of whom member states in December 2016; from

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 41

a simple economic organization to a full Kalemie port to the areas around Nyunzu, phase I of the project, and the modernization
political federation ambition. The EAC aims Kabalo, Kongolo, and Lubumbashi. of the Mpulungu Port will be implemented
at widening and deepening cooperation in Phase II. Japan International Cooperation
among the Partner States in political, Challenges and Way Forward Agency (JICA) is also financing the new
economic, and social fields for their mutual One of the major problems with the Lake passenger terminal, cargo hangar, and
benefit. Its market has expanded gradually Tanganyika Transport corridor is the lack access roads to Kigoma Port.
through the integration of new member of harmonized policy framework for trade
states but also by fostering cooperation with and trans-borders movement of people; Conclusion
other regional blocs (RMs and RECs) and the major barrier is that countries have Since its restoration in 2000, the EAC has
the rest of the world. The recent integration signed several trade agreements and none expanded its borders from 3 member states
of the Democratic Republic of Congo of these trade agreements is currently to seven countries; and this has made the
(DRC) on 8 April, 2022 as the 7th member providing comprehensive coverage of the Lake Tanganyika to be almost entirely
state, has crossed cultural barriers between Lake Tanganyika basin region. However, part of EAC resources. The lake offers
the east Africa Bloc (English) and central this might change with the Tripartite numerous advantages for EAC trade and
Africa Bloc (French). This was seen as a Free Trade Area (TFTA), which would investment. It is at the crossroads of trade
demonstration of regional leaders’ maturity combine COMESA, SADC, and (EAC); corridors towards ECCAS and SADC and
to break colonial differences and come and furthermore,with theAfrica Continental constitutes a southwards corridor with an
together as one people. Lake Tanganyika Free Trade Agreement(AfCFTA). import market along the shoreline. This will
has become almost entirely part of EAC Another important issue is inadequate boost regional integration and foster trade in
resources since the integration of DRC. port infrastructure in the major ports of a wide range of agricultural, manufacturing,
Bujumbura, Mpulungu, Kalemie, and and fishery; as well as enhance tourism and
New Opportunities for East African Kigoma. This problem is being handled other economic activities. Bujumbura port
Community Trade by “Lake Tanganyika Transport Corridor is likely to become an inter-regional trade
The Port of Bujumbura in the north of the Infrastructure Project.” The port of hub.
lake will become the crossing point for trade Bujumbura is being rehabilitated under
movement towards DRC and SADC blocs.
On one side, DRC will provide a good
opportunity to create trade ties between
the two blocs, thus extending the lines of
communications from the Indian Ocean to
the Atlantic Ocean. DRC on its own has
expanded largely the EAC regional market
from 180 million citizens to 300 million. The
country also presents diverse opportunities
for trade and investment which include the
mining sector, agriculture, and infrastructure
development in terms of Roads, Highways,
Ports, Airports, Railways, Architecture,
Energy, Telecommunication roads, and
the Environment. This means numerous
contracting opportunities and creation of a
market for vehicles, boats, and engines.
On the other hand, the EAC region will
extend its trade southwards using maritime
transport on Lake Tanganyika, thus reaching
the SADC bloc through the port ofMpulungu
in Zambia. Trade and investment are
expected to flourish along the shoreline
where an estimated population of 12 million
is living in small communities. The lake
offers opportunities for trade with the 6,8
million inland population of eastern DRC
that surround Lake Tanganyika. The poor
roads and railways infrastructures connect Map of Lake Tanganyika Transport Corridor (Market study Lake Tanganyika, Commissioned by
Netherlands Enterprise Agency, page 46)

42 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

CHALLENGES OF ACCESSING FUNDING
FOR SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
process. The credit acquisition process address this issue, knowledge is necessary.
contains obstacles and diversions before Most large corporations register their
arriving at the target, much like any human assets on stock exchanges and provide
endeavour. One cannot escape borrowing securities on bond exchanges. As a result,
money while in business. Therefore, it’s corporate information exchange programs
critical to understand how banks decide in equity markets can enable entrance to
whether to give money to a company. a wide variety of information required to
Another challenge SMEs face in accessing determine the credibility of large firms.
funds is the necessary skills and expertise of Unfortunately, most SMEs do not have
the staff. Most of the companies in charge access to the financial sector. Microfinance
of this industry lack the necessary business companies can rigorously and continually
abilities, primarily due to poor educational monitor borrowers but doing so is expensive
levels. It is not enough to understand how to for borrowers of modest loans. Information
make a high-quality product. The producer asymmetry is made worse by SMEs’ lack
is also responsible for knowing how to of information infrastructure. The easiest
MS L W NG’ANG’A market the product successfully and keep option for small and medium enterprises and
kenya revenue authority the firm’s financial aspects under control. banking firms to lower the interest rate in

M
Moreover, the managers are responsible loan proposals in collateral-based borrowing
any innovative business concepts in maintaining a competitive advantage is to provide assets. But when the Basel
have been known to fail since their against its competitors in the domestic and capital agreement was established, several
creators could not get funding international markets. When the entrepreneur authorities increased policy-based lending
for them, and lenders could not determine lacks the necessary knowledge, small and for SMEs to lessen the restrictions on those
if they were worthwhile investments. It is medium firms result in low productivity firms’ financing as a necessary emergency
well acknowledged that Small and Medium and low connections with investors. Thus, precaution. In such a case, the funding
Enterprises (SMEs) deal with challenges that to achieve this, the entrepreneur must have required using effective and reasonably
limit their potential to expand and prosper strong entrepreneurial skills. priced credit risk assessment methods,
and, as a result, lessen their ability to make a Numerous critics claim that fundamental particularly for transaction-based loans.
meaningful contribution to economic growth. information issues in the market for micro To comply with Basel II risk management
Therefore, this article highlights various business loans may prevent mortgage lenders standards, complex data infrastructure is
challenges SMEs face while accessing funds. from efficiently allocating loans. These required to handle the substantial credit
Indeed, information technology has informational issues might be so severe as to limitations SMEs must overcome.
progressed quickly. The number of cause financing constraints and the collapse
households with cell devices, smartphones, of the debt market. Lending companies Recommendations
and tablet devices has increased significantly consider SMEs riskier in investing. Numerous Kenya’s government should develop detailed
in recent years. The e-commerce business institutions, especially banks, favour plans to make it easier for small and medium-
for consumers is growing due to customers investing in major corporations over SMEs sized businesses access credit. Besides
increasingly preferring Online purchases to when allocating funds. The explanation is making it easier for people to get credit, small
in-person transactions. SMEs, nonetheless, that large businesses have a lesser probability businesses will be better equipped to invest
have struggled to take advantage of these of defaulting and have transparent financial in better technology and, as a result, produce
prospects fully. Micro-firms typically don’t accounts. However, SMEs are riskier, better products. This will make them more
have websites. For instance, according to a particularly from creditors’ perspective, competitive in their market and sell more,
World Bank report published in 2016, SMEs since they lack transparent accounting data. hence make better profits. Additionally,
sold goods and accepted orders in Japan while Therefore, common knowledge says that renovation, maintenance, and preservation
households had mobile phone usage above small businesses can’t get loans from banks of transport networks and improvements to
90% and Online service users at 90.58% in or commercial finance companies until their telecommunicating services will help lower
2014. consequently, 10% of the total of all output level is sufficiently high. Moreover, production costs, attract investors, and help
transactions were made via their websites, financial institutions require that small small businesses grow. This will decrease
and fewer than 10% of those transactions businesses provide financial statements the expense of moving and distributing
have websites where they sell their products showing many measurable assets that can goods, making each output unit cheaper.
or do business on online marketplaces be used as leverage, such as receivable Lastly, investing in education helps people
Notably, getting financing is a protracted accounts, inventory, and machinery. learn the skills and expertise they need to
process; whether it is successful relies on Every financial services sector is inherently run a successful SME. This will also enable
the financier’s approach to evaluating and concerned with knowledge. Nevertheless, the training of a group of experienced
providing credit. This procedure begins with there is an asymmetrical knowledge issue managerial and technical workers to help the
facility registration and concludes when the between money providers and customers. To SMEs grow.
loan is paid in full via the line of the credit

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 43

 My battles with the most
dangerous animal in the world
At the hospital, I was without much delay the day or outdoors. The mosquitoes that
diagnosed with malaria and immediately bite outdoor and during the day are not the
put on treatment. The Doctor was surprised malaria spreading species.
that I had been sick for over a week without The malaria spreading mosquitoes have
seeking proper medical care despite being a previously been found in low altitude, high
Doctor myself. He informed me that I was humidity and high rainfall areas. With the
progressing towards severe malaria which ongoing climate change phenomenon,
is usually life threatening and more difficult this is changing with the mosquitoes now
to treat. I informed him that having lived beginning to thrive at higher altitude
in Limuru, I had never been infected with areas. The populations at risk for malaria
malaria before and therefore did not suspect are therefore rapidly increasing. Climate
that it was the cause of my symptoms. A few change has led to reversal of decades of
hours after taking the antimalaria drugs, I progress that had been made in reducing the
felt better and fully recovered in a few days. burden of malaria globally. Indeed, malaria
I few years later, I was posted to head is now classified as a re-emerging disease
Dr. G n Githuka the National Malaria Control Program at the where cases of malaria transmission are
Ministry of health increasingly being detected in previously
Ministry of Health. Malaria is the second

I
leading cause of hospital outpatient visits, a malaria free areas.
was born and brought up in Limuru
leading cause of mothers losing pregnancies The malaria spreading mosquitoes have
Constituency, Kiambu County in Kenya.
and the leading cause death among children also been evolving at a rate which our
The area is known for its relatively
less than five years old in Kenya. Malaria researchers are finding hard to keep up with.
cold climate compared to other parts of the
has a huge negative effect on the health and There is increasing resistance to insecticides
Country. After I completed my education in
economic security of communities where it is used in the control and elimination of the
medicine, I was posted to work at a health
endemic. Treatment of the disease especially mosquitoes. Most insecticides that we have
facility in my home area. It was a great
severe malaria is costly and causes a strain used in the recent past are now completely
honor to serve the community that made me
to our health system. Several studies have ineffective, while we are barely developing
who I was. I was thereafter posted to work
shown that communities living in malaria new ones that the mosquitoes are sensitive
at the Ministry of health headquarters at
burden have higher poverty levels. too. The malaria parasites are also becoming
the National AIDS & STI Control Program
Majority of the interventions in the increasing resistant to the drugs used to
in Nairobi. My new posting involved a
control of malaria target the mosquitoes treat malaria. No so long ago we were
lot of travelling within the Country as we
which are the vector that spread the parasite using quinine, then we went to sulfadoxine
developed and implemented policies and
from one person to another. The ultimate pyrimethamine (fansidar) which both are
strategies to fight HIV.
goal is to reduce and eliminate the contact now totally ineffective due to development
I remember this time when I had just
between humans and the mosquitoes. The of resistance. We are seeing emerging and
come back to Nairobi from Kisumu when
other strategy is to ensure that there are no increasing resistance to the current drugs;
I started feeling unwell. I developed a
malaria parasites to spread. Mosquitoes do the artemisinin combination therapies. It
fever, chills and headache. Being a Doctor,
not cause malaria, they spread the parasites is important to note that this resistance
I assumed and self-diagnosed myself with
from one person to another. This can be done is making the prevention and treatment
a flu. I went to a pharmacy and purchased
through prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria more expensive as the newer
some antibiotics and drugs to relief the fever
of malaria cases; this ensures that even if insecticides and treatment drugs are more
and headache. After taking the medication,
a mosquito bites someone, it will not be costly. This further endangers the economic
I seemed to feel better and continued with
infected with the malaria parasites and and health security of individuals and
my work schedule. I however did not fully
therefore will not spread what they don’t societies affected.
recover from the symptoms and in fact
have. In malaria endemic areas, we can One of the major lessons that I learned
would have episodes of high fevers and
presumptively treat all vulnerable malaria during my fights with infectious diseases is
severe chills. I assumed that these continued
populations (pregnant women and children) that; it is never that far away from you, you
symptoms were due to delayed response
to protect them from malaria. cannot protect yourself alone, you are not
to the medication and pushed on with my
Not all mosquitoes spread malaria, the safe if the disease is out there circulating and
life as I continued with my self-prescribed
female Anopheles mosquito is the only it is only a matter of time before you either
treatment. One day, while in the office, my
one that spreads malaria. This species of become infected or affected (a close relative
symptoms worsened and I decided to take a
mosquitoes enters the house/indoors either or friend is infected).
nap hoping that the rest would help. This did
early in the morning or later in the evening Societies and Governments need to work
not happen, I woke up feeling worse, I could
and rest on the walls as they wait to bite together to eliminate infectious diseases for
not even stand up from my seat. I called on a
people at night. They do not bite during prosperity.
colleague of mine who rushed me to hospital.

44 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 THE LIFE AND TIMES OF
A WILDLIFE WARRIOR
W
ildlife Conservation is one farms where they destroy crops, damage
among many interesting property or kill livestock and people hence
jobs one can ever ask for. It creating conflicts that require the warden’s
involves dealing with abiotic and the biotic intervention. To maintain a good relationship
organisms, which of course never talk, with with the aggrieved parties, besides ensuring
some being defiant enough to attack you on safety of the animals involved the warden
slight provocation. They are defiant because has to act fast enough to prevent more
they are more muscular than man and are damage once a case has been reported. But
accustomed to living in natural wilderness who came first? This question has never
which man has consciously invaded. been answered and as long as the natural
Wildlife species like monkeys, snakes, law exists, man will always get away with
elephants and buffalos have globally been it in the spirit of human life first. Biblically,
domesticated to provide services like God created everything else and man came
transportation, farm jobs like ploughing, last, but it’s the authority that God gave man
Ms L N MAKOSI
besides being pets. However, some species to domineer all other creatures that puts
KENYA wildlife service
require technical handling skills after the lives of all other living creatures at the
domestication since they will definitely example, some National Parks dirt roads are mercy of the un-merciful man.
depend on your interventions for their rendered impassable and this calls for the A warden’s duty also involves ensuring
survival; unlike when in their natural warden’s intervention to ensure smooth flow human communities residing around the
habitat. Interactions with the wilderness is of visitors; even those who intentionally or protected areas are not in any way harmed
therefore too fulfilling; and away from the unknowingly passed through roads sections by the wild animals, as well as ensuring
hustles and bustles of town life, it’s in the that are marked impassable. Any of the no human gets unauthorized access to the
wilderness where you get fresh unpolluted visitors getting stuck in mud inside the park wilderness areas without known intentions.
air, view natural sceneries and beautiful requires the warden’s rescue within the Human-wildlife conflict is defined as when
animal species everyday of your working shortest cycle time and once rescued, some wild animals move out of the protected areas
life as a warden. will appreciate while others will hurl insults and cause havoc to human and property in
at the warden while lamenting about the their farmlands and homesteads.
A Warden’s Resilience. poor state of roads. For harmonious interaction with
Being a warden comes with it both exciting communities surrounding the protected
and challenging encounters each dawn and Who Came First? areas, wardens ensure they are well
this is because one has to deal with humans, Wild animals knows no boundary and versed with the protected areas rules and
wildlife and nature. During rains for quite often find themselves inside peoples regulations. Violation of these rules is

Hyena - Source : Kenya Wildlife Service, 2022 Red spitting Cobra - Source:
Kenya Wildlife Service 2022

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 45

Source: Kenya Wildlife Service,2022

enforceable by law with culprits apprehended and presented Training and Mentorship
to a court of law. High demand for wildlife products like Being a warden is being a trainer; a trainer for the newly
elephant tusks, rhino horns, sandalwood among others have employed, both uniformed and civilian. He or she is a trainer
led to increased negative interactions with some community for that local citizen who is not aware of the existing rules and
members who master mind modalities of getting into the regulation on conservation matters and how the law provides
protected areas undetected. This has led to armed encounters for interactions. Proximity to a public or private training
between the wildlife conservation personnel and the armed institution gives a warden an extra mandate that is of course
culprits and at times, the warden losses his life or the life of in line with his duties of creating awareness to the general
some of his fighting rangers. public on wildlife and related conservation policies and
emerging issues like science and non-science based human-
Are they the Cause? wildlife conflict resolution strategies.
Some human pandemics and epidemics have had their origin For better work performance, discipline is vital in each
traced from interactions with wild animals, but some sects field and a warden is the greatest disciplinarian and mentor for
of the community are yet to get convinced since they have his workforce. Necessary working environment and logistical
survived to the current age while support is provided when needed to
feasting on game meat and other wildlife
products. Eating un-inspected bush
Local people are ensure no excuses are extended in case
of failure to perform by a warden.
meat for example puts the consumers always interested Generally, a warden is that person
at very high risks of infections and this
is one crucial issue that a warden fights
in park resources deployed in the field to help in
management of wildlife on behalf of
against on daily basis. which the warden Kenyan people and is usually a jack of
Local people are always interested
in park resources which the warden
is there to protect all trades. A warden is a scientist because
he should know when there is a disease
is there to protect and until when and until when outbreak in wild animal population,
harmony is created, the warden and
communities continues to engage in
harmony is created, he should be well versed with wildfire
control strategies, an engineer too and
cat and mouse game. The warden is the warden and mechanic to ensure infrastructure and
therefore mandated to create a peaceful
and mutually beneficial coexistence
communities machineries under his or her care are
functional to enhance his daily duties
with the communities for ownership continues to performance. It is a call about guarding
and collective protection of the natural
resources.
engage in cat and wildlife and handing over to the future
generations as they were handed over to
mouse game. us. It’s worth emulating a warden!

46 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 THE PLACE OF DIASPORA IN
KENYA’S FOREIGN POLICY
D
iaspora is increasingly becoming The institutional framework provides
an important component in decision makers with an opportunity
international relations especially and modalities of defining the situation
on matters of foreign policy. Diaspora is an concerning diaspora. For example, the
integral part of foreign policy in the context Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides
of being a pillar in the foreign policies. executive and legislature members with
According to Kenya’s Foreign Policy of adequate information for assessing the
2014, the diaspora is considered as the fifth needs of people in diaspora. It is from such
pillar other than peace diplomacy, economic assessment that alternatives to existing
diplomacy, environmental diplomacy and problems are identified and decision made
cultural diplomacy. In the policy, diaspora on the implementation plan. In this context,
is recognised as an important component of reports about torture and mistreatment of
promoting national development. Kenyan house helps in Saudi Arabia and
In Kenya, remittances of diaspora have other Gulf countries are increasingly finding
become the greatest earner of foreign
Col E N Kitusya its way in the legislature. The purpose is to
kenya army
exchange. This has increased interests of ensure that Kenya’s foreign policy not only
various groups in the role of diaspora in among people in diaspora. This indicates foster bilateral relationships but also support
Kenya’s economic growth. In recent times, that the principles of public participation adherence to human rights as envisaged in
the new government has placed emphasis on and sustainability in foreign policy making the UN Charter on Human Rights.
diaspora. This has included the inclusion of are fulfilled thereby strengthening foreign In view of the commitment of member
special administrative unit on diaspora into policy making process. Supporters of states to institutionalising the diaspora
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The diaspora this move argue that institutionalising the matters through policy making, the member
desk is therefore a critical component in foreign policy making process by focusing states are directly engaging each other. For
the foreign policy of Kenya aimed at not on the role of diaspora is important in example, in Kenya’s Diaspora Policy which
only improving foreign exchange but also extending relationships about citizenships has integrated EAC’s and AU’s diaspora
bilateral relations. and sovereignty. This implies that framework, the Ministry of Foreign
In most countries, directorates or countries are reaching out to their people Affairs is expected to initiate dialogue
departments within Ministry of Foreign in diaspora thereby promoting their roles with destination countries to open consular
Affairs do management of Diaspora affairs. in strengthening relations with countries services and enter into bilateral agreements.
In Kenya Ministry of Foreign Affairs handles hosting their people. This gives the indication that for Kenya to
matters of people in Diaspora such as Institutionalising of diaspora matters implement such frameworks and policies,
investments, political rights e.g. voting and is also observed in regional organisation there is need to first have good foreign
general welfare. In Nigeria, France and Italy structures. For example, the African Union relations with countries hosting Kenyans. In
diaspora matters have been institutionalised (AU) has recognised diaspora and made it its another situation, the regional frameworks
in the legislature where people in diaspora sixth region. This is also present in the East automatically bind Kenya with other
are given slots in the legislature. This African Community (EAC) where member countries within the same bloc or region
indicates that as foreign policy can originate states are required under Article 104 of the hence promoting foreign policy frameworks
from the legislature, there is already high EAC treaty to recognise role of diaspora in these setting.
support for such policies from members in the integration process of the region. In Kenya, foreign policy making process
who represent the diaspora. Kenya being part of the EAC has therefore has partly been defined by the guiding
In this regard, the existence of increased its efforts in institutionalisation principles of policy on diaspora. According
an institutional framework on matters of of diaspora by embedding it in the Ministry to the diaspora policy, Kenyans living in
diaspora strengthens legitimacy of the of Foreign Affairs which includes foreign diaspora have been given an opportunity
foreign policies that affect diaspora. In missions outside Kenya. This implies that of improving foreign relations with host
addition, other foreign policies, which are member states are required to ratify treaties countries through participating in identifying
not directly affecting people in diaspora, can on diaspora of the AU and other regional issues affecting them thereby prompting
easily get wider acceptance and recognition bodies. Kenyan government in conjunction with

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 47

 host countries to respond to the issues. known as “Little Mogadishu”. In order
One of the responses from government to gain from this booming trade, Kenyan
of Kenya has been enhancing capacity in government has continued to maintain
offering consular services. In this regard, good foreign relations with United Arab
Kenyan government has entered into Emirates and other gulf countries where
bilateral negotiations and agreements merchandise destined for Eastleigh in
that have allowed setting of consular Nairobi originate.
Diaspora has services. This kind of agreement In conclusion, diaspora is a critical
continued to indicates that diaspora are promoting constituent of Kenya’s economy that
the implementation of Kenya’s foreign cannot be ignored. Thus, foreign policy
influence foreign policy objectives on promoting bilateral becomes an anchor of all activities
policy making and multilateral cooperation. related to diaspora. In Kenya, the
Diaspora has continued to influence importance of diaspora is expected to
process through foreign policy making process through grow with increased strengthening of
trade and trade and investments. By taking a good foreign policy. Continuous review of
example of Kenya’s relationship with foreign policy in response to emerging
investments. Somalia and other Arab countries, this needs will therefore be a game changer
case example helps us to uncover the in increasing remittances and cultivating
cementing factor in this relationship bilateral relations. Diaspora has
is trade. Research reveals that Somali therefore been entrenched into Kenya’s
diaspora in Kenya has ventured into foreign policy making process as well as
booming trade of clothes and electronics enforcement.
in Eastleigh area in Nairobi commonly

IS KISWAHILI THE LANGUAGE

OF DIPLOMACY?
recognition of the language with the support Middle Eastern region, within the Sultanate
of Kenya and other East African Nations. of Oman and in Yemen, both of which share
On 7th July, 1954, Mwalimu Julius historical trading connections with the east
Kambarage Nyerere, the founding father of coast of Africa. It is equally extensively
the then Tanganyika together with the ruling used in radio broadcasting and has no equal
party Tanganyika African National Union among sub-Saharan African languages.
(TANU), declared Swahili an important and Among the globally-renown Frequency
unifying tool for their independent struggle. Modulation (FM) radio stations that have a
The declaration by UNESCO solidified strong Kiswahili component are the British
the recognition of Kiswahili as the only Broadcasting Corporation (BBC); Voice
indigenous African language to receive of America (VoA); Deustche-welle (DW);
such a well-deserved acknowledgement by Radio-France International; Nippon Hoso
the United Nations (UN). It is, notably, Kyokai (NHK) of Japan; Radio Nigeria,
one of the top ten most spoken languages Radio Beijing, and UN Radio. This is in
Ms B M Muthigani globally, with more than 200 million addition to the numerous FM radio stations
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
speakers. Kiswahili is widely spoken across within the Kiswahili-speaking region.

O
n 23rd November, 2021, the United East Africa and is also geographically On the internet, the growing influence
Nations Educational, Scientific and distributed in parts of Central and Southern of Kiswahili is manifested internationally
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Africa. It is the lingua franca for Kenya, through Google search engine’s Kiswahili
at its 41st Member States’ session held in Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, option; the “UN News” portal which offers
Paris, France, declared the 7th of July as eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and the option of viewing the page in Kiswahili;
“World Kiswahili Language Day”. The parts of Comoros, South Sudan, Somalia, and in Hollywood where such blockbuster
date was deliberately proposed by Tanzania, Northern Malawi and Mozambique. In movies as “The Lion King” not only named
which was the key proponent for the addition, Kiswahili is widely spoken in the the key characters in Kiswahili, but also

48 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

promoted phrases in the movie, including
the now world-famous “hakuna matata”
phrase.
Likewise, numerous institutions of
higher learning across the world are offering
Kiswahili teaching programs. Significantly,
more than one hundred universities, colleges
and schools in the United States of America
(USA), including Harvard, Yale, Stanford,
Princeton, and Howard universities offer
Kiswahili as a course.
In view of the foregoing, the fact that the
language is holding its own place among
global languages cannot be overstated. Is
it time, therefore, to actively promote and
preserve African languages? And more
specifically, has the veil been lifted for
Kiswahili to leverage and fully embrace
its potential as a cultural diplomacy tool,
and a symbol of African unity and social
cohesion? criticism that met an announcement in 2015 countries and people every day. It can
Language facilitates communication that Chinese language would equally be promote and contribute to the consolidation
and understanding, defines identities, taught. of the African integration goal, while aiding
builds relationships and creates a sense The prospects for cross-continental the achievement of both the United Nations
of community. Kiswahili’s present range communication is a goal that can be Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development
represents an immense potential for reached, with a little bit of effort. Kiswahili and the African Union Agenda 2063: The
cultural wealth, building bridges, providing can become more than a means of Africa We Want.
education, fostering unity as well as communication, becoming a window to While other international languages are
contributing to peace. The ground appears diverse cultures and a form of understanding, already entrenched, the diplomatic potential
to be already set for the East African while creating common ground between that this recognition of Kiswahili portends
countries to seize the opportunity and for Africa is immense. It is hoped that it
sustain the momentum in this regard. To will serve as the springboard from which
While other Kiswahili will be catapulted into one of the
begin with, Kiswahili is already an official
working language of both the African Union international languages of diplomacy, alongside English,
French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian
(AU) and the East African Community languages are already and Portuguese. One of the objectives of
(EAC). Interestingly, Spanish was adopted
as an official language of the AU way before entrenched, the the cultural pillar of Kenya’s foreign policy
Kiswahili, despite the fact that it is only diplomatic potential is ‘to promote the recognition of Kiswahili
spoken in Equatorial Guinea, by about 1.5 as a continental and global language’. This
million people.
that this recognition of provides an excellent opportunity for Kenya
Kiswahili has also been adopted as the Kiswahili portends for to project and promote her soft diplomacy
fourth official language of the Southern through language exchange programs,
Africa is immense. It is facilitation in curriculum building for
Africa Development Community (SADC),
in addition to English, Portuguese and hoped that it will serve countries that decide to adopt Kiswahili,
promote Kiswahili Day activities through
French. Recognition of Kiswahili within the as the springboard
SADC region goes beyond the conduct of the Embassies abroad, or even initiate
official government business. In September, from which Kiswahili will learning programs that target diplomats
2018, the South African Minister for Basic be catapulted into one based in Nairobi. At the East Africa level,
Education announced that the language it is incumbent upon Kenya and Tanzania
would be taught in primary schools, while
of the languages of to take the lead by taking up the challenge
Botswana made a similar announcement in diplomacy, alongside and consider working on a joint cultural
and public diplomacy strategy to leverage
September, 2020, expanding the potential English, French, this opportunity. In any case, it is a path
number of Kiswahili speakers exponentially.
The Southern Africans embraced the Spanish, Arabic, that others, including the Chinese and their
announcements positively, which was in Chinese, Russian Confucius institutes and the French and
stark contrast to the negative reaction and their Alliance Française, have successfully
and Portuguese. trodden.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 49

 SOME CRITICAL PHILOSOPHICAL
CONCEPTS OF LIFE
of the relationship between thoughts and does not explain the presence of evil in the
actions. world.

The Concept of Solipsism Moral Relativism

Philosophical concept to which a person Life would be much easier if good and
recognizes only their mind as the only evil were fixed, absolute concepts. But
reality that always exists. Mark Twain often, we are faced with the fact that what
demonstrates the main message of solipsism is good in one situation may be evil in
in his story The Mysterious Stranger: another. This ethical principle denies the
“There is no God, no universe, no human dichotomous division of the concepts of
race, no earthly life, no heaven, no hell. It is “good” and “evil” and does not recognize
all a Dream, a grotesque and foolish dream. the existence of mandatory, absolute moral
According to solipsism, the existence of norms and categories. It is not morality that
things for a person will always be only a dominates the situation, but the situation
COL G O OHNDYL matter of faith. over morality. The philosophical doctrine
Kenya AIR FORCE of “permissiveness” recognizes each

W
The Theodicy: The Attempt to individual’s right to form their own system
elcome my reader to this mind Vindicate God of values and their own ideas about the
puzzling concepts about your If the world was created according to some categories of good and evil and allows us to
world! What is the meaning higher plan, why is there so much absurdity assert that morality is, in essence, a relative
of life? What are good and evil? What is and suffering in it? Leibniz created this concept.
justice? These are some of the questions doctrine to conditionally “justify” God.
that philosophers have been asking for The main question of this concept is: why Categorical Imperative or the
centuries whose answers probably would be does God not want to rid the world of Golden Rule of Morality
triangulated from them: misfortunes? The possible answers can be “Treat others how you want to be treated”
reduced to four: either God wants to rid – surely many of us have heard this
Plato’s Theory of Ideas the world of evil but cannot, or he can but phrase connected to a similar concept the
Plato was the first philosopher to separate does not want to, or he cannot and does not “categorical imperative” or the “golden
the “world of things” from the “world want to, or he can and wants to. The first rule” of morality. Introduced by Immanuel
of ideas.” His vivid illustration of the three options do not correlate with the idea Kant, moral principles always exist, they
allegory of the cave, He explains our world of God as the Absolute, and the last option do not depend on the environment, and
in imagery, where people live, believing
that the shadows on the walls are the only
way to know reality. However, in reality,
the shadows are just an illusion. Still,
because of this illusion, it is difficult for
people to pose critical questions about the
existence of reality to overcome their “false
consciousness.”

The Concept of Introspection

Introspection is a way of achieving self-
knowledge during which a person observes
their internal reaction to events in the
external world. Philosopher John Locke,
relying on the ideas of Rene Descartes,
pointed out that there are only two direct
sources of all knowledge: the objects of the
external world and the human mind. The
method helps to keep track of the stages
of thinking, breaking down feelings into
elements and providing a complete picture

50 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 murderers of all murderers? What was
holiest and mightiest of all that the world
has yet owned has bled to death under our
knives: who will wipe this blood off us?”
Nietzsche was not implying the death of
God in a literal sense. He meant that in
traditional society, the existence of God was
must constantly connect. Kant proposes existence was proof of existence. “I think, a fact; he was in a single reality with people.
not to consider the other person as a means therefore I am” – this phrase became the But in the era of modernity, he ceased to be
to an end, but to treat them as the ultimate metaphysical basis of modern philosophy. part of external reality, becoming an internal
goal. In all decision making always think of idea.
humanity beyond self. “God Is Dead”
God remains dead. And we have killed Existential Crisis: A Contemporary
Determinism/Indeterminism: him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the Philosophical Concept
Are Our Fates Sealed? Philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, formulated
Philosophical doctrine of predestination, Philosophical the concept of “existence,” opposing it to
the interconnectedness of everything, the “system” of the German idealist Hegel.
no events are considered random but doctrine of An existential crisis is a feeling of anxiety
are the consequence of a predetermined,
but unknown to man, a chain of events.
predestination, the associated with the loss of the meaning of life
provoked by a difficult situation, uncertainty
Determinism excludes belief in free will, interconnectedness in the economic situation, illness, death and
in which all responsibility for actions lies
with the person themselves, and forces the
of everything, great life upheavals. Occurs when life is
threatened or in a situation where a life does
individual to entrust their fate entirely to the no events are not “suit” the person living it.
external world’s causality, regularity, and
omnipotence. considered Allow me to conclude through a
passionate call of inviting you to the
I Think, Therefore I Am
Philosophical concept originating from
random but are the undiscovered journey of new knowledge to
empower your understanding of the world!
Rene Descartes, and a good starting point consequence of a All “men” by nature have a desire to know.
for those who doubt everything. Descartes
questioned everything: the outside world,
predetermined, but Through observations, your senses and your
mind don’t be afraid of unleashing those
his feelings, God, and public opinion. The unknown to man, disturbing WHY? questions, the WHY???
only thing that could not be questioned was
his own existence, since doubting one’s own a chain of events. Of KNOWING!

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 51

 CAMEL MEAT AS A DELICACY
delicacy during wedding celebrations and it is best served medium rare.Secondly,
the most prized part is usually the hump. it should not be cooked cold. It should be
Contrary to popular belief the hump is left out to warm up to room temperature
filled with fat and not water. The fat makes first.Thirdly, oil the meat and not the pan.
the hump succulent even after roasting Fourthly, when barbecuing it is best to brush
thus giving it an even more delicious and the meat with oil on both sides and sear both
sensuous taste. It should be noted that in sides quickly in order to trap the juices
the middle east and among Somalis eating inside the meatfifth always rest the meat.
camel meat is not a daily thing and it is a This means after the meat is ready let it rest
great honor when one slaughters a camel in on a cool station for a period of between five
your presence. to ten minutes before serving.
Some of the market stalls that stock The common cuts for camel meat are as
camel meat in Kenya includes Kamundia follows:
Butchery in city market stall number 55. • The strip loin and tenderloin cut. The
Dr. I Mohammed There are other butcheries in places like ideal cooking method for it is pan
DIRECTORATE OF VETERINARY SERVICES South C and Eastleigh.Aside from the frying and barbecuing.

I
variables that determine the quality of • The leg cutsconsist of rump, topside,
n common parlance, food is taken camel meat as mentioned earlier, the greater silverside, and rounds. The rump is
to mean any substance consumed to determiners of the price of the meat are sex ideal for pan fry grill and roasting;
provide nutritional support for an and age. Young live male calves can cost the topside is ideal for casseroles,
organism. Food is usually of plant, animal, about twelve thousand Kenyan shillings curry, braised, smoked, or dried
or fungal origin, and contains essential while adult females could cost overa cooking; the silverside is ideal for
nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, hundred thousand shillings. casseroles, curry, braised, smoked, or
proteins, vitamins, or minerals. In parts of In Kenya, the price has risen by 7.6% dried; and the round leg cuts are ideal
Kenya and the middle east, including some since 2016 while it has only risen by 9% in for barbecue, roast, casserole curry,
parts of the caucuses, where camel meat is Kazakhstan since 2010.It is interesting to smoked or dried.
considered a delicacy, hardly anyone eats it see the effects of migration on the culinary • The shoulder or blade boneless cuts.
using a knife and fork. It is usually a hands- delights being placed on the western world’s They are ideal for slow roasting, dry
on affair. tables. Due to the influx of Pakistanis and or wet dishes such as casserolecurries
Camel meat is tasty andis usually Somalis in Britain and France, camel meat and they can be minced for burgers.
raspberry brown in color and has an almost has found its way into the meat shops of big • The diced boneless or bone-in cuts
similar taste to lean beef but unlike most cities like Londonand Paris. It is interesting are ideal for wet dishes such as
other red meats it is healthier because it to note that camel meat is being presented in casseroles and curries.They should
contains low cholesterol and is rich in more western friendly ways like mincemeat be seared gently and cooked at low
vitamins Band C and complex minerals or burger patties unlike presenting a whole temperatures.
likecopper, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, steaming camel head on a platter. Chef Luke It is only in the early part of the twenty-
and magnesium. In fact,in many food McKay was one of the first to experiment first century that humans are now being
journals, camel meat is described as the with this when he was making Keema forced to consider the health hazards of
healthiest meat one could hope to deep curries by seasoning the minced meat and eating camel meat. According to the center
fry. However, camel meat is not aged like making patties. for infectious disease and research policy
other meats because it can be quite tough Countries that are actually regular institute, augmented evidence shows that
especially if it loses moisture. Itneeds consumers of camel are Palestine, Morocco, indeed some cases of Covid 19 infections
marinating and being cooked well in order Syria, Egypt, Pakistan, Eritrea, Somalia, in humans have originated from camels,
for it to be tender. Kenya, UAE, and Kazakhstan.The common mainly middle eastern camels. But recently
Over the year camel meat has become factor is that they are mostly arid or semi- the ministry of health in Riyadh issued a
popular in Kenya hence it’s increased in arid lands. This indicates that camels statement claiming that the consumption of
price. In2016-2017 the price for a kilo of became popular in these areas because they camel meat is completely safe as long as it is
camel meat was around four hundred and have adapted well here unlike cattle and well cooked.Nevertheless, it seems that the
sixty shillings. Now the price stands at about sheep or chicken. camel meat industry has massive potential
five hundred and fifty shillings per kilo. There are certain rules or tricks or for growth outside difficulties consisting
Kenya like many other parts of the world pointers or just good practices that need to of supply chain issues, pandemic-related
like Syria or Egypt usually has specialized be observed when cooking camel meat. restrictions, and political instability, to rival
butchers for camel meat. In the Arabic world Firstly, camel meat is lean meat which already established meat markets of beef,
or Somali world camel meat is the preferred means it does not need too much cooking, fish, and chicken.

52 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 WHEN I WAS IN AMERICA…
The access to basic services like water, children. I heard of spouses who only met
electricity, sanitation, schools, hospitals, briefly as they came home to shower, change
banks, and internet is assured in virtually clothes and rush to another job. This not
all parts of American. This is in contrast only led to dysfunctional families but was
to the situation in many developing nations and is still a major cause of divorces among
where the services are either not available or many immigrants. I also interacted with
have a very limited availability. Moreover, professionals from developing countries who
when available the services in developing had quit very good jobs in their countries
countries experience constant outages, are to go chase after the American dream and
erratic and suffer constant disruptions. only needed up doing menial and degrading
It is no wonder that when one starts a jobs in America. I also saw homelessness,
conversation with the phrase “when I was in destitution, and drug addiction in cities
America…” his audience immediately take and urban areas in the US. I saw ordinary
notice since it signifies that the speaker has folks struggling to make a living as is
had the opportunity of experiencing the high normal in any part of the world. As much
MR W N MUGO living standards and conveniences that are as I saw opulence, I also saw poverty and
Directorate of immigration enjoyed by inhabitants of first world. The hopelessness in the US.

F
mere mention that one has been in America So even as we seek to migrate, we must
or my colleagues of Course 25 of indicates some sophistication and class. be aware that success anywhere in the world
2022/23 at the National Defence Little wonder then that the US Embassies is not handed in a silver platter more so in
College (NDC), the phrase “When and Consulates are daily inundated by the US. One must be ready to put in the
I was in America…” will definitely elicit applicants looking for visas to go and hours to realize the American dream. Of
some furtive looks and knowing giggles. enjoy a piece of the American dream. This most important though is that governments
This is because it was a common phrase despite the fact that even after payment of in the developing countries must constantly
popularized by our International Relations hefty processing fees and presenting all seek to improve the living standards of their
and Diplomacy lecturer who constantly used manner of supporting documents, only few people through the implementation of public
it as some form of comic relief during his get the coveted visa to America. These visa policies that are geared towards helping their
many lectures. Though at times used in jest, denials come at a great cost psychologically people realize their aspirations in their home
this phrase camouflages a strong desire held and financially. However, these denials countries. Governments should seek to
by many people in developing countries, the do not deter applicants from trying their protect the dignity of their citizens through
burning desire to migrate to the United States luck of migrating to the US. Equally, the the provision of basic services and ensuring
(US) by all means necessary. Individuals are US receives millions of applications for its their personal security. No citizen should be
known to sell their property, use their hard- annual Diversity Visa Program from people forced by circumstances like a dysfunctional
earned cash to engage migration agents and seeking to migrate to that country. and non-responsive public system to leave
even risk life and limb to go to the US. When I was in America, (I actually was their homeland to go abroad to live in dignity
This aspiration is shared not just by in America for almost 5 years working at or to just so that he can survive.
professionals, the non-professionals, the Embassy of Kenya in Washington DC) it
the employed, the unemployed, the also came to my realization that US is indeed
underemployed and those in between. For a land of opportunities. I met Kenyans who
the unemployed and underemployed, the had gone to the US with nothing but were
American dream is definitely valid. For now doing very well socially and financially.
professionals, the US offers opportunities I met professionals who were leaders in their
to self-actualize in many ways. For others fields and were honoured and recognized
migrating, US offers an opportunity to study, by their peers. I met ordinary Kenyans who
work and live in a country whose systems had migrated to the US on the Diversity
truly work. While for many others going to Visa Program and had managed to build a
the US is simply a route for survival. comfortable life for themselves and their
And why would one dissuade an families. I also met students who went to
individual from moving to the US, since study in the US after they failed to secure
after all it is a highly industrialized country opportunities in Kenya universities and were
with high life expectancy, high standards performing exceptionally well in American
of living, excellent infrastructure, excellent universities.
health facilities, very solid education I must also caution that despite all these
facilities, and a very responsive personal success stories, life is not all rosy in the
security system. The US ticks virtually all the land of opportunities. I witnessed parents
boxes in the human development indicators who worked more than three jobs to just
index, which was developed by the United make ends meet and had no time for their A 2015 Photo of the writer at National September
Nations Development Program (UNDP). 11 Memorial Museum in New York, United States.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 53

MILITARY TRAINING IN PUBLIC SPACES
- THE DIMINISHING TRAINING FIELD
their counterparts from the Air force and physically and mentally demanding tasks
where applicable their Naval counterparts. at the highest possible levels of proficiency.
The Armed Forces of a country offer an This is the defining characteristic of military
equivalent to a “comprehensive insurance training. It means the difference between life
cover” to the citizenry and all its vital and death. A common observation among
national values against any external tactical analysts and military historians is
aggression. that the greatest harm is suffered by military
To achieve the required skills proficiency personnel who abandon their tasks, break,
and mastery of their individual specialties, and run under the pressures of combat.
organized military components train jointly. For these reasons, military commanders
This joint training is carefully designed often view training as discipline. Military
in accordance with its fighting doctrine. commanders have held this view at least
To achieve realism, units are evaluated in since the Persian campaigns of 480–479
Col J K Mutua the field in an environment that resembles B.C. in Greece. In those campaigns, the
Kenya army actual combat. Due to the nature of war Greeks relied on infantry platoons, which

T
fighting and the desire to attain realistic were trained in sections of about 8 to 16
raditional military operations training, military maneuver units must men. The training emphasized teamwork
require the application of lethal train in expansive fields. Suffice it to say, and physical conditioning. Each section
force and the members of the Armed these training grounds are governed by had to learn how to perform precise platoon
Forces must train in that environment. the national land use policy. In whichever maneuvers. This was not simply a matter of
Military personnel learn how to direct and case, military field training is conducted executing close-order drills on parade fields.
maximize such force in a way that controls in designated military training areas, less Each platoon had to learn to use his weapons
and minimizes possible harm to themselves populated areas, or in close proximity to proficiently, to stand and fight without
(fratricide) and to others not intended to be settlement areas. Growing populations and exposing his comrades to flank attacks, and
exposed to it. In a conventional setting, the the ever-diminishing training areas, calls to close ranks quickly when others fell.
concept of war fighting brings to the fore the for careful planning and coordination to
safety of troops in battle by subjecting the ensure the achievement of military training Unexploded Munitions
enemy to maximum and sustained firepower objectives while taking great care of the War fighting includes the use of small
through the accurate and deliberate concerned citizens. arms, armoured fighting vehicles, Artillery,
application of combat power. The highlight Military training must prepare individuals aviation, Air Force fires and pyrotechnics.
of combat power is the adroitness of joint to enter into harm’s way and perform Some munitions have residual effects to
training by army units, operating with

Source: Internet

54 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Source: Internet.

the environment, human beings as well are put in place. To discourage unauthorized pollution due to continuous and pulsating
as animals. These include; unexploded persons into the designated training areas, noise from flying aircraft, firing weapons
explosive devices such as bombs, artillery the military must exercise control of such and bombing practice, which interrupt
shells, landmines and booby traps littered training areas. There must be clear warning education and other economic activities
within the training area. Whether dropped signs which point out the existence of due to noise; water pollution as a result of
on the surface, buried beneath the ground specific hazards such as the dangers from contamination of streams within the training
or trapped on trees, these items area risk unexploded munitions. Military policy area; soil pollution as a result of metallic
to unsuspecting members of the public. signs should be supplemented by text in leftovers on the ground; physical injuries,
They are risk hazards to both human health local languages. and sometimes deaths, to wildlife and human
and the environment. It is incumbent of beings caused by unexploded ordinances left
the leadership of the training contingents Conclusion on the training grounds; physical damage to
to develop safety management systems Some military activities have negative the area’s vegetation cover and soil structure
to ensure clearance of all military- effects on the general training ecosystem. due to the impact of driving large vehicles
grade materials including exploded and These include but are not limited to; air on the ground; alienation of land on which
unexploded munitions at the end of every the community depends for a living, thus
training exercise.
War fighting denying them a major source of subsistence;
disruption of civilian activities through
Training Safety Management includes the forced eviction from the training areas and
System
Manoeuver units that train on the land ranges
use of small restriction of grazing areas for the pastoral
community, among others. It is incumbent
and public spaces must prepare and adopt a arms, armoured of the government to initiate Civil Military
comprehensive safety management system
that makes them top-level duty holders.
fighting vehicles, Activities (CIMIC) activities beneficial
to the communities residing near military
This is to be anchored on the national Artillery, aviation, training areas for healthy co-existence.
policy on the management, regulations and
maintenance of training areas and ranges.
Air Force fires and The impact of military training activities
on the ecosystem has been a subject of
Safety management system differentiates pyrotechnics. Some wide-ranging debates in the public arena.
between those who manage and control the
training areas and those who use the range for
munitions have A country’s military must continuously
train its soldiers in order to guarantee
training purposes. Those with management residual effects to both the state, the citizenry of their safety
control are effectively the operators of
a range and are held accountable for the
the environment, and survival against any external threats.
This training must be undertaken within
safety of the training area. Where there human beings as designated training areas and care taken to
are designated training areas, the military well as animals. protect civilians residing in close proximity
should ensure security and safety measures to the training areas.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 55

 PICTURES SPEAK

Lt Gen A.K Kendagor,

Commandant receives Gen
Hecker USAFRICOM at College
Headquarters.

Commandant NDC addressing

Course participants.

Kamba dancers perform

during the cultural day.

Safaricom CEO Mr Peter

Ndegwa being received at
NDC by the Commandant for a
lecture of opportunity.

56 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 PICTURES SPEAK

General Mbadi, Chief of Defence Forces

Uganda People’s Defence Forces exchange
token with Head of Delegation Maj Gen
Kahariri - Deputy Commandant, NDC.

Regional visit to ancient

Orthodox Church - Team Egypt.

USAFRICOM Commander Gen Hecker.

Boran dancers pose

for a photo with course
participants.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 57

 MILITARY FAMILY CHALLENGES
result to upsetting family balance and as normal routine life. Owing to the sacrifice
a result, some of the family members may these members have given to the nation,
experience some degree of stress. This calls it calls for comrades, family members
for the family to be made to understand the and relatives to show their goodwill and
role and the positive contribution a family appreciation for the contribution to the
member in the military is making for the society.
nation good. In Kenya, Kenya Defence Forces (KDF)
Parents become the first role models acknowledges these challenge that military
for their children. The absence of either members encounter while in the service and
parent creates blurred boundaries of the on retirement. To mitigate these challenges,
family and especially the young adults who KDF has a well-developed welfare system
are starting to rediscover themselves. At that runs from its top most office to the
this age, children experience breakdown lowest command to ensure that the welfare
and if not well managed, their social life of the service member and their families
Col F M Nzuki and character may be acquired through are met. Through the welfare officers, the
KENYA ARMY influence of outsiders, friends, school and command is able to respond and follow

G
social environments, rather than from the through any welfare matters that pertains
rowing up in a military family can parents. The external acquired character a service member. This includes education
be both fascinating and challenging. may be different from the way the parents of children, accommodation of the family
Military presents adventure, pride may have wished to bring up their children. members, provision of medical services,
and the feeling of patriotism towards one’s In most of the cases, service members and communication between the family and
nation and remains one of the opportunities are posted from one station to another. The the service member in the operation areas.
that many youths admire to engage. On need by the family to stay together forces KDF further has developed
the other side, military engagements also the whole family to relocate to the next rehabilitation centre for the management
present risks that are associated with the station. This relocation sometimes forces of those physically or mentally injured
combat actions that occur during the combat one spouse to keep aside his career in order while deployed in military duties. Defence
engagement while on the primary duties of to support and take care of the family. Forces Sacco (DESACO) also provides
protection of sovereignty and territorial The relocation also separates the service service members with credit facilities as
integrity. members family from close relatives and and when need arises and one is qualified.
In the recent years, there has been friends with whom may be depended upon Defence Forces Medical Insurance Scheme
increased military deployment away once the service member is deployed away (DEFMIS) caters for post-retirement
from the barracks, thus, resulting to long from the barracks. The relocation also medical cover for the service member and
separation of the military members from results to loss of friends and the relocation spouse. While approaching retirement age,
their families and children. In a family of the children from schools. the service members are taken through a
set up, the children desire to grow in the Once the military family retires or is comprehensive retirement education that
presence of their parents, whom they feel discharged from the military forces, families helps to set tone for the integration into
secure, loved and act as their first mentors. struggle to adjust and fit in the civilian the civilian life and also, educates on the
The prolonged absence of the service life. The prolonged deployments away economic activities that one can be involved
members from their family, affect children from the family home presents the service in to generate income.
and spouses and therefore remains the member’s challenges in understanding the In conclusion, service to the nation by
responsibility of the spouse available to routine of the neighbours and friends. It is the military personnel is unique. Military
bring up the kids and progressively educate expected that you develop tact to easily get duties involve sacrifices on one’s ambitions,
them the reasons of their father or mothers’ reintegrated back to civilian life smoothly. time and some degree of family values.
absence. The understanding and acceptance, There is also a challenge of getting new A military family need understanding,
makes the children move on. No wonder the employment opportunities or engaging resilient and to offer moral support to its
children who have grown from their military in business or other income generating member while serving in the military. For
parents have shown higher adaptation activities. Failure to maintain the income the society, it is important to understand
capacity and resilience. flow as used to while in the job, may bring the challenges that a military family faces
Military deployment being a risky further stress within the family. and therefore, need to be supportive when
venture makes the family anxious to hear Out of the combat action, several military need arises. Once the service member exits
from its member, if he will be back home members return home with significant the military, it’s important to reintegrate
safely. Remember combat operations injuries and also with Post Combat Stress smoothly to the community and enjoy
involve injuries and deaths. Also, the long Disorder (PCSD). It proves difficult and retirement with family at peace. Militaries
separation from the family slowly, may challenging to bring these members back should always ensure this process is smooth
to health status and be able to resume their and easy to achieve.

58 NDC NEWSLETTER IIICOURSE

COURSE25
25--2022/23
2022/23
 CYBER CRIME: A THREAT TO
NATIONAL SECURITY
fined 56 million Rwandese francs. The access with the intent to commit or facilitate
incident exposed the region’s vulnerability the commission of a further offense is an
to cyber security threats and compelled offense and upon conviction results in a
the formation of robust Cybercrime fine not exceeding Ksh 10 million, and
intervention by regional governments. The imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10
Kenya Information and Communications years.
Amendment Act, defines cybersecurity as According to research between April and
the collection of tools, policies, security June 2019, Kenya as a country experienced
concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, about 27 million cyber threats including
risk management approaches, actions, 18 government websites taken down by
training, best practices, assurance, and hackers. Uganda is reported to have lost
technologies that can be used to protect the Ush 42 million to cybercrime in 2017 while
cyber environment. Kenya is only second to Rwanda lost over six billion francs in 2018.
South Africa in receipt of reported cyber- In 2015, Rwanda established its National
Col F M Wambura
attacks. Computer Security and Response Centre
KENYA NAVY
Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations to prevent and respond to cyber security

I
n October 2019, twenty suspects Kenya 2022 deals with cybercrime issues. threats.
including eight Kenyans, a Ugandan, Kenya Chapter covers common issues The regional countries have criminalized
and eleven Rwandese nationals were in cybersecurity laws and regulations cybercrime because of the threats it poses to
arrested for attempted cyber fraud on Equity including cybercrime, applicable laws, regional security. But even as they do this,
Bank Rwanda. The arrests sent shock waves preventing attacks, specific sectors, it should be noted that with the influx of
in the regional financial sector and exposed corporate governance, litigation, insurance, electronic gadgets especially smartphones
how rampant transnational cybercrime has investigatory, and police powers. According and computers, more and more residents are
permeated. The arrests shocked regional to Kenyan laws, hacking which is inclined towards technology.
authorities to begin sharing details of unauthorized access constitutes a crime The many new internet technology
the suspects in a strategy to avert similar under Section 14 of the Computer Misuse users especially those linking their banking
incidents. The twenty were charged with and Cybercrimes Act 2018. and money transfer applications only are
unlawfully accessing computer systems The penalty for unauthorized access attractive to cyber criminals who prey on
with the intent of committing felonies. upon conviction is a fine not exceeding their ignorance to break into the systems
The eight Kenyans identified as Reuben Ksh 5 million, imprisonment for a term not and steal from them.
Kiringothi Mwangi, Damaris Njeri Kamau, exceeding three years, or both. Unauthorized Such vulnerabilities pose great security
Dedan Muchoki Muriuki, Erickson Macharia
Kinyua, Eric Dickson Njagi Mutegi, Samuel
Wachira Nyuguto, Steve Maina Wambugu
and Godfrey Gachiri Githinji were arrested
alongside Ugandan John Kibego and eleven
Rwandese namely Seth Kaera, Robeert
Kagabo, Jean Claude Nkuranga, Eliah
Shyaka, Jean Cluade Dukundimana, David
Rutaboba, Julius Kayitana, Fabric Amini,
Mediatrice Uwinngeneye Serah Kankund
and Eric Ngabitsinze were arrested by the
Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB) while
in the process of hacking into Equity Bank
Rwanda system with intention of stealing
from clients’ accounts.
The group proceeded to Rwanda after
successfully hacking into Equity Bank
in Kenya and Uganda. The suspects each
received an eight-year jail term and were

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 59

threats to a country’s financial institutions and security. Rwanda was the only East African member state to have signed it.
The uptake of Information Communication Technology (ICT) The Convention is intended to keep data safe from cyber criminals
in educational institutions has enabled many regional residents to and stop its misuse. The AU Convention requires that countries
acquire technological know-how that some are using for criminal cooperate and coordinate regulations to combat the cyber security
intent. threat posed by these criminals.
Such is the case of two second year Jomo Kenyatta University There is a mutual legal assistance clause that allows countries to
of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) students Anna Wambui share intelligence and coordinate investigations. That transnational
Nyoike and Antony Mwangi Ngige who were arrested and arraigned organized crime piggy rides on the regulatory loopholes in cyber
in court for hacking into NCBA Bank’s security laws is not in doubt. Malware
Upperhill headquarters branch and and ransom ware attacks pose a great
stealing Ksh 25 million. They then went
The uptake of Information threat to huge volumes of data held by
further and attempted to steal another Communication governments, corporate organizations,
Ksh 190 million from the same bank and individuals and could disrupt or
before they were arrested.
Technology (ICT) in disable their operations.
In early 2019, the then Directorate educational institutions The East African Police Chiefs
of Criminal Investigations (DCI) Cooperation Organization (EAPCCO)
Kenya issued warrants of arrest for has enabled many has been compiling cybercrime
130 suspected fraudsters and hackers regional residents to investigators manual to empower
following an outcry by financial its members to tackle the emerging
institutions. acquire technological menace. Of essence to note is that
Despite adopting the African know-how that some are currently, most if not all crimes in the
Union’s Convention of Cyber Security region must have a link to cybercrime.
and Personal Data Protection in 2014, using for criminal intent.

THE GENETICALLY MODIFIED OR-

GANISMS DEBATE ON FOOD SE-
CURITY IN KENYA
and another on science. The debate is further carries the genetic code) has been altered
compounded by three conflicting ideas; in a way that it does not occur naturally
first, the idea that GMOs are not healthy and by mating or natural recombination. Its
are dangerous to human life, a position that procedures are usually based on the
is held by most fundamentalist ideologies; findings of microbiological research and
the second approach is the idea that GMOs genetics and enable targeted interventions
do have positive sides and negative sides, in the genetic material of humans, living
features that anything can have; the last organisms and viral genomes. A GMO
approach is non-discriminative insight can be a micro-organism, an animal or a
where people in this category do not plant. At present, almost all commercialized
care whether it is a GMO or not. Within GMOs are plants. The basis of GMO is the
the debate discourse, it is imperative to mixing of genes.
hypothesize that cultural biodiversity and
scientific findings are mutually exclusive. Background Historical
Col E O Owino What is the socio-economic implication of Development
KENYA ARMY GMOs on human and food security? Humans have been trying to think of how

T
their crops would be better from the time
his article advances the debate on Genetically Modified Organisms they knew they could grow anything from
the subject of genetically modified (GMO’s) the soil. Since the discovery of agriculture,
organisms (GMOs) in relation to Genetically Modified Organisms popularly humans have tried to search for durability
food security, not only in Kenya but also known as GMOs can be defined as organisms in their crops by even intervening with food
globally. The debate revolves around two in which the genetic material (DNA- and their genes. By choosing some qualities
fundamental human debates, one on safety deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that over others, humans manipulated their

60 NDC NEWSLETTER IIICOURSE

COURSE25
25--2022/23
2022/23
harvest into something greater than what
they had before; for example to be tastier,
bigger and juicier. Bushak asserts that
plants such as strawberries, wheat, cabbage,
corn and almost all the rest of our crops
descended from ancestors that were nothing
like strawberries or wheat or corn we know
today. Charles Darwin is credited with
the evolution theory upon which genetic
engineering is based. In his book, he proved
that species are unstable, meaning they
evolve and change from the simplest to the
most complex animals, humans and plants.
In 1988, scientists inserted genes into
soybeans, which gave rise to the most
common GMO: glyphosate-tolerant
soybeans following commercialization
of DNA biotechnology from 1972 to
1982. In 2003, the United Nations (UN)
established the first international agreement
and framework on GMOs-the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety Relating to the
Convention on Biological Diversity. It aims
at establishing appropriate procedures to
improve biotechnology security, in line with
all overall objectives of the Convention
which is to reduce all potential threats to the production of monocultures which extreme view is the diehard proponents of
biological diversity, taking into account cannot be reproduced again and poses biotechnology who are impatient to have
risks to human health and life. This is the human health risks. They argue that GMOs the technology adopted at all costs and
fundamental legal document governing the threaten food sovereignty in countries where present it as the magic bullet and panacea
production, consumption and technology on they are imposed or adopted. According to the multitude of problems facing African
GMOs. to Vandana Shiva, food sovereignty is the countries. In contrast, a research study
ability and right of countries to determine conducted by Anunda and Njoka on public
their own food production and consumption perceptions towards GM crops and food in
GMOs Role in Solving the problem
to build reserves of healthy and nutritious Kenya found a positive perception towards
of Food Insecurity
food to ensure food security. GMOs GMO crops and foods was significantly
The global population is growing rapidly,
present a threat to such food sovereignty related not only to the participant’s
potentially outstripping food production
since large corporations are able to obtain demographics but also to their Agro-
and thus presenting a chronic food deficit.
control of the local, small-scale production ecological zones. While the debate rages on,
This exponential population growth will
and distribution of seeds with patent rights Kenya ratified the Cartagena Protocol on
lead to food shortage and thus adoption of
governed by the Agreement on Trade- Biosafety in 2003 to guide implementation
biotechnology capable of improving food
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property of National Biosafety Frameworks and
production is necessary. Agriculture turned
Rights (TRIPS) regulated by WTO. Patents also approved the National Policy on
to GMOs as the best hope for overcoming
placed on GMO foods and crops provide Biotechnology Development in 2006 to
the chronic food deficit which presented
the multinational biotech firms with undue guide research and commercialization of
enormous good results but also presented
control over farmers which subjects them to modern biotechnology products.
significant adverse consequences.
vulnerable positions and exacerbates food Further the State enacted the Biosafety
There is strong support for and a strong
insecurity. Act in 2009 that lays down legal and
opposition for agricultural biotechnology
innovations. Those supporting base their institutional frameworks for governing
arguments on the improved production The GMO Debate in Kenya modern biotechnology. The decision is
of food in countries facing serious food The GMO debate has been ongoing in not yet final among the policy-makers
shortages and malnutrition. In contrast, Kenya, presented in two extreme versions. and Kenyans on whether to adopt
opponents of GMOs opine that the long term On one hand are the anti-biotechnology genetic modification engineering for
effects of genetically modified organisms is groups who front concerns for human food production or not. Hence the debate
opposed to sustainability since it facilitates health and environmental wholesomeness continues awaiting scientific empirical
as reasons to stop the technology. The other justification.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 61

MANAGING STRESS: ONE DAY AT A TIME!
to find ways to keep it under control, take at it as an opportunity to reflect on what
charge of your life and effectively manage you value in your life, read a book, listen
the stress. Since there is no “one size fits all” to a podcast, listen to your favourite music
solution to stress management, I’ll focus on or rehearse for your next presentation. The
a solution that has worked for me - Three options are boundless. Stop setting yourself
“A’s” of dealing with stressful situations as up for failure by demanding perfection
guided by the Psychologists and Experts on and learn to be ok with “good enough”.
stress management, Melinda Smith, Ellen Catherine Pulsifer, a glass artist and author
Jaffe- Gill and Robert Segal. advises “When you find yourself stressed,
ask yourself one question: Will this matter
The First A: Avoid unnecessary 5 years from now? Should your answer be
stress. affirmative, then do something about the
This is by identifying one’s limits and situation. If no, then let it go” focus your
sticking within them, distinguishing time and energy elsewhere.
Ms N W Ndirangu
between the “Shoulds” and the “Musts”
kenya revenue authority
when there is too much on the desk, and The third A: Accept that some

D
o hours seem to pass like minutes sorting the daily work by priority. Taking things cannot be changed
and you are always wondering more than you can handle is a sure recipe for Focus your time and energy on things
where the days have gone? Or stress. Avoid stress by keeping off people or you can control, and accept that some
perhaps, try to take one day at a time, only environment that stress you for instance, things cannot be changed. Some sources
to find several days attacking you at once? choosing to change your route or leave early of stress, such as the death of a loved one,
Then be careful not to end up like the busy for work and avoid the traffic jam. Time is a illness, national recession, rising fuel crisis,
man who while working in his office located precious resource and you may need to say drought, CBC, and the Russian – Ukraine
on 31st floor, someone ran into the office no to some engagement to focus on your war are things you cannot prevent or change.
shouting. “John! John! Your daughter has key responsibilities and demands. Further, In such cases its best to accept things as they
just been run over by a car as she crossed the why not make new friends, change channels are, no matter how difficult this may be.
street”. Immediately, the busy man stood, if some evening news makes you anxious - Focus on things you can control, like
walked towards the window and jumped. better still, switch it off, avoid conversations your reaction to problems, talk to a friend
As he fell down past the 10th floor, he that seem to get you worked up e.g. which or to a therapist- it may not change the
remembered that he did not have a daughter. team lost the last football match or why situation, but it sure will make you feel
And just as he was about to hit the ground; do I have to assist my child in making a better. As goes the adage “a problem
he remembered that his name was not John! scarecrow for their CBC assignment? Or shared is a problem half solved”. Look at
That was his fate! why was I not shortlisted for the Principal the stressful situation as an opportunity for
Stress in the work place is almost an Secretary positions recently? Yet you did personal growth. George Bernard Shaw,
everyday norm. In Kenya today, we are not apply. a political activist and Nobel Prize winner
stressed by challenges ranging from the in Literature puts it in this way, ‘I am not
outcome of the elections 2022, skyrocketing The Second A: Alter/Adopt to the a creature of circumstance. I am a creator
food prices, high cost of living, rising Stressor of circumstance. I cannot control what life
excise taxes, rising fuel prices, after-shocks If you cannot avoid a situation that is does, but I can control how I react to what
of Covid-19 pandemic, and the demands stressful, try to alter it by doing something life does.” Do not stew negative energy and
of the Competency Based Curriculum to change the conditions so the situation forgive those who have wronged you or
(CBC). Other situations include traffic does not manifest itself in the future. This situations that seem wrongful. It would also
jams, overlapping motorists, slow Uber includes better time management, leaving be prudent to learn from your mistakes and
drivers, unending road diversions and the house 5/10 minutes earlier or even be objective in your future endeavours.
vendors on the road, just to name a few, and speaking out when someone /something is To conclude, as you choose to Avoid,
we are yet to get to work and handle the bothering you. Alter or Adapt, and Accept stressful
stress that awaits us on the job. While some Sometimes, the stressor may not be situations, I leave you with what ought to
stress is a normal part of life, excessive changed, and the solution is to adapt to the be our life’s guiding principle – the serenity
stress interferes with our productivity, our stressful situation. This enables one regain prayer “God grant me the serenity to
physical health, emotional health as well as their sense of control by changing one’s accept the things I cannot change; courage
our mental health. It is therefore important expectations and attitudes. For example, to change the things I can; and wisdom to
rather than fume about the traffic jam, look know the difference”.

62 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 LUCK IS THE ONLY IMPORTANT FACTOR
IN STARTING UP A BUSINESS
The truth is, there are numerous factors make people come up with ideas and pushes
that influence the success of any business. them to see their plans come into action.
And, sometimes it all comes down to timing Positive Attitude: The attitude of the
and luck. Nonetheless, you can increase the person opening a business can determine
chances of your business surviving if you whether the business will see the light of
possess the following personality traits that the day or not. In his book ‘The Magic
most experts believe are the key strengths of Attitude’, Rashid Mugh argues that
and drivers of great business people. attitude determines our success or failures.
Visionary: Having a vision is the Therefore, when the attitude is right, a
main driving force in starting a business. person sees hope where others see none.
Successful businesspersons are forward Risk taking: A business person who is
looking and forward-thinking. They think a risk taker is willing to take risks, big or
several steps ahead and focus on how to small, even when they do not know whether
scale up. it will work. And in the event that their risks
Creativity: Creativity is key to the do not have the intended results they apply
MS J W Kirii ACP success of an entrepreneur. Shawn Hunter the valuable lessons they have learnt to
KENYA PRISON SERVICE
(2013), author of ‘How Innovative future business decisions.

T
Leaders Drive Exceptional Outcomes’ Confidence and Tenacity: To take
his headline presupposes that luck
defines creativity as “the act of conceiving a business idea into action, it takes bold
is the only determinant factor in
something original or unusual and applying confidence and tenacity. Tenacity helps the
starting up a business. But is it?
what you have conceived to address an business person not only stay positive but
According to the online dictionary,
issue. Business people, who are creative, also optimistic in the face of adversity. A
luck can be defined as good fortune
innovative, solve problems, and think tenacious businessperson’s idea can be
especially by chance while a business is
outside the box when facing business rejected or fail several times but they will
an economic activity of any kind geared
challenges. Even when faced with those still push on with a smile and determination.
towards generating a profit. In business the
challenges they are able to quickly pivot Tenacity helps in seeing hardship and
role luck plays are rarely discussed and if
and implement necessary solutions to them. failures not as stopping points but learning
luck is mentioned, it is done with slight
Motivation: Researchers like opportunities. Confidence on the other
condescension, and usually dismissed
McClelland (1961) argue that people hand helps the business person to have the
as a product of hard work, not deserving
with high achievement motivation tend courage to see the idea through.
significant attention. Many successful
to perceive their probability of success of Passion: If you’re not passionate about
business owners, when asked how they
opening a business as greater than those your idea, how can you envision it, solving
managed to work through the trials of
who are not highly motivated. Motivation is a problem, or sell it to an investor? How
entrepreneurship, will tell you that they
what makes people come up with business can you pivot on a dime without losing
were “just lucky”. Others will say that luck
ideas, and also drives them to plan through your focus? Without passion, how can
played no part whatsoever in the success of
and start the business. For instance, some you motivate yourself over the long haul?
their business, but the consensus seems to
people go into business because they Passion fuels the creativity, the tenacity, the
be that, the phenomenon exists, nonetheless.
are unemployed and frustrated, others confidence, the risk taking, the salesmanship
Sir Richard Branson, in his autobiography
because they want to be financially stable and maintains the positive attitude.
entitled, ‘Losing My Virginity’ says: “To be
while others want to be their own bosses. These personal traits, coupled with
successful, you have to be out there; you have
Whatever the reason, this motivation is what resources, organized planning in an
to hit the ground running. And if you have a
insightful and a systematic manner, are
good team around you and more than a fair
believed to be the major determinants in
share of luck you might make something
happen.” Drucker the father of management
Sir Richard Branson, opening up a business.
on the other hand also acknowledges that in his autobiography It is true that, good luck can play a part
in starting up a business in some situations,
luck sometimes plays a part in starting up
a business, when he says that some people entitled, ‘Losing My for sometimes one can just find themselves
in the right place at the right time and feel
have opened up their business through luck,
“a flash of genius or unexpected success”.
Virginity’ says: “To be like they have had a lucky break. However,
But such incidences are uncommonly rare successful, you have luck plays a very small role in opening up
a business, for successful business owners
and there is no evidence on their existence
and therefore cannot be substantiated,
to be out there; make their own luck by working hard,
staying focused on their goals, and making
taught or learned and to top it all, there is no you have to hit the the tough decisions required to grow and
known way to teach a person to use luck to
open a business. ground running. succeed.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 63

 THE BEAUTY OF SOCIAL MEDIA This is because people find out about, would do rather that what the law which is
follow, and buy from brands that are not rigid states, it may alter what is ‘the norm’.
even within their location just by the tap This therefore means that social media
of a button. Look at it this way, a person which is a platform for public expression
having a business in Kiambu county posting may lead to proper law reforms.
their products on Instagram will have In these modern times, social media
more customers online and physically just is not just a fun place to hang out. While
because they have publicized their goods on many of us still have a great time on social
social media where very many people will media, it has become more commercialized.
be able to see them as compared to someone Previously, networks were able to make
in Nairobi who only has flyers or a physical money from advertising by way of
shop that has not been marketed online. sponsored social and display adverts only
How will the masses really get to know? but now, not only do networks earn from
Social media has altered conventional social but also influencers. They make
Col M O MAINA methods of mobilization. It has changed the money through various means including
terrain of all protest movements and sped up Photo and Video Sales, Sponsored Posts
KENYA ARMY
and made communication more interactive and the most common one being content

W
ebsites and applications that by creating a space for people to open up creation. In Kenya, a YouTube content
emphasize collaboration, and chime in on any social injustices or creator earns approximately 15,000 per
sharing of content, interaction matters of concern. By effecting symbolic 100000 views on one video. This is why
with the community, and communication change, drawing attention to economic many youths are really trying to be famous
are collectively referred to as social media. inequalities, identifying those to blame, or for their content to go viral so as to earn
Examples of social media platforms include; and keeping the concerns in the press and some quick cash if all goes well. Some have
YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp, Pinterest, in the public eye, virtual protest can have made it a full time job as it pays the bills.
LinkedIn and Twitter among others. an impact on institutional politics. Dunstan With relation to the above statement,
Social media has become very popular Omari, a famous criminal lawyer in Kenya social media has enabled very many
over the past 10 years not only among the once stated that the people through social previously unemployed persons to get
youth but across all ages. It is the most media also influence the decisions in the jobs. This is because many companies or
common online activity having over 4.26 courts. In that, when there is an uproar on organizations have adopted advertising
billion users worldwide. Most of us have social media about a matter that is more for vacant positions on social media and
interacted with these platforms to satisfy about morality or what a reasonable person therefore many people are able to see
our interests in one way or another. These
are the consequences of the development
of technology which has also led to
technological globalization interlinking
individuals from various parts of the
world. Well, society has been making very
derogatory remarks about the impacts of
these platforms mainly on teenagers. These
include deterring them from studying,
affecting their sleep pattern, and exposing
them to peer pressure, gossip, bullying, and
inaccurate perceptions of other people’s
lives. This article will however be dealing
with the positive impacts which are rarely a
topic for discussion.
Delving right into it, social media is the
broadest and most accessible marketing
avenue. Social media marketing is a type
of digital marketing that makes use of
the strength of well-known social media
platforms to meet your branding and
marketing objectives. For companies of all
sizes, social media marketing is an effective
way to connect with prospects and clients.

64 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

them. A good example is LinkedIn where interact with students in person. Many
so long as one creates a profile with their students are using YouTube to learn about
qualifications and interests, they will always concepts that they haven’t understood and
receive a notification when a job opening according to their feedback, the teaching Social media offers
that satisfies their qualifications and that is
unique to their interests shows up, hence
and learning process has become easier and
effortless for them.
a platform for
opportunities are rarely missed. Apart from the aforementioned other connecting students
Social media offers a platform for
connecting students with each other and
benefits include the ability to appeal to
huge audiences as well as direct connection
with each other
for connecting students and professors. with viewers or people with similar ideas and for connecting
Therefore, student find it simple to find having a platform to express themselves.
answers to their questions whenever they Furthermore, social media offers access to students and
want thanks to this. Currently, students do
not need to schedule a meeting with their
commercial advertising services and the
ability to produce original content. What is
professors. Therefore,
teachers in order to get answers to their more, social networking sites are free to join student find it simple
questions. In-app class conversations, such therefore allowing access to everyone.
as those in Google Classroom, or built- With uttermost certainty, almost
to find answers
in encrypted messaging are two options everyone has enjoyed the benefits of social to their questions
for doing this. This is advantageous for media even if it is just a laugh through
professors as well as students because it is that video that someone shared with you whenever they
possible for them to provide useful feedback
and support on assignments through these
via whatsapp, or that funny video that you
watched on YouTube that can reduce stress
want thanks to this.
platforms even when they are unable to or tension. Imagine a world without it.

DE-ESCALATION TECHNIQUE IN
PUBLIC ORDER MANAGEMENT
maintain normalcy or return it from a state another. It is a cardinal duty, therefore, of
of chaos to one of normalcy as quickly as whoever is exercising their rights to duly
possible. In doing so, jurisdictions rely on respect the rights of others. Public order
the response of their police forces. It is management has of necessity to do with
then logical to suggest that if one wishes ensuring the balance between enjoyment
to maintain normalcy, then the reduction of human rights and freedoms on the one
of tactics (de-escalation) would be desired, hand, and fulfilment of attendant duties
versus the increase in tactics (escalation), and responsibilities on the other. A host
which may only exacerbate underlying of proactive measures are in place to pre-
tensions, leading to the creation of chaos, empt public disorder. These go beyond the
which in this case would be a riot. It can be ordinary police mandate. Every institution
argued that decision-making is an important of government exists to proactively
element of and contributing factor to, contribute to public order through its
why some peaceful and lawful protests, respective mandate. When such mandate
turn violent and in some cases into riots. is effectively implemented, it creates a
MR R K Kemboi SSP Poor decision-making and the reliance on situation of public order; and the reverse is
NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE previous tactics or methods of crowd control true. In a way, each agency in its own way

C
only add to the amount of escalation. participates in public order management.
ommunities exist and flourish when Public order management is part of a The failure of proactive measures to bring
normalcy is in effect; there is no conflict management culture which is a about or maintain public order may result
chaos and no need for intervention by result of a democratization process. The in reactive and often forceful enforcement
the government. In a few instances, protests, conflict requires striking a balance between of public order, sometimes with disastrous
civil disturbances, or riots occur, disrupting the enjoyment and practice of one’s basic consequences. Nevertheless, any regulation
the normalcy of a community and in some human and constitutional rights without of public order situations should be for the
cases plunging it into chaos. In the field of infringing on the human and constitutional objective of facilitating the exercise of the
emergency management, “unpredictable rights of others. The issue is that one rights and freedoms in such a situation than
events” such as public protests lead to person’s exuberance on the street according to completely prevent and prohibit it. The
disastrous results for organizations. It is to law-and-order enforcement agencies core of public order management should be
then the duty of a jurisdiction to either should not constitute an annoyance to informed by the need for pro-active policing

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 65

of order rather than reactive policing of up in the following terms: ‘proactive to instil norms conducive to de-escalation
disorder. The appropriate response is critical policing of order is always preferable to the within an organization’s culture. Using
so the actions of police should always reactive policing of disorder’ de-escalation techniques that emphasize
be aimed at de-escalation the violence. Public order training, leadership, ethical decision-making based on
Experience has shown that the use of force communication, and de-escalation departmental values can help keep both
often negatively amplifies situations that approaches as well as investigation, officers and community members safe and
would have otherwise been resolved in a decision-making, and record-keeping help officers become more effective in their
non-violent manner or fizzled out altogether. are crucial elements of a progressive and jobs.
Even when situations get out of hand professional approach to public order Those skilled at de-escalation are
as they have done, the inevitable use policing. As well as providing specialist persuasive and understand how to defuse
of reasonable force should be based on police officers with the necessary public aggression, anger, unlawful defiance, or
fine judgment by well-trained and well- order tactical and command skills, training uncontrolled emotions. De-escalation
facilitated commanders who know that should explore the challenges and dilemmas achieves control verbally before action
it would help public order much more of balancing the various human rights at should be taken to accomplish control
than not using it at all. Understanding the play in a public order context. In addition, it physically. De-escalation techniques
complexity of the situation, including the should equip officers with the awareness and emphasize the need for officers to slow
politics therein, the crowd dynamics, and skills to reflect and learn from operational down in order to give themselves more time
psychology, responding appropriately is the practice. to assess the situation and carefully consider
key to successful public order management Clear and unambiguous command the most appropriate response before
Key to reducing the likelihood of structures are necessary to provide a acting. Slowing down situations and using
conflict between the public attending an proportionate policing response. In order time, distance, and cover, along with other
event and the police is effective engagement to maintain public confidence following de-escalation techniques, can help resolve
and communication. Whenever possible incident, investigative procedures must be police-community member encounters with
organizers and participants should be aware in place to ensure full and fair investigation less frequent and less severe uses of force.
of planned police deployments, and what of criminal incidents, as well as any alleged All that encourages strategic decision-
can be expected in terms of tactics, uniforms police misuse of force. All decisions must making, which helps establish a command
and equipment. Likewise, the police should be justified and recorded, not just those presence and gives the officer more control
be fully informed of the organizers’ plans. which restrict the rights of participants. in any situation.
This “no surprises” approach is a key pillar Police supervisors must support
of international practice and can be summed situational problem-solving tactics in order

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PRACTICES

ON WIDOW INHERITANCE
instituted as a means for the widow to have traditional power structures. There are many
someone to support her and her children formal and informal rules concerning the
financially and to keep her late husband’s inheritance of property, particularly land for
wealth within the family bloodline. rural women that inhibit stable economic
At the time of initiation, women were conditions. Due to these limitations, widows
responsible for house chores and men were are coerced into inheritance traditions as
providers, therefore if the woman lost her a means of maintaining stability for their
husband, she would have no one to provide families.
for the family. Because her in-laws would Widow inheritance often emerges to
not want someone outside of the family’s combat property loss and social rejection,
bloodline to inherit her late husband’s and forced re-marriage to a brother of the
estate, she was required to marry within the deceased husband is a common widow
family. inheritance tradition that many traditional
Widow Inheritance traditions are cultures promote.
Ms R V Chenani particularly prevalent in sub-Saharan
NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE
Africa, compared to the rest of the Forms

W
idow inheritance is a cultural continent, and these traditions are reported Widow Inheritance can take different forms,
and social practice whereby a across many nations in the region. Widows namely forced re-marriage to a brother
widow is required to marry a face a lack of legal rights to family property of the deceased, a return to the widow’s
male relative of her late husband, often his due to gender-discriminatory legal systems. parents’ home, or a more exploitative
brother. The practice is more commonly They are unlikely to have the resources to inheritance to professional travelling
referred to as levirate marriage. It was utilize legal systems as a means of fighting widow inheritors. The prevalence of each

66 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

form varies between sub-Saharan regions rituals, but the pressure of cultural
and across ethnic groups, and patterns of
The practice of expectations and ensuring livelihood needs
kinship and inheritance patterns cannot be “cleansing” is are met complicates their ability to avoid
ascribed uniformly due to differences in contracting the disease.
ethnic tradition. For example, in Kenya,
recognized as a Attempts to modify the law in many
it is infrequent for a widow to participate serious concern sub-Saharan African nations have been
in levirate marriage for the Nandi, yet for in response to the HIV/AIDS concerns
the Luo, widow inheritance is a cultural for the HIV/AIDS of the widow-inheritance practice, rather
requirement. pandemic, and than concerns regarding the emotional
trauma of inheritance “cleansing”.
Cleansing Practices there is a link However, modifications to formal law
“Cleansing” is a form of ritual purification between widow are often ineffective without informal
rite culturally prescribed for women implementations of changes to traditional
following the death of a husband. It involves inheritance, practices.
forced sexual intercourse with a male property rights,
“inheritor” of the widow. The practice has Effects on Widows’ Children
not been systematically outlawed across and the spread Premature widowhood results in a higher
sub-Saharan Africa, but rather encouraged of the disease. number of widows with dependent children
in many rural communities such as the and the children of widows are often faced
Luo community in Kenya. Cleansing traditions to continue despite the new risks. with dire experiences as a result of the
occurs as it is believed to free the widow Although professional widow-inheritance socio-economic consequences of widow
from a supernatural connection to her began as a response to the HIV/AIDS crisis, inheritance. When a widow is faced with
dead husband’s spirit. It is very common it also contributes to the transmission of HIV/ disinheritance practices, the consequences
for such “cleansing” procedures to be the AIDS as professional inheritors move from of the loss of income extend to the children.
only choice widows have in the wake of village to village performing “cleansing” The lack of welfare provisions for the
their husband’s death, as without proper rituals. Additionally, it is frequent that using family, especially healthcare, childcare,
cleansing, the widow and her family will be a condom during a sexual rite is considered and education, has severe impacts on the
socially rejected. These rituals are traumatic to break the custom of inheritance, and well-being and development of children.
violations in which widows may be forced condoms are largely avoided in inheritance In extreme scenarios, disinheritance can
to drink water in which their dead husband’s relationships. also involve the confiscation of children
body was washed, and are coerced into The practice of “cleansing” is recognized by the husband’s family. If a widow is
sex with a relative or inheritor. In extreme as a serious concern for the HIV/AIDS disinherited or homeless, she faces risks
circumstances, widows may be required to pandemic, and there is a link between widow of rape, prostitution, debilitating and fatal
“have sex with their husband’s dead body” inheritance, property rights, and the spread diseases, and exposure to adverse weather
to complete a cleansing ritual. Those who of the disease. Professional inheritance and conditions. These risks extend to widows’
violate these norms can face severe social “cleansing” traditions have been linked to children if they remain with their mothers
stigma in their community. the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya, and in post-disinheritance, and these hazards are
many African countries. Widows are aware compounded by the loss of education and
HIV/AIDS-Related Concerns of the greater risk for HIV that they face even the risk of child labour.
Widow inheritance traditions dramatically by engaging in “cleansing” and inheritance
increase the risk of infection with HIV
and other STDs, for the widow and
the widow inheritor. As the HIV/AIDS
epidemic began in the 1970s, the practice
of widow inheritance evolved in response
to the increased risk. Primarily, premature
widowhood increased prevalence
dramatically as many men died of HIV/
AIDS. Secondarily, the brothers of the
widow’s late husband were more reluctant
to partake in “cleansing” rituals due to the
high mortality rate of the disease. Many of
these young widows suffered from HIV/
AIDS themselves, and professional widow-
inheritance emerged as a response to the
growing demand for widow-inheritance
Widow inheritance has become a thorny issue in the world for many women.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 67

CLIMBING THE WALL OF WORRY
I thought I was very knowledgeable and performance, much of which resulted
could perform better investing in the in losses, we finally made a significant
stock markets since I was very good with break and climbed the wall of worry. This
numbers, understood the fundamentals of achievement was the result of unwavering
the stock market, and considered myself to zeal and a story of perseverance in the face
be an analyst par excellence. of adversity. Since then, stock trading has
Then, there was this one guy who shared been enjoyable, putting us in the category
my enthusiasm for the stock market, and of Kenyan millionaires under 40 but not
just as one smoker finds another in a large billionaires as we had hoped to be by this
crowd, we connected instantly and grew point.
to be excellent friends. For a few days, In the course of my stock market trading
we devised multiple strategies on how we career, I have picked up a few lessons
would become wealthy through trading on that I can now impart to those who are
the stocks of blue-chip companies. On our considering entering the market or those
Mr P M Kerage Excel spreadsheet workings, we had already intrigued by the possibilities that stock
Kenya Revenue Authority reached the billion-shilling mark. Even in market trading offers. I’m not claiming

T
the worst-case scenario, we believed we that my lessons are some newly discovered
here are plenty of salaried workers would succeed. hidden secrets, but I can explain some key
looking for ways to make extra To facilitate stock market trading, pointers that will help novice investors
income in a nation that glorifies side we opened a Depository & Settlement dispel some common misconceptions about
hustles. Increasing food prices and the need Corporation Limited (CDSC) account. In stock market investing.
to continue earning regular income even addition to standard stocks, we learned about
after retirement have led to an increasing something called options (derivatives). For Lesson #1 – Mentor your Children
number of Kenyans starting businesses. In us, this was a first. We examined options for Financial Success
this article, I will highlight some important online and learned that they carry a high I believe that having a strong financial
lessons about stock market trading from my risk/high reward ratio. We focused on the management ability is crucial to business
personal experience of over ten years where “high returns” part with little attention to success. I was very careless with money
I have experienced a dichotomy of both the “high risk” part.” management and made the biggest blunders
successes and failures. One day, we bought an Option for in this area, which was the main cause of my
Sometime in 2011, I got recruited by Kshs.550,000. After a few hours, the current failure in the first five years. I have noted
Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA). I had price of the Option trade rose to Kshs. that as parents we make efforts to teach our
just started my employment journey and 675,570 and we sold the stock immediately children everything we can, like how to pass
had no obligations other than to take care of and made a profit of Kshs. 125,570. This exams, how to stay away from strangers and
myself. By the standards of a fresh graduate, fascinated us and we started planning right from wrong but we forget to teach
I suddenly noticed a significant increase in how to quit our jobs to concentrate on this them about the most important aspect of
my income (salary), but I wasn’t sure what profitable business. However, years later, life- financial management. Teaching your
to do with it. Back then, I had these strange I have come to understand that one should kids to be skilled enough at managing
ideas about becoming instantly wealthy. never make money on their first trade in the money requires constant mentoring to help
stock market because them make the right decisions and get used
doing so feeds their to it.
overconfidence and
makes them believe Lesson #2 – Handling Stock Market
they are very brilliant Turbulence
people. We heavily Stock market prices catch “influenza”
invested in the stock quickly in response to incidents that happen
market daily in the across the globe and it’s normal to get a little
next five succeeding nervous about your investments. Incidents
years. During this like elections, the COVID-19 pandemic
time, we made some and Russia-Ukraine war cause erosion of
money but lost much stock market prices. These are some of the
more nearly putting concerns, otherwise known as the Wall of
us out of business. Worry. However, it usually turns out that the
After five years problems are temporary and that they are
Photo: Investment Analysts at work. of inconsistent eventually resolved.

68 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Lesson #3 –Diversify Investments to
Reduce Risk
Understanding diversification in investments
is crucial. Simply said, investing in a variety
of assets, or diversification lowers the danger
that the performance of one investment will
materially impede the return on your entire
investment portfolio. You could think of it
as financial slang for not putting all of your
eggs in one basket.

Lesson #4 – Understand Stock

Market Fundamentals
Learn the fundamentals before investing
your hard-earned money in the stock market.
Discover the workings of the stock market,
Mentor your Children for Financial Success.
what drives it, what affect stock prices,
trading and investment methods, and more. You will not learn anything unless you
To make wise financial decisions, you’ll also Conclusion actually start trading. Trading is highly
need to become familiar with the numerous I have shared my experience in trading addictive, and if you are like me, success is
technical jargon. Those who invest without stocks in the hope that you can gain insight waiting for you.
first learning the fundamentals risk losing from my passion, triumphs, and failures.
their money. However, this is merely a beginning point.

KENYA’S LONGEST POLITICAL

DETAINEE, BARSIRIAN ARAP MANYEI
man set history, Barsirian Arap Manyei Koitalel Arap Samoei Assassination
(1882 - 1974); greatly recognized as Barsirian’s father, Koitalel Arap Samoei,
Kenya’s longest serving political detainee. was a well-known Orkoiyot in Kenya for
Barsirian Arap Manyei’s story begins on a his efforts to resist colonialism and he paid
sad note that culminated to the price all men the ultimate price with his life. He was
who resisted colonialism paid. assassinated on the 19th October 1905,
by an Intelligence Officer named Richard
Barsirian’s Early Life Meinertzhagen. Koitalel Arap Samoei was
Barsirian was born in 1882 to Koitalel shot at point blank range by the officer
Arap Samoei, a second child to his mother
who was a second wife. He had an elder
brother, Surtan Lelimo Arap Somoei and
three sisters named Titau, Kopot Kiboor and
Kopot Chepo Siror. Barsirian belonged to
Dr. C Chumba the Nyongi age-set which existed between
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 1885 and 1900. Barsirian Arap Manyei’s

T
father, Koitalel Arap Samoei was born in
he African continent, viewed in
1860. He was an Orkoiyot, the supreme
historical lens, depicts the resilience
chief of the Nandi people of Kenya, who
of key figure of men who resisted
led the Nandi rebellion against the British
colonial rule, took up arms and stood their
colonial rule.
ground against all odds. Kenya, like most
The Nandi’s have a dual administrative
African countries, depicts a history of men
system, with the Orkoiyot being the chief
faced with the dilemma of bowing to the
spiritual leader and also the one with
colonial masters, or the unwavering courage
authority to make decisions regarding
of standing against colonial exploitation and
security, involving the waging of war.
rule, which more often than not, was driven
by hard labour and racism. In Kenya, one Koitaleel Arap Samoei
Source: Google, (2022)

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 69

when he stretched his hand out in greeting.
After Koitalel’s death, a conference,
Koitalel Arap Samoei After Barsirian Arap Manyei left
prison, his fortunes did not improve, as he
termed Muhoroni Conference, was held was shot at point and his family lived as squatters in their
in 1909 after which Kipeles Tamasun was
picked and installed as the Nandi Orkoiyot.
blank range by the own ancestral land. The issue was even
brought up in the Kenyan Parliament on
However, Kipeles died in July 1912 under officer when he 25th November 1970 by William Morogo
dubious circumstances, opening up a fresh stretched his hand Arap Saina, MP, when he sought light
dilemma in the Nandi leadership. on the plight of the Orkoiyot then aged
out in greeting. After 90 years and still living a life of penury.
Barsirian Arap Manyei’s Koitalel’s death, Barsirian Arap Manyei died on 10th April
Appointment and the Nandi 1974, leaving behind his surviving widow
Protest a conference, and their children. His family continued to
Barsirian Arap Manyei inherited the office of termed Muhoroni live in the homestead, but was relocated
Orkoiyot from his uncle, Kipeles Tamasun, in 1990s during the allotment scheme, that
in the year 1919. The Nandi Uprising of 1923 Conference, was held pushed them to rocky parts, away from
followed a series of events in the leadership in 1909 after which Barsirian’s grave.
vacuums, often driven by the Nandi wars
from 1905 to 1906. The land issue was at the Kipeles Tamasun was Implications of Barsirian Arap
core of the uprising, with the land reserve picked and installed Manyei on Kenya’s Political
due to quarantine (preventive measures of landscape
selling stock outside the reserve). as the Nandi Orkoiyot. From the story of Barsirian Arap Manyei,
The straw that broke the camel’s back, governments that he could lead anti-colonial we can draw a conclusion applicable in
so to speak, was when rinderpest broke out resistance movements. Kenya’s political scene; which is, in politics
in cattle; and stock quarantine was imposed there are times when a game of red herring
between 1921 and 1923 on the Nandi Barsirian’s release from prison is played to the masses. While Barsirian
reserves. This meant the Nandi could not After his release he was honoured as a guest Arap Manyei’s journey to detention elicited
trade in livestock and had no money to pay at the Uhuru Gardens flag hoisting ceremony strong uprising, we can learn that Kenya’s
their steep taxes. To add insult to injury there when Kenya attained self-governance but contest for peaceful and stable democracy
was labour conscription among the Nandi was not yet a sovereign nation distinct in divided societies was a key factor during
enforced by the colonial administration from the crown. He bestowed upon the first colonial period. Moreover, the current
authorized by Northey Circulars. Sir Edward Prime Minister of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, nature of contemporary Barsirian Arap
Northey who was governor of Kenya at the a traditional gown as a sign of honour and Manyei’s tactical role was part of efforts to
time (1919-1922) published a circular that respect in January 1964 when the Prime counter colonial domination.
read: “all government officials in charge Minister visited Nakuru.
of native areas must exercise all possible
lawful influence to induce able bodied male
natives to go into the labour field.” By 1923,
when the Saget ab eito (sacrifice of the ox)
was to take place, it was used as a platform
for agitation against the colonial regime.

The Arrest and Detention of

Barsirian Arap Manyei
In 1923, Barsirian Arap Manyei was arrested
as he planned the Saget ab eito ceremony,
a Nandi ceremony where the protection
of the community was handed from one
age set to another. Barsirian had reigned
for nearly four years before his arrest. He
was charged in Eldoret Magistrate Court
for being involved in seditious activities.
After a speedy trial he was ferried to Nyeri
for detention but later moved to Meru and
subsequently moved again to Kapsabet.
He stayed in detention from 1923 to 1964,
making him the longest serving detainee
in pre-independence Kenya. His long stay
was associated with the fear by colonial The founding Father Mzee Jomo Kenyatta with Barsirian Arap Manyei Source: Google, (2022).

70 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 BRAVING THE PANDEMIC TO
ACHIEVE AMISOM MANDATE
of regulations/restrictions in the name of and the related restrictions issued to curb its
COVID-19 protocols to guard against the spread, automatically these operations were
spread of the disease. AMISOM being going to be affected. The freedom to move
part and parcel of the larger African Union during patrols within towns/population
(AU) and by extension the United Nations centers were reduced to the bare minimum.
(UN) adopted the protocols. The adoption Worse still came the lockdown hence
of these protocols meant a shift on how reduction in the maintenance of presence
we were going to conduct our business; it across the entire Area of Operation (AOR);
also meant that we now had another enemy this in turn impacted on the protection
other than the Al shabaab (AS) to deal with. of main population centers. Equally, the
But more importantly was how this new protection of personnel, facilities and
threat was going to affect the conduct of installations could not be ensured. The
our operations considering the limits which resultant effect of these is that the Al
the protocols imposed on the activities of shabaab gained freedom of movement/
Col K K Masai various components within the mission action. However, we crafted ingenious
Kenya ARMY area. ways of adapting to the new normal. These

T
Coupled with the emergence of the included but not limited to employing
he ninth Kenyan Contingent to the
pandemic and the subsequent issuance smaller patrol teams and taking the war to
African Union Mission (AMISOM)
of the protocols was the fact that Somalia the enemy’s home by striking them when
in Somalia arrived in the mission
as we all know is a nation that is still in they least expected. Where they attempted
area in January 2020, and officially took-
her infancy stages - (emerging from the to strike our friendly forces, we sent out
over operations on 10 February 2020.
arm-pits of terrorism) hence a developing reinforcements which they couldn’t match.
Complete rotation however was concluded
healthcare system. This therefore meant Mentoring and assisting the Somali
on 26 February 2020.
that to take care of COVID-19 would be a Security Forces was similarly affected
Upon settling down and doing the
heavy toll as was the case in the rest of the but we found ways of conducting joint
necessary orientation/acclimatizing, which
world. From the operational point of view, operations and trainings while observing
normally takes two to three weeks; it was
this meant that all those we were going to COVID-19 protocols. During patrols,
time to commence operations. As part of the
interact with in the course of our duties the soldiers took the chance to exchange
military component, our major mandated
could easily be COVID-19 carriers/victims knowledge and skills which enabled the
tasks as contained in the AMISOM Concept
hence a shift on how the interactions and SSF to independently conduct several
of Operations (CONOPS) and the Somalia
indeed the operations in general were to be successful operations on their own across
Transition Plan (STP) were to carry out
conducted. the theatre of operation. Looking back
joint operations with the Somali Security
In line with the broader AMISOM at the year that was, the set objectives
Forces (SSF). In areas outside Mogadishu
Mandate as outlined in the United Nations based on the timelines as contained in the
where the AMISOM police component
Security Council (UNSC) Resolution three phased AMISOM CONOPS, might
had not been deployed, we had to assist in
2472 (2019) and AMISOM Concept of not have been fully achieved which may
the routine police work of mentoring the
Operations (CONOPS) 2018 - 2021, necessitate a review of the CONOPS, but
Somali Police Force (SPF).
Sectors identified priority tasks to achieve the troops managed to execute the mission
No sooner had we started major
the set objectives. The tasks include but beyond expectation given the prevailing
operations planning than the unimaginable
not limited to the protection of main circumstances.
happened; COVID-19 was declared a
population centers, protection of personnel, On the overall, despite the restrictions
pandemic by the World Health Organization
facilities, installations and equipment, brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic,
(WHO). Somalia recorded its first case of
conduct of targeted operations to reduce we managed to achieve the AMISOM
COVID -19 (3 cases) in March 2020 just
the AS threat, securing of key Main Supply mandate curtesy of the ability to adjust
outside the AMISOM camp in Mogadishu.
Routes (MSRs), mentorship and training of (flexibility) and adapt to the changing
The number of cases rose to 598 by April
the Somali Security Forces as well as the environment. Additionally, the pandemic
and a further surge to 1,315 cases by June
Somali Police Force. equally affected the Al shabaab; it curtailed
of the same year.
The above were the major operations their movements thus affording us the
The declaration of COVID-19 as a
to be conducted across all the sectors. opportunity to seek and strike them in their
pandemic by WHO came with a number
However, with the outbreak of COVID-19 hide-outs.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 71

 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
IMPLICATIONS OF THE UKRAINE-RUSSIA
WAR ON EAST AFRICA
O
n 24th February 2022, Russian tanks of wheat and other cereals in East Africa,
rolled into Ukraine commencing while farm inputs such as fertilizer are
one of the most devastating inter- bound to increase. The disruption of trade
state wars in Europe, and what analysts in the Black Sea region due to the conflict
have described as a geopolitical supremacy compounds the already rising food prices
war. Different explanations have emerged in many East African countries. With some
to account for the genesis and the cause of East African countries already experiencing
the Ukraine-Russia War. Liberal analysts rising food prices even before the conflict,
have postulated that; Russian President global prices would further fuel inflation
Vladimir Putin is flexing muscles to boost of food prices, pushing more people into
his domestic image following unsuccessful dire food and nutrition insecurity. The cost
military operations in Chechnya, Georgia, of petroleum products has hit hard on East
and Ukraine in 1990, 2008, and 2014, Africa.
respectively. Conversely, realists assert that; Col Z J Sikukuu
Russia is responding to the North Atlantic tanzania peoples’ defence forceS Trade and Commerce
Treaty Organization’s (NATO) expansionist East African countries constitute part of
tendencies in Europe, which is potentially have maintained a neutral political and the major trading partners with the Russian
undermining Russia’s sphere of influence, diplomatic stance. In this regard, none of the Federation and Eastern Europe. According
and that the United States (US), which is East African countries introduced sanctions to Kenya’s Parliamentary Budget Office
perceived as the aggressor “next door,” against Russia or Ukraine after Russia’s Projection (2022), the total volume of
is the main target. This follows Ukraine’s invasion of Ukraine. trade between Kenya and Eastern Europe
renewed plans to join NATO. Whatever is approximately Kshs.60,000 million,
the reason for the War, it has had grave Food Security with a trade deficit of about Kshs.33,000
socio-economic implications not only on Russia is classified as one of the World’s million in favour of Russia as of 2020. The
the neighbouring countries but the globe at leading producers of oil, gas, minerals, Russia-Ukraine conflict and the economic
large. and metals, as well as petrochemicals and sanctions against Russia are likely to
fertilizers. On the other hand, Ukraine continue disrupting trade and supply
East African Response to Russian- is regarded as a significant producer of chains leading to shortages in the market
Ukraine War wheat, and grains in the global economy. and an exponential increase in the prices
What has been the response of the East According to Kenya’s Parliamentary Report of commodities. Notably, the construction
African States? When Russia recognized in 2022, Ukraine and Russia, account for sector is likely to feel the impact due to a
the independence of Donetsk and Luhansk, approximately 29% of global wheat exports. likely shortage of iron and steel.
two breakaway regions in Ukraine, Martin Kenya had made significant strides toward Tanzania has reported a deficit in its
Kimani, the Kenyan Ambassador to the economic recovery from the debilitating current budget after it recorded a deficit of
United Nations, denounced Russia’s action effects of COVID-19. However, the Russia- US$ 1.3 billion in the first quarter of 2022
invoking Africa’s colonial past and warned Ukraine conflicts amid other factors like compared to the same period in 2021 when
of new forms of domination and oppression. drought presented major challenges and it recorded a deficit of US$ 352 million.
In March 2022, Lt. Gen Muhoozi may contribute significantly to a slowdown The prices of crude oil have almost doubled
Kainerugaba, son to Uganda’s President in growth, particularly due to shocks related in the East African countries, increasing the
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, pointed out that: to food security. cost of production and of transportation,
“the majority of mankind, mainly non- The East Africa region is currently which in turn has impacted negatively
white, support Russia’s stand in Ukraine”. experiencing high costs of fuel, food items, on household incomes. In Uganda, the
Unlike the Central African Republic whose and agricultural inputs, which have led to an implication of the Ukraine-Russian war
President was quick to recognize Russia’s increase in the cost of living. East African has been felt at the household level where
declaration of Donetsk and Luhansk as countries rely heavily on Ukraine and Russia the number of foodstuffs has declined,
independent states, East African nations for wheat import. The ongoing Ukraine- particularly wheat-based products. The
Russia war will create an artificial shortage

72 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

National Bank of Rwanda has reported an place more than 7,000 kilometers away costs, increased food prices, shortage of
increase in inflationary pressure much of in Eastern Europe. The War has disrupted inputs (both industrial and agricultural), and
it being imported inflation. The Ukraine- supply chain channels and disorganized inadequacy of raw materials are a reality
Russian war is expected to slow down economic production in the domestic East African countries are experiencing.
Rwanda’s economic recovery due to economies of countries that rely on imports The war has generally increased the cost of
the deterioration of external conditions from the warring countries. Higher energy living in East Africa.
exacerbated by the increase in international
energy and food prices.
Despite these adverse implications,
there is a positive side to the War. The East
African economies can boost their industrial
capacity and improve manufacturing
capabilities with a view to mitigating
disruptions occasioned by the Ukraine-
Russia war as well as other future external
shocks. To eliminate dependency on
grain and fertilizer imports mainly from
Ukraine, East African states can build joint
strategic grain reserves, from the surpluses
of all bumper harvests. In addition, the
establishment of joint fertilizer industries
will eventually offer a long-term response
to the needs of member states.
The ongoing Ukraine-Russia war has
so far impacted East African countries in Motorists in Nairobi queuing for fuel due to acute shortage of the commodity following the Ukraine-
Russia War in early 2022.
various aspects even though it is taking

THE CURSE OF HUNGER IN AFRICA

that breed famine within are constantly more than enough food to feed the region’s
changing. population, the reality is quite different.
Africa’s transforming economic A FAO report of 2020 indicates that more
and political systems, wars and civil than a third of Africa’s population, or about
unrest, declining productivity and rapid 282 million people, were undernourished,
urbanization, as well as interaction with a surge of 46 million over 2019 figures. In
each other and with environmental variables other words, one in five people in Africa are
create new famine risks. The United Nations experiencing hunger. The region has been
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) characterized by hunger for decades while
and the World Food Programme (WFP) actions aimed at ameliorating the condition
warned that 20 countries faces acute food have yielded minimal results. However,
insecurity and identified them as hunger with Africa’s burgeoning population,
hotspots. Most of the hunger hotspots perhaps this should have been the opportune
are located in Africa with the continent moment to change the situation.
Col t g sokobe
accounting for over seventy five percent. So what is the reality on the ground?
kenya army
Countries like Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Countries across the continent have

W
hile most of the world has Sudan and Yemen were further classified repeatedly indicated that they are not up to
found ways to prevent famine, as in dire need of urgent humanitarian the task in unlocking the full potential of
the continent of Africa is still assistance to prevent starvation and death. agricultural resources in the region. With
struggling with hunger and famine. But, For decades, the continent of Africa has 60 percent of the entire world’s unused
learning from its own experiences is at least been plagued with a high incidence of arable land (about 1,119 million hectares),
as important for Africa as adapting lessons hunger, a condition that could certainly be it is astounding that Africa is a net importer
from other continents. Not only does the prevented if germane measures were taken. of food. According to the United Nations
context of famine differ between Africa and Although Africa is home to abundant Conference on Trade and Development
other parts of the world, but the conditions agricultural resources that could produce (UNCTAD), from 2016 to 2018, Africa

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 73

imported approximately 85 percent of
its food from outside the continent. It is
Weak social addressed via agriculture development. So,
what is the way forward? Certainly, the
projected that Africa’s food import bill and physical solution to these challenges requires rethink
could exceed $110 billion by 2025.
Apparently, Africa’s excessive reliance
infrastructure, of food policies and strategies.
Weak social and physical infrastructure,
on food imports has been anything but unprepared unprepared government and a relatively
the solution to ending hunger and clearly,
food aid to the region has also not been
government and closed political regime, all enhance
vulnerability to famine. Arguably the
the panacea. Why so? While the region a relatively closed same factors constrain longer-term poverty
significantly depends on food aid, it is
interesting to note that post-harvest losses in
political regime, reduction. Recognizing the contingent
nature of the market and institutional failures
Africa far exceed the food aid the continent all enhance that underlie famines points to implications
receives. For instance, in 2011, the World
Bank and FAO jointly published a report
vulnerability to for both their relief and prevention.
Recurring drought, conflicts and
that estimated the value of grain post- famine. Arguably instability in most African countries have
harvest losses alone in Sub-Saharan Africa
amounted to $4 billion a year out of an
the same factors led to severe food shortages. Repeated
drought cycles plunge communities into a
annual grain production of $27 billion for constrain longer- new food crisis before they have a chance
2005 to 2007.
Several restrictive measures, such as
term poverty to recover sufficiently from the last one.
Droughts have become more frequent and
lockdowns and travel restrictions, adopted reduction. intense in recent years in West, East, and
by African governments to curb the spread as severe drought clutches the peninsula. southern Africa. These droughts affect
of COVID-19 have been both a blessing and With the Horn of Africa currently facing food-production systems in fragile contexts
a curse as they have contributed significantly the driest conditions recorded since in similar ways that conflict does. Scarcity
to increasing post-harvest losses as farmers 1981, the area has now experienced three of food and water also lead to the death
were not able to transport their harvested consecutive droughts, destroying crops and of livestock in the affected areas. This
crops to the markets. The sustainable causing abnormally high livestock deaths. devastates families whose herds are their
solution to end hunger in Africa does not Widespread water and pasture shortages main source of income and nutrition.
revolve around soliciting more food aid or are compelling people to flee their homes, In order to tackle the challenges of food
increasing food imports but addressing post- a situation that has increased conflicts and security and the realization of Sustainable
harvest losses and strengthening climate- pushed many communities into poverty and Development Goal (SDG) Number Two
resilient agriculture as well. increased hunger substantially. of ending hunger, African countries should
According to WFP report of February Similarly, in other parts of the continent, adopt policies and strategies aimed at
2022, thirteen million are people climate change, poverty and conflicts which increasing agricultural productivity and
experiencing severe hunger in the Horn are the primary causes of hunger now production in a socially, economically and
of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia), exacerbated by COVID-19, could be largely environmentally sustainable manner.

74 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 FROM RAGs to RICHES
be selected to Chilumba secondary school. changed the lifestyle of Kumbali.
Zawas’ selection motivated Wavisanga to On the other hand, Wavisanga graduated
concentrate in studies. Before Zawa was and secured a very lucrative job. The
chosen, the two brothers had an extremely engineering skills Wavisanga obtained from
close relationship. Wavisanga’s loneliness the Polytechnic assisted him to engage
amid Zawa’s absence in the village in private business. Though he was an
motivated Wavisanga to work hard on electrical engineering graduate, Wavisanga
studies and would occasionally come out chose to engage in real estate with the wealth
first in class. he was accumulating from allowances.
The parents were highly motivated by From Rags to Riches, Wavisanga became
Wavisanga’s abrupt shift in performance. the hub of real estate business and opened
To give Wavisanga possible chance of all sectors of entrepreneur; schools, rest
secondary school education, his parents sent houses, bars, hospitals and warehouses
him to a suitable school. Wavisanga enrolled in his native village of Mwenelupembe.
COL P W SIMWAKA at Saint Marys Boys Primary School. The Wavisanga became a celebrity in his society
MALAWI DEFENCE FORCE institution had a good reputation and sent and was among the elite. Kumbalis’ trail

W
a lot of students to secondary schools. of life stressed him and succumbed to
avisanga was born from a low- Wavisanga settled in Karonga and joined the accumulative stress.
income family and raised in household of his aunt, Nyaluhanga who was
the Southern African village of
Mwenelupembe in a forested area. He was a
married to Mr Gondwa, a business mogul.
The Gondwa family made a fortune in real
Rich parents should
stout, and muscular youngster at adolescence
stage. The kids of Mwenelupembe
estate, restaurant, transportation, and meat train their siblings
industries. The tycoon had three spouses
community did not take academic studies with many siblings. Kumbali, firstborn son
to focus on issues
seriously. Their routine activity was setting
bird traps in the village forest using ancestral
of Nyaluhanga was Gondwa’s favourite which would assist
son, who could often report to his father’s
techniques. To establish the dominant boy business and collect money whenever he and enable them
in the hamlet, senior boys organized boxing
events and the winner would feel superior
wished. His concentration in education to be self – reliant.
waned. Usually, he could brag about his
to other boys in the village. Wavisanga, the father’s wealth and make fun of Wavisanga Necessary values
impoverished boy had a mediocre academic
record but was revered by other youth due
for being a poor kid.
Wavisanga remained resolute and
should be taught
to his strength. He usually performed poor maintained focused on what he intended to for them to grow
academically and failed exams. He hailed achieve. The first year did not bear fruits.
from a very ambitious family. His family He insisted to repeat for another chance.
into effective citizen
enjoyed a high level of social respect in the
village. At times, his parents could punish
His experience made his performance to who will contribute
skylocket. He consequently got selected to
him for his poor performance. Rumphi secondary school. His performance to development of
On the other hand, his elder brother
Zawa was an extremely intelligent boy. He
continued to improve from strength to the nation in future.
strength. In the end, he got selected
was taught by the whites when he was at the to Polytechnic to undergo Bachelor of
foundation stage at Kaponda Mining School, Science in Electrical Engineering. Kumbali Rich parents should train their siblings
where his father worked as a miner in the continued to struggle academically. He had to focus on issues which would assist and
early 1960s. Wavisanga’s parents retired already impregnated a young girl and was enable them to be self – reliant. Necessary
and moved to the village when he was a completely distracted between two worlds, values should be taught for them to grow
child. Wavisanga, who attended the village girlfriend and school. He completed his into effective citizen who will contribute
school had a different academic background ordinary level with an average qualification. to development of the nation in future.
compared to his brother who had a distinct The changing economic situation dwarfed It is the responsibility of parents to give
upbringing in his early childhood. Typically, his fathers’ business. The tycoon was later appropriate guidance to the children on
his brother always emerged first. Wavisanga involved in motor accident and died on drug abuse. Village elders, teachers, pastors,
struggled and had to repeat in certain grades spot. Kumbalis’ flirting lifestyle resulted child protection and civil society should
creating a gap of four grades between into Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) join hands to engage in passing productive
Wavisanga and Zawa. When Zawa went infection. The demise of his father from messages to the youth to ensure they grow
to Mlare Primary School, he managed to a motor accident and decline of business into effective future leaders.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 75

 THE PLEASURE OF TRAVELLING
ALONG KENYA’S COAST
which represents the main purpose of tourism. the Coastal Region of country, and feel the
People have travelled since time pleasure of being there include the South
immemorial. The idea that pleasure is the coast, Mombasa, Kilifi and Malindi, and Lamu
beginning and end of living happily was Archipelagos. The beaches along the entire
broadened by Plato and Aristotle, who coastline are some of the best in the world not
argued that what is most important, is not forgetting the beautiful coral reefs, which are
the immediate pleasure of the moment sites to behold. Spectacular dives with simple
or restoration of the body after some snorkel and masks unravel what there is in the
physiological imbalance, but the long-term world under the sea. The most spectacular dive
pleasantness of living a good life. Traveling sites best for pleasure visits are the enclosed
for pleasure is good for your health. Experts Marine Park sites of Watamu and Malindi and
recommend pleasure travel for, Immune Wasini Islands.
System Boost, good for better brain health; Mombasa offers travellers an opportunity
reduce stress, reduced risk of depression, and to indulge in luxury with its abundance of
Col B Khula better fitness among other benefits. beaches and resorts that offer everything
Kenya NAVY People travel around the world for pleasure from luxurious spas to private boat trips

T
and in recent years, Africa is a growing with spectacular views. Kenya’s coastal city
he most common travel is pleasure destination. Some 67 million tourists visited of Mombasa is the perfect destination to
travel. Other travels include visiting Africa in 2018, representing a rise of 7% from experience a whole different culture. It offers
friends and relatives and business a year earlier, making Africa the second-fastest beautiful beaches, the opportunity to visit
travels. Scholars have defined pleasure travel growing region when it comes to tourism, historic places, and lively markets with lots
as the pursuit of pleasure in a location away after the Asia pacific. African countries are of restaurants and shops. It is arguably one of
from every life and the use of one’s leisure now reaping the benefits from positive policy the most famous African cities, with diverse
time for a non-work purpose. Our lives are changes coupled with increased investments cuisine and rich historical memories.
dominated by overindulgence in other goals. in the sector, which have made it a more The South Coast has three most prominent
We all need leisure time away from routine attractive destination for tourists. destinations including Diani Beach, Kisite-
work. Pleasure is further defined as a feeling Kenya is one of the most popular travel Mpunguti Marine Park, and Shimba Hills
of happiness, satisfaction, or enjoyment. The destinations in Africa; the country has one National Reserve. Diani beach is the longest
pursuit of such feelings through travel is of the most diverse landscapes in Africa. In and liveliest of the beaches. Water sports
referred to as pleasure tourism. Other scholars Kenya besides general tour, honeymoon, or enjoyed here include kite surfing, scuba
say Tourism means pleasure travel, and the safari, there are lots of activities to engage diving, snorkeling, and jet skiing. Golf
UNWTO in 2007 referred to pleasure as that in ranging from the great places to visit in courses, spas, restaurants, bars, nightclubs,

76 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 are bought in Mozambique and sailed down to
Lamu.
Superb and breath-taking, the coastal
beaches in Kenya are the top in Africa. From
beautiful white sand beaches fringed by
palm trees swaying to the trade winds and
straddling the warm Indian Ocean, the appeal
of the beaches is unforgettable. World-class
resorts and lodges are also found along the
coastal beaches in Kenya. In short, the region
is a paradise. A pleasure travel to the coast
of Kenya is all you need to refresh one’s self
once a year from the hectic work routine. Try
it and Enjoy!

Diani beach is the

longest and liveliest
of the beaches.
tour operators, and shops are found. Kisite
Mpunguti Marine Park covers a marine
Sokoke National Park.
Dhow boats are an integral part of life in
Water sports enjoyed
area with four small islands surrounded by the Lamu archipelago. Early visitors came here include kite
coral reefs. Attractions include Dolphins and
coral gardens. More than 250 fish species
to the islands in ancient sailing vessels from
the Arabian Peninsula, China, Persia, and
surfing, scuba diving,
have been recorded there. Snorkeling, scuba India, expanding trade routes in the Indian snorkeling, and jet
diving, bird watching, and camping are all Ocean. They were perfect for transporting
on offer. Shimba Hills is rich in flora and heavy merchandise. Today, visitors can skiing. Golf courses,
fauna and has the highest density of African still experience the sailing-dhows, either spas, restaurants,
elephants in Kenya. Other animals found here for a fishing trip or a sunset cruise. They’re
include the Sable antelope, elephant shrew, primarily used by fishermen who sometimes bars, nightclubs,
giraffes, leopards, buffalo, and mongoose. The
magnificent Sheldrake Falls are found in the
sail through the night, navigating their way tour operators, and
using the stars. Larger dhows have crews
Shimba Hills National Reserve on the South of approximately thirty, and smaller ones shops are found.
Coast of Kenya. typically around twelve. Some of the dhows
Like Mombasa, Malindi is an ancient
Swahili trading port that fell under Portuguese
influence in the 16th century. It is far smaller
and more low-rise than Mombasa, and has a
less conspicuous sense of antiquity, though
the old town is scattered with a few important
historical landmarks. Malindi mainly
functions largely as a beach resort, offering
a good choice of midrange lodges aimed at
the European package market, as well as a
lively beachfront restaurant scene, and a host
of other urban distractions, from nightclubs to
supermarkets.
Separated from Malindi by 15km of Indian
Ocean frontage, Watamu feels less like a resort
town than it does like an overgrown fishing
village, and is all the better for it. Boasting
arguably the most handsome beach in Kenya,
Watamu also offers superb offshore snorkeling
in the calm transparent waters of Turtle Bay,
and it stands practically within walking
distance of the jungle-bound ruined medieval https://www.bigworldsmallpockets.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/The-Quick-Guide-to-the-
city of Gedi and forest wildlife of Arabuko- Kenya-Coast.jpg

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 77

 BEING A FIGHTER PILOT…
the basics of air navigation. The dropout Fighter Squadron
rate from basic training is extremely high Having completed the flying training on
mostly due to under performance, ability various trainer aircraft, having studied loads
to cope with ‘g’ forces in the cockpit, and of books, and off-course looking down on
air sickness in a few cases. Those who people from the medium of air for more
complete the basic training then progresses than two years, these stalwarts finally
to Fighters, Transports, and Helicopters reach their Operational Fighter Squadron
based on merit. where the highly experienced mammoths
are waiting to check out the lean and thin
Advanced Training sweeties and bring them to mother earth.
So far the ad initio pilots have just proved The grueling sessions to learn the Fighter
their mettle on a small piston-engine or a Jet of the Sqn starts within no time and
turboprop plane. The race to become a good they are taken through some intense times
fighter pilot is still very long. The trainee while being taught how to treat that plane
Gp Capt V K Gupta pilots in some cases end up flying up to three as an extension of their body. The handling
INDIAN AIR FORCE
trainer aircrafts with each stage being done or aerobatic sorties (flight) give young

B
y definition, a fighter pilot is a on a more advanced plane than the previous, lads confidence in controlling the mean
Military Aviator trained to engage before reaching a Fighter Squadron where machine which is followed by basic fighter
in Air-to-Air combat, Air-to- they would fly an operational Fighter Jet. maneuvers, low-speed handling, supersonic
Ground combat, and sometimes Electronic All through, they keep studying more and profiles, air navigation, etc.
Warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter more about the aircraft systems they are
aircraft. Flying a technically advanced flying and other subjects related to aviation. Weapons and Tactics Training
machine like a fighter jet requires extreme In advanced training, they are taken through The fighter pilot is now taken into the realm
mental conditioning to take split-second the flying training on an advanced trainer of Weapons and Tactics. This is the most
decisions and a strong resolve to undergo like Hawk or Hindustan Jet Trainer where difficult part of the whole training and the
a hard curriculum to become a good fighter they are expected to handle these more training in this regime never ends even till
pilot. While it is a matter of pride to be in a versatile aircraft capable of flying at higher the pilot is retiring from his active fighter
fighter cockpit, it surely is not easy getting speeds and altitudes. The basic flying on flying. The maturing fighter jock is now
there. these aircraft is followed by basic fighter expected to know the weapon systems and
maneuvers, dogfighting and low-caliber tactics along with the aircraft systems to
Recruitment& Basic Training weapon employment of unguided bombs, be able to effectively employ the fighter
Air forces around the world recruit highly rockets, and guns. plane as a lethal weapon against the
motivated undergraduates and graduates
after having carefully examined their
aptitude, zeal, and love for the profession.
Some of these youngsters join the Air
Force with the aim to study less and enjoy
the agile cockpit time only to be surprised
after having signed up for it. They are
taught subjects like Aerodynamics, Air
Navigation, Air Traffic Control, Air Laws,
etc. before exporting them to the cockpit of
a small trainer plane like a PC-7 Pilatus and
assigning them a Flying Instructor. Some of
these instructors consider the ad initio pilots
a piece of metal that needs to be shaped into
a fighter pilot, sometimes with force in the
cockpit. They teach the rookies the basics of
flying like handling the aircraft, aerobatics
like a loop, barrel roll, roll, stall, etc., and
PC-7 Trainer of Indian Air Force.

78 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

enemy forces. He is taken through close
combat (dogfight) training against one to
two enemy acwith close-quarter missiles
& guns, Air to Ground Weaponry to
employ guided &unguided bombs, rockets,
etc., Long Range Beyond Visual Range
combat utilizing BVR missiles, and finally
electronic attack against enemy’s electronic
order of battle. After having learned these
weapons and tactics by day and night, he
is declared an operational pilot who can go
to war as a wingman. A grueling leadership
program is used to declare him a leader
to lead missions into war shouldering the
responsibility of achieving mission success Su-30 MKI aircraft of Indian Air Force loaded with bombs.
while ensuring the safety of his wingmen.
mission. They love to be in the company impossible not to be totally amazed by
On a Lighter Note of beautiful girls as they consider it to be these military aircraft. Multi-million-dollar
Fighter flying is inherently a risky their right being in a glamorous profession. precision equipment of such over-the-top
profession. Some call it madness to get They also love their Ray-Bans and love speed and firepower gathers everyone’s
strapped to a small seat with an explosive to flaunt them while reasoning them as an attention in a jiffy. This profession is
cartridge in it, carry tons of fuel in the wings apparatus to save their precious eyes that surely one of the best in the world as it
and heavy armament under the aircraft can track enemy aircraft from miles. They has an extremely thrilling effect and sense
with an open fire behind. Fighter pilots hate Surface to Air Missiles as they hide and of fulfilment that is impossible to achieve
always wish each other “Blue Skies and try to kill and thus they would like to kill it anywhere else along with the glamour it
Happy Landings” as they don’t like adverse soon after they know it is there. brings along. But at the same time, it has
weather phenomena like a thunderstorm and Fighter jets are such an amazing feat an extremely demanding nature and it is not
love to land back happily after a successful of modern technology that it’s almost easy being one of them.

EFFECT OF MORALE ON
MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS
strength is known as military effectiveness. Effect of high morale
A military that gets the most fighting power Commanding officers of units have come
out of the material and political resources to understand that individuals can achieve a
at its disposal is one that is completely high level of morale when they are willing
effective. Thus, some idea of efficiency is to perform their best under challenging
incorporated into effectiveness. Combat and difficult circumstances without being
power is the ability to inflict damage on coerced. Such inner energy will motivate
an opponent while limiting the amount the personnel to improve equipment service
of damage from the opponent. The main ability and success in operations and
component of a soldier’s morale, according training. The motivation for the high level
to the Australian Army’s Leadership Theory of performance stems from the commanding
and Practice (1993), is the attitude towards officer’s dedication to the interest and
the unit and its superiors. Military morale is welfare of soldiers first. Poor performance,
the internal power that binds a unit together decreased productivity, absenteeism, and
Col m balata to accomplish a mission. It may be described disciplinary issues are a few of the obvious
KENYA ARMY as the psychological condition or attitude of signs of low morale. In some situations, a

A
a soldier or group prior to undertaking a task. leader’s behaviour and communication
ccording to Oxford dictionary, Morale includes an emphasis on having a skills during trying times can increase
morale is defined as the positive outlook and being excited about subordinate trust and have an effect on
confidence, enthusiasm, something that is important to everyone. morale, but from my perspective, the
and discipline of a person or group at a commanding officer standing relationships
particular time. The process by which armed with his officers and soldiers are the best
forces transform resources into combat

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 79

indicators of morale in the battalion. because the soldiers believed that the war
Interactions by a commanding officer on a was prolonged by political and military The contemporary
personal level with the soldiers in the unit elites with a sole purpose of making money Army requires
will encourage the soldiers to open up and at the expense of their welfare.
talk about some of the most hidden personal The contemporary Army requires high high morale since
issues that, if resolved, will considerably
improve their performance translating into
morale since it is essential in helping the
force overcome some of its obstacles.
it is essential in
the overall mission accomplishment. The The success of future armies may depend helping the force
most important aspect for any commanding on the morale of its members. In the
officer is to learn the art of transformative military, morale is recognized as one of
overcome some of
leadership and endeavour to leave the unit the key factors in personnel management. its obstacles. The
in a better condition than he found it. Commanders are given different levels of
authority to reward or punish, and these success of future
Negative effect of low morale
Low morale in the military will lead to
actions frequently influence subordinates’ armies may depend
performance, morale, motivation, and
military inefficiency; this condition may attitude. Military commanders at all on the morale of
develop as a result of commanders’ inability
to persuade troops to perform tasks ahead.
levels must adopt transformational and
transactional leadership philosophies
its members.
For instance, in the current conflict between because they directly impact military
Russia and Ukraine, Russian troops may morale both during peacetime and in times and transactional leadership has emerged
face significant difficulties in what many of war. Commanders must interact with each in popular literature on the issue of morale
fear will be a protracted conflict. The first soldier personally and address all issues in and leadership. Commanding officers and
five months of warfare in Ukraine resulted order to enhance morale. Our experience those officers on command appointments
in many deaths, but the fact that Ukrainian with the troops has also demonstrated that have seen a strong link between leadership
military has been inspired by their even modest counselling on domestic issues style and morale. Morale is more affected
president to defend their country against may significantly influence behaviour by top-down than by bottom-up factors.
an enemy keeps them fighting. Studies change, and reduce stress in the field. In order to have high or poor morale, a
have demonstrated that effective leadership Morale will be crucial in helping the number of interconnected factors must be
boosts personnel morale. Leaders must force overcome some of its problems. present; these include adjustments to the
urge followers to overcome their fear of One of the pillars on which the army of internal and external environments as well
conflict and address and accept the moral the future may rely to achieve operational as applying the leadership strategy that will
dimension of their work. Successful military success is moral. Discussions in the social address such adjustments. The adoption
commanders are those who, whether in sciences and military strategic studies have of transformational and transactional
times of war or peace, prioritize the needs focused heavily on the connection between leadership strategies will in the future
of the mission over their own needs and leadership style and morale. A new idea in enhance morale and contribute to overall
worries. By adhering to the organization’s the fields of transformational leadership mission success and military effectiveness.
beliefs and aims, leaders must be devoted
to enhancing cohesion in the units. In order
for people to accomplish the required goals,
leaders must be able to influence, encourage,
and inspire. Military leaders, particularly
those in AMISOM, must strike a balance
between completing missions successfully
and providing much-needed welfare to their
soldiers in the mission area. What is key in
such a circumstance is to provide the much-
needed social and psychological needs by
providing a conducive environment through
open communication, trust, and group
interactions. Military leaders have always
been interested in morale with the goal of
utilizing the extraordinary abilities required
for mission success without considering
the welfare of their subordinates thereby
affecting military effectiveness. According
to the article by Temitope B Oriola on
‘Nigerian soldiers on the war against Boko
Haram’ published by Royal African Society
Oxford, the war against Boko Haram failed Participants of Course 25 keenly following Gen Hecker’s Lecture at NDC.

80 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 PICTURES SPEAK

Commadant samples Malawi

cuisine after being received
by Col Patrick Simwaka at
Malawi Stand.

Justice Ouko delivering a lecture of opportunity.

Amb. Peter Kaberia, PS Ministry

of Sports delivering a lecture to
participants at NDC.

Gen James Hecker - US Africom delivering a

lecture of opportunity at NDC.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 81

 THE COLONIAL QUEEN
suspicious of the British and the interest her colonies. This saw the rapid adaptation
they had in the Suez canal. A deal by the of self-governance, of one man one vote
Egyptians, British, and the French was regardless of race, across East Africa. It was
reached in 1954 where it was agreed that a jubilant time but was quickly followed
both the French and the Brits would be by the corruption of the leaders aided by
allowed control of a narrow corridor of their European facilitators. The crown
the canal on Condition they withdraw their didn’t have such swift success in southern
troops from the canal. Africa in granting countries there their
The British tried to counter him with independence as they did in East and West
exigent measures, using spurious attacks on Africa. It forced the British prime minister
the Israelis as their reason. Unfortunately, to travel to South Africa and give his
world affairs superseded their concerns famous “winds of change” speech. To quote
as there was a Hungarian revolt going on him, he said: “the wind of change is blowing
col p k limo against the Soviet Union at the same time. through the continent whether we like it or
America thought that it would be best to not.” It should be remembered the people
kenya AIR FORCE

T
play nice with Egypt in order not to lose who were resisting the independence of
he British people and establishment a key strategic country to the Soviet block African nations south of the continent were
may have lost their queen but the and therefore spoke against Britain’s white settlers who had been for centuries
legacy of their overbearing foreign underhanded tactics toward Egypt in supported by the British crown.
policy still remains. It should be noted the United Nations. Thus Britain had to In 1952 a state of emergency was
that the monarch never publicly expressed comply and prime minister Eden resigned declared in Kenya leading to the arrest of
regret on her government’s colonial past and in disgrace. This was the watershed moment thousands of people who were then herded
swiftly moved on to form the commonwealth that one could actually safely claim was the into jail or reserves while hundreds of others
as if nothing atrocious ever occurred within beginning of the end of the British empire. were being killed. There were also covert
her colonies and now these independent The establishment from then henceforth killings of chiefs like Ole Lenana whom the
nations should naturally be her allies. feigned to seek goodwill from what Brits wanted history to record that he died
It should not be forgotten that the same appeared to be emerging new states in the of “dysentery”. Chief Koitalel Arap Samoei
year Queen Elizabeth ascended to the throne continent of Africa, but as time has shown it was neutralized by a British agent who
was the same year that the last king of Egypt was only a ruse to protect their interests and ensnared him by inviting him to parley only
was overthrown by his military. This was plundered wealth. This shifted the attention for the officer known as Meinertzhagen to
mainly due to the humiliation the military of the empire to the Gold Coast of Africa, shoot him at point-blank range. The killings
personnel felt as a result of the 1942 coup today known as Ghana. of these two chiefs happened before the
carried out by the British to impose on The British government saw the reign of Elizabeth, but they set the tone of
them a puppet monarch. Therefore it was jubilation across the entire continent and how the empire would deal with Africans.
only natural that the new regime would be decided to accelerate the independence of In Nigeria, her majesty’s government

Source:

82 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

supported the Nigerian government during It is thus worth pointing out that in the keep wishing upon a star.” Gitu Kahengeri
the Biafran war where a million people died. writer’s opinion, Africa does not mourn the who is the secretary general of the Mau Mau
The war lasted for three years. It was caused demise of Elizabeth but rather her reign veterans association was more polemic with
because the Igbo officers were frustrated at and though the death of a human being is a his disdain. He said: “I cannot forget that I
the killing of their kith and kin with impunity. tragic affair, it is more tragic to see Africans was incarcerated for seven years. I cannot
The legacy of callousness could be clearly mourn her. Bluntly put by a US-based forget that I was detained together with my
seen when her progeny appropriated large Nigerian-born professor, Uju Anya: “if father. I cannot forget that I left my children
tracts of land while the natives were hauled anyone expects me to express anything but for seven years without food, and without
into concentration camps and forced into disdain for the monarch who supervised a education. That I will not forget.”
hard labor. These areas came to be known government-sponsored genocide you can
as the white highlands.
The whole travesty started way back in
the 1500s when the landed gentry came up
with the concept of the common enclosure.
This was the process of forcing the lower
classes that shared common land resources
to move out of their lands and push them
into wage labor. This effectively cut off
their subsistence and forced the creation
of a large working class. It kick started
industrialization and much later introduced
gentrification. Land was not the only
thing stolen by the British from Africa
and never returned during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth. Precious artifacts were
appropriated from Nigeria, Benin and
Uganda, and many other countries. The
Bunyoro of Uganda has launched a formal
appeal for the artifacts to be expatriated
from the museums of London.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 83

 Source: Why Go to Botswana? Africa’s best authentic tailor-made safaris.

BOTSWANA TOURISM INDUSTRY:

ANOTHER DIAMOND IN THE WILDERNESS
estimates show that tourism has the potential fragile ecosystems including the Central
to contribute on average around 12% to Kalahari, Makgadikgadi Pans, and the
a country’s GDP. The study established Okavango Delta, they wanted to ensure
that; the contribution of the tourism sector that the natural habitats and the wildlife
towards GDP in most SADC countries is they sustained would be preserved for
above the global average, with the share of many future generations. More recently,
tourism in total economic activities being the Government sought to develop its eco-
highest in Seychelles (above 50% of GDP) tourism policies and directed the Botswana
and followed by Mauritius (more than 25% Tourism Organisation to develop the existing
of GDP). grading standards for accommodation
Botswana is known for its diamonds, facilities to include ‘green’ credentials. This
but they are not its main treasure. The resulted in the development of a new Eco-
real treasure and the value of Botswana is Certification scheme. The first of its kind in
its distinctive nature and wildlife. Hence, Africa.
COL M K MOKGADI Botswana has identified tourism as one The Okavango Delta is one of very few
Botswana Defence Force
of the key sectors that could help expand large inland delta systems without an outlet

T
ourism offers a wide array of the economy beyond diamond mining in to the sea, known as an endorheic delta, its
benefits, including economic the last two National Development Plans. waters drain instead into the desert sands
benefits for countries attracting a Pansiri and Mmereki have observed that the of the Kalahari Basin. The Okavango Delta
large number of visitors, due to the money potentials of what tourism can do to a country is further recognized as an Important Bird
they spend not only on their actual stay, but and its communities are overwhelming, Area, harbouring 24 species of globally
also on local businesses. It also provides a however, they have highlighted that care has threatened birds, including among others,
large number of jobs for people working to be taken to insure that Tourism does not six species of Vulture, the Southern Ground-
in the transport and hospitality industry, bring its negative impacts. Since tourism is Hornbill, Wattled Crane and Slaty Egret.
among others. community-based its development requires Botswana’s principal tourist attractions
In a study on the analysis of tourism the active support and participation of local are its game reserves, wildlife and
contribution to economic growth in SADC communities. It is, therefore, essential to wilderness with hunting and photographic
Countries by Albert Makochekanwa, it periodically consider tourism’s impacts safaris available. According to Botswana
was established that tourism contributes on communities, using communities’ Tourism Industry Report 2021, the
significantly to GDP, export earning, sensitivities. Botswana government has identified
employment, human and physical capital After Independence in 1966, the tourism as a sector that could contribute
investment of SADC countries. Global Botswana Government made the decision to the diversification of the economy from
to ‘manage’ tourism. As guardians of many its reliance on commodities. Tourism

84 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 Visitors are
captivated by
its dramatic
panoramas, from
the undulating
dunes of the
Kalahari Desert to
the lush Okavango
Delta. Clusters of
ancient baobab
trees and glittering
salt plains also draw
in the crowds.
Heritage site. Okavango Delta is one of
the most exclusive wilderness destinations
in the world. The world heritage site is the
backdrop to wild Africa’s grand spectacle,
presenting unparalleled wilderness
experiences in a serene inland delta unlike
anywhere else on Earth. An outstanding
example of the complexity, inter-
dependence and interplay of climatic, geo-
Source: Why Go to Botswana? The meandering rivers of the Okavango Delta.
morphological, hydrological, and biological
contributed 13.1% of Botswana’s GDP in glittering salt plains also draw in the crowds. processes. The continuous transformation
2019, increasing from 6.3% in 2000. In Whether it’s your first trip to Botswana or of geomorphic features such as islands,
2019, travel and tourism accounted for 8.9% your 10th, there is always something unique channels, river banks, flood plains, oxbow
of total employment in Botswana. and exciting to experience when visiting lakes and lagoons in turn influences the
According to, secretafrica.com, one of Africa’s most extraordinary safari abiotic and biotic dynamics of the Delta
Botswana is not only regarded as one of the destinations. including dryland grasslands and woodland
most exclusive safari destinations in Africa UNESCO World Heritage Convention habitats. It is therefore one of the iconic
but one of the most remarkable wilderness has classified Okavango Delta as a World places to visit in Botswana.
areas on earth. Boasting vast areas of
protected wilderness, pristine landscapes,
and rich diversity of wildlife, as a safari
destination.
Botswana’s wild landscapes attract
nature lovers from around the world, a
safari destination that boasts outstanding
wildlife density and variety, and it is wild
and organic without fences and developed
tourist facilities. Botswana tourism attracts
adventurous travellers who are passionate
about nature and wildlife experiences and
who are not nervous in the presence of wild
animals.
Visitors are captivated by its dramatic
panoramas, from the undulating dunes of
the Kalahari Desert to the lush Okavango
Delta. Clusters of ancient baobab trees and Source: Botswana Wildlife Highlights - Safari Concultants.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 85

 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
TSAVO NATIONAL PARKS
Change that commits state parties to on mitigation targets, has clearly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based increased.
on the scientific consensus that global b. Implementation is addressed
warming is occurring and that human- comprehensively, including linkages to
made CO2 emissions are driving it. The relevant national planning, regulatory
Protocol operationalized the United Nations and legislative processes as well as to
Framework Convention on Climate Change Sustainable Development Goals.
(UNFCCC). 192 nations committed to The Africa Climate week 2022 held on 29
reducing their emissions by an average of August to 02 September 2022 in Libreville -
5.2% by 2012, which would represent about Gabon in preparation for COP 27, 6th to 18
29% of the world’s total emissions. Countries November 2022 in Sharm el-Sheikh Egypt is
that ratified the Kyoto Protocol were assigned on-going. Focus is on recent developments
maximum carbon emission levels for specific and current trends, System transformations,
periods and participated in carbon credit Linkages between mitigation, adaptation,
trading. Others like the Doha Amendment sustainable development and strengthening
Col W N MURIMI and the Paris Climate Agreement have also the response to limit global warming.
KENYA NAVY tried to curb the global-warming crisis. Accelerated and equitable climate action

T
The UNFCCC participants signed another in mitigating, and adapting to, climate change
he world has had its fair share of pact, the Paris Climate Agreement, which impacts is critical to sustainable development.
challenges in combating climate effectively replaced the Kyoto Protocol. It Climate change actions can also result in some
change ranging from finances, natural addressed the negative effects of the climate trade-offs. The Sustainable Development
disasters such as drought and the need to crisis. A major directive of the agreement is Goals (SDGs) adopted under the UN 2030
produce enough food for the ever-growing to cut GHG emissions so as to limit global Agenda for Sustainable Development can be
populations. Kenya and most of Africa are temperature rise in this century to 2 degrees used as a basis for evaluating climate action
currently experiencing the harshest drought Celsius above pre-industrial levels. It in the context of sustainable development.
conditions in the century. The forests, shrubs, provides a way for developed nations to help There is a strong link between sustainable
savannah grasslands and ecosystems have developing nations and creates a framework development, vulnerability and climate risks.
not been spared by the ravages of the drought for monitoring and reporting countries’ Coordinated cross-sectoral policies and
and therefore necessitating urgent short-term climate goals transparently. planning can maximise synergies and avoid
and long-term mitigation measures. The updated Nationally Determined or reduce trade-offs between mitigation and
Tsavo East and Tsavo West are some of Contributions (NDCs) report submitted adaptation.
the major National Parks in Kenya. Despite in 2020 shows that governments take the Mitigation options which are feasible to
river Tsavo passing through both parks to NDCs and the Paris Agreement seriously, deploy in the near term. Feasibility differs
join river Galana and drain into the Indian with commitment and responsibility in the across sectors and regions. Barriers to
Ocean, no significant efforts have been made following areas: feasibility would need to be reduced and
to utilise its water to address the impending a. The quality of NDCs, including data enabling conditions strengthened to deploy
disaster. To mitigate the situation, concerted
efforts through an all-government approach
are required in the short term and long term.
Africa however, contributes negligibly
to the changing climate; it stands out
disproportionately as the most vulnerable
region in the world. This vulnerability
is driven by the prevailing low levels of
socioeconomic growth in the continent
majorly due to Land use, food security,
creation of income and enterprise
opportunities for the youth and economic
expansion. To mitigate this, UNEP Africa
office’s climate change work in the region
focuses on supporting countries to put in
place a structure for implementing their
climate action commitments.
The Kyoto protocol was an international
treaty which extended the 1992 United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate

86 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

mitigation options. They include geophysical, sustainability. technological, and economic policies and
environmental-ecological, technological, and Tracked financial flows fall short of the measures.
economic factors and especially institutional levels needed to achieve mitigation goals
and socio-cultural factors. across all sectors and regions. The challenge Recommendations
Policies shifting development pathways of closing gaps is the largest in developing Efforts should be towards saving the animals
towards sustainability broaden the portfolio countries. Scaling up mitigation financial and regeneration of the ecosystem. This can
of available mitigation responses. Climate flows can be supported by clear policy be done through the following:
governance, acting through laws, strategies choices and signals from governments and a. Water Drilling, Pumping and
and institutions, based on national the international community. Accelerated Troughing. Pumping water from Rivers
circumstances, supports mitigation by international financial cooperation is a critical Galana and Tsavo and building water troughs
providing frameworks through which diverse enabler of low-GHG and just transitions, and in the parks where animals can access water
actors interact. It is most effective when can address inequities in access to finance would greatly reduce the number of animals
integrated across multiple policy domains, and the costs of, and vulnerability to, the dying from lack of water or exhaustion from
helps realise synergies and minimise trade- impacts of climate change. travelling long distances.
offs, and connects national and sub-national International cooperation is a critical b. Paddocking and Tree planting
policymaking levels. Effective and equitable enabler for achieving ambitious climate Programmes. The adoption of forests (parks)
climate governance builds on engagement change mitigation goals. The UNFCCC, and starting of reforestation programmes are
with civil society actors, political actors, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement also necessary to regenerate the ecosystem.
businesses, youth, labour, media and local are supporting rising levels of national This can be done in bits where certain
communities. ambition and encourage the development areas are fenced off, watered and trees are
Many regulatory and economic and implementation of climate policies. replanted before being reopened again.
instruments have already been deployed Partnerships, agreements, institutions and c. Community Engagement.
successfully. Policy packages that enable initiatives operating at the sub-global and Community initiatives should be
innovation and build capacity are better at sectoral levels and engaging multiple actors incorporated into all the actions taken to
supporting a shift towards equitable low- are emerging. ensure acceptance, support and continuity.
emission futures than individual policies. The Tsavo Case requires concerted Small community projects can be initiated
Economy-wide packages, consistent with effort through the whole of government to reduce community overreliance on forest
national circumstances, can meet short-term (Multiagency) approach in the deployment products and foster support for government
economic goals while reducing emissions of mitigation options. They should include programmes.
and shifting development pathways towards geophysical, environmental-ecological,

THE THIEVES IN OUR BUS

A Case Study of Alexander The Great
grandfather when my elder brother ran the Crocodile Party’s candidate corrupt
inside, grabbed my grandfather’s matchet, and a thief. My brother flared up and said
and ran outside. I ran after him to see or “I know what this man did for me when he
know what was happening. My brother is a visited our village, he was caring, he loves
hot-tempered person who unlike me smokes the masses and he gave some bags of rice
cigarette and takes alcohol and these and groundnut oil to the villagers during his
usually affect his behaviour, particularly rally. He even paid for Mr Lekwot Thondalis
in what he believes in. Unlike my elder hospital bill when he was sick. How can you
brother, I don’t smoke because smokers are call him a thief and corrupt individual, what
liable to die young, but I take ‘shisha’ or has your Elephant Party’s candidate done to
‘weed’ otherwise called ‘marijuana’, which the people?”
usually reflects in my gentle behaviour and We tried and separated the two
approaches to issues. quarrelling persons and, in the process, my
I followed my elder brother outside, grandfather came out and beckoned them to
and I discovered that it was an argument sit down he began a story thus: An employee
Col T A AYOOLA
between him and his old-time friend who received his salary and boarded a crowded
NIGERIAN ARMY
belongs to a different political party that bus back to his home, and there was a thief

I
t was one hot afternoon in the month of was arguing over the honesty of their in the bus, so the thief stole the employee’s
November of that year, the campaigns candidates. My elder brother is a member of money from his pocket. After the employee
for the next general elections have the Crocodile Party while his friend belongs had reached his destination and the driver
been heated up and every supporter was to Elephant Party. The two had argued about asked for the fare, the employee found
putting their best to sway the general public which candidate was more honest, truthful nothing in his pocket, his face blushed and
to support their candidate. I was with our and competent to lead the country and, in his tongue became heavy, so the driver said
the process, my elder brother’s friend called mockingly: Shame on you, you consider

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 87

 Our only means of
having the feelings
of what it feels
like graduating
from a standard
institution is when
we see their children
being celebrated
on social media;
we aren’t even
invited- who invites
the downtrodden
to feast?!
yourself a respected person while you dining tables during election time. to return the rest of the money and then ask
cannot afford your transport fare! Pride hit Our only means of having the feelings of for forgiveness from the people they have
a portion of the thief’s ego and he said to the what it feels like graduating from a standard stolen from, to buy themselves comforts in
mocking driver: My brother, the teacher’s institution is when we see their children another man’s lands. The number of thieves
fare is on me! The thief offered to help the being celebrated on social media; we aren’t in our bus is increasing all the time because
teacher, his victim, not out of pity for the even invited- who invites the downtrodden we continue praising them for returning
poor teacher but to buy trust and confidence to feast?! While they do this, they save small bits from the much, they steal from us.
from the other passengers, by using some of some of the stolen money from the national At this point, my elder brother who could
the stolen money. As a fact, the thief earned treasury and then share it amongst us to not complete his university education due
respect from the rest of the passengers and buy our consciences under the guise of to incessant strikes and high school fees
driver of the bus. The poor employee smiled helping the electorates and then some of the realized that the Crocodile Party Candidate
and said to the thief: May God bless you oppressed citizens praise them, thank them children are all outside the country for their
and multiply your likes, sir! Then some and celebrate them. This is the reason why education. My brother then remembered
of the passengers on the bus praised the the number of politicians who are stealing that his party’s candidate came by helicopter
thief, praised his kindness, and also prayed our money from our national treasury is to our community during his last campaign
for him and that God should increase his increasing. No matter how big a politician due to a bad road. He retorted, why am I
kind. Since then, the number of thieves has gives in this Federal Republic of Benbuza fighting my old-time friend because of him,
increased, and they still receive our thanks of today, he deserves no appreciation, what they are all ‘Thieves in our Bus’.
and appreciation; we are still on a bus where he deserves is to explain when he is going
thieves rob us, and we thank them for their
kindness. This is the metaphor for the state
of our nation, Benbuza!
Looking at what the politicians are
campaigning with, and what their supporters
are praising them for, one cannot do but say
that: indeed, the victims of the thieves on
our bus this year are surplus! The politicians
rob us of our education to send their children
overseas to get standard education. They
rob us of our peace but travel overseas to
enjoy peace in another man’s land. They
give us death traps as roads but fly in their
expensive planes. They deny us electricity
but buy themselves fuel to power their
generators. They do all of these on the
detriment of our collective comfort and
rights, they equally weaponize poverty to
bait us with the crumbs falling from their

88 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED
ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE?
night and day temperatures. Furthermore, I rise in temperature results in unpredictable
got to witness the daily struggle of Turkana heavy and violent rainfalls.Droughts have
residents as they sought to find water and also been linked to climatic changes, as in
food for themselves and their cattle over the case of Turkana and Kajiado. In these
long distances under the scorching sun. areas, droughts have led to reduced or
Some of the residents told me that the drying up vegetation and grass, resulting
temperatures that year were much higher in challenges among pastoral communities
than the previous year, and they only got a since their animals and income are impacted.
week’s rain during that year. As such, they Nonetheless, drought has a dire impact on
had to walk long distances searching for animals and humans and the country’s food
water and pasture and faced heat-related security.
illnesses. However, some scholars and
Although most of them had no clue why academicians hold the belief that
the weather had suddenly changed for the individuals should not be concerned about
MR F O ESHIKUTA
worst, I had no doubt in my mind that this climate change since it causes mental stress.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

T
was attributed to global warming due to Hayes et al. (2018) argue that people should
he world should be alarmed by the global climate change. avoid fallinginto trauma and depression by
impacts of climate change. It is The case for Kajiado is almost the not concerning themselves with matters
of great concern and importance, same as that of Turkana. Located in the of climate change. However, I believe
and something tangible needs to be done. South of Kenya, Kajiado is also one of the this approach is wrong and we ought to
Climate change is defined as the variation largest counties in Kenya andis home to the do something to alleviate the impacts of
of weather patterns in a specific area over widely known national parks in the country, climate change since we have the power and
a long period. Human activities are the including the Amboseli National Park. capability to make changes today.
leading causes of climate change, leading to The residents are also largely pastoralists. My opinion, therefore, is that people
droughts, wildfires, and hotter temperatures. During my visit to Kajiado, I experienced should take the initiative to reduce the
Various activities, including fossil burning fast hand the effect of climate change in the impacts of climate change since it affects
and deforestation, lead to carbon monoxide form of drought and loss of livestock due both us and future generations. Scholars,
emissions into the atmosphere, resulting in to little rains and extreme heat conditions. including Hayes, should desist from
higher global temperatures. Consequently, I Interestingly, Kajiado borders Nairobi and misleading the masses about climate
believe that we, as the planet’s inhabitants, hosts various industries. These industries change.
should put measures and actions that reduce are one of the major causes of climate
the impacts of climate change for the sake change due to their release of greenhouse
of the current and future generations. gases, including carbon monoxide, into the
In late 2021, I had a chance to visit atmosphere leading to global warming.
the counties of Turkana and Kajiado in According to Guo et al. (2018), climate
Kenya,where I witnessed fast- hand the change results in increased temperatures
effects and consequences of climate change as a result of the release of greenhouse
in the form of drought, diseases, poverty, gases.It has been noted that the global rise
and loss of poverty and lives. Turkana in temperature is linked to heat-related
happens to be the largest Kenyan County in ailments, including cramps. Moreover,
terms of land area and is in the Northwest extremely high temperatures have been
part of the country. It is a semi-arid county known to result in heatstroke. It has been
that borders Lake Turkana. Turkana associated with high temperatures in most
residents are normally pastoralists with a areas like Australia where wildfires are
large herd of cattle. When I visited Turkana rampant. Interestingly, high temperatures
in September 2021, I felt the most extreme favor the spread of fires through the dry
weather conditions combined with high lands. Furthermore, in extreme cases, the
Source: World Health Organization (WHO).

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 89

 TREK TO THE EVEREST BASE CAMP
The journey starts from Kathmandu, the meters, it is a popular place for visitors to
capital city of Nepal. The trek starts from the Himalayas near Mount Everest to arrive.
Lukla after your arrival in a small mountain Lukla is served by the Tenzing-Hillary
flight from Kathmandu. From Lukla, the Airport, is the busiest, serving as the key
trek goes through Phakding, Namche point of entry and exit for climbers hoping
Bazaar, Khumjung, Tengboche, Debuche, to ascend Everest. Weather permitting,
Pangboche, Dingboche, Thukla, Lubuche, twin-engined Dornier and Twin Otters make
Gorakshep, Everest Base Camp and return. frequent daylight flights between Lukla and
The total distance cover during the trek is Kathmandu/Ramechhap.
120 kilometers on both sides. The maximum
altitude gain during the trek is 5365 meters. Lukla - Monjo
Walk for around 3 hours through villages,
Access to Nepal forests and some long ass bridges to reach
Col D K Karki Nepal Airline is the national flag carrier of Phakding, Walk for another 3 hours to settle
NEPALI ARMY Nepal with flights to and fro various cities for the night at Monjo. Monjo is the last

T
of India, Dubai (UAE), Doha (Qatar), village before the Sagarmatha National Park
rekking to the Mount Everest Base Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), Narita (Japan), and is quite a sight during late May when
Camp (EBC) in Nepal is in many Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) and number of there is a profusion of pretty foxgloves. The
ways like visiting a real mountain International airlines operating from/to grandeur of rock formations in this area is
museum. Nowhere else on earth is there Nepal. Visitors coming to Nepal by land a fitting tribute to the highest National Park
such a dense concentration of mountains of can enter through Nepal-India border and in the world.
such stature. Four out of ten of the world’s Nepal-China border. Overland, tourists
highest peaks are here. You will be breathing entering the country with or without their Monjo - Namche Bazaar
and eating mountains throughout. In the vehicles must possess international customs Enter Sagarmatha National Park and walk
backdrop of this grandeur, you will find the formalities. uphill for around two to three hours to
Himalayan Tahrs as tame as your domestic reach Namche Bazaar, Namche Bazaar, a
goats and the iridescent Himalayan Monal Kathmandu / Ramechhap–Lukla gateway to the high Himalayas and known
more trusting than your barn chicken. To (Altitude: 2,860 meters, Flight time: for offering wonderful views of the snow-
top it all, the amazing Sherpa hospitality 30 Minutes) capped peaks, is considered to hold the
comes second to none. In the contemplative Lukla is a small town in the Khumbu distinction of being the wealthiest district
adventure that is the Everest Base Camp Pasanglhamu rural municipality of the in Nepal. It is in fact, a junction of trekking
Trek, you will miss nothing, not even the Solukhumbu District in the Province No. trails where different Everest trek routes are
internet. 1 of north-eastern Nepal. Situated at 2,860 diverged. Stroll around Namche and enjoy

Lukla Airport, Source: theculturetrip.com

90 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Namche Bazaar, Source: trekebe.com Lobuche Village, Source: honeyguideapps.com

the sunset from the National Park View a monastic settlement established by Lama sceneries to reach Thukla right at the mouth
Point. Gulu for the benefit of nuns. of the Khumbu Glacier (3 hours), Settle in
for the night at Lobuche (3 hours). Tucked
Namche – Tengboche – Deboche Deboche – Dingboche safely in a corner near the meeting point of
Walk past the beautiful mountain views of Walk past the village of Pangboche to Lobuche and Khumbu glaciers, this place
AmaDablam, Thamserku, and Kangtega to reach Syomare (3 hours), walk further offers some of the most breathtaking views
reach Phungi Tenga and then walk out for up to settle in for the night at Dingboche. of the mountains. One of the more popular
Himalaya Tahr and Himalaya Monals on Dingboche which used to be a summer viewpoints is at the top of the moraine and
the first section. Climb up to the famous settlement for yak grazing now caters to a futuristic looking high altitude research
Tengboche Monastery. Tengboche is also trekkers year round. Located about 1,000m center.
called Buddhist lighthouse, has something above Namche it is crucial that you take
of a charm about it. The famous Tengboche a rest day here for acclimatization. There Lobuche - Everest Base Camp –
Gompa has a part to play in this, but the are plenty of opportunities for day hikes, Gorakshep
beautiful birch-rhododendron forest and the most popular ones being Chukung and An early start from Lobuche will make sure
the expansive views offered by this ridge Nangkartshang Peak. that you get to Gorakshep (3 hours) in good
top settlement have got to be the ones that time to have a leisure time in Everest Base
nail it. Walk further 20 minutes to reach at Dingboche – Thukla – Lobuche Camp, walk to Everest Base Camp and come
the quiet monastic village of Deboche. It is Walk past some amazing mountain back to Gorakshep to settle down for the
night. Gorakshep marks the end of lodges
and will be your base camp for your trips
to the Everest Base Camp and Kala Patthar.
The birdlife is surprisingly tame here and
especially noticeable are the snowcocks and
choughs. The place actually gets its name
from a bird, the raven which is called gorak
by the Sherpas.
Getting to the Everest Base Camp
doesn’t have to be technically difficult, but
you have to be reaching into thin air. By the
time one reachesto the Everest Base Camp,
an individual will be acclimatized to the
altitude and gain sufficient psychological
strength and physical stamina, likely to take
lesser time to return Lukla as compared to
approaching Everest Base Camp.
Everest Base Camp, Source: honeyguideapps.com

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 91

 THE DARK HISTORY OF PRESIDENTIAL
ASSASSINATIONS SHAPED
THE AMERICAN POLICIES (1865-1965)
This historic perspective sounds rather mocking but it is a true historical fact that the United States of America (USA) lost
four (04) seating presidents in assassinations within the period of 100 years, an occurrence that successively and coinci-
dentally shaped today ‘seen to be firm’ policies of the American government.

southern senator to remain loyal to the union revenge when he was denied the post.
during the civil war. He favoured lenient
measures in readmitting southern states to Chester a. Arthur - The 21st
the union during the reconstruction era. President (1881 to 1886)
A proponent of states’ rights Johnson The assassination of Garfield by Guiteau,
granted amnesty to most former the disgruntled public officer seeker,
Confederates and allowed southern states became the impetus for the Pendleton Civil
to elect new governments. As a result, new Service Act. Garfield’s successor, Chester
state governments formed across the South A Arthur, signed this Civil Service Act in
and enacted “black codes”. These restrictive 1883 and was called- the 1883 Act, which
measures were designed to repress the reformed the Civil Service System and
recently freed slave population. Soon many further established the principle that federal
African-Americans had little choice but to jobs should be awarded based on merit
continue working on southern plantations. rather than political patronage.
Col P Kihuta, psc (U)
UGANDA PEOPLES’ Defence Forces
James A Garfield - The 20th William McKinley - The 25th

T
his historic perspective sounds rather President (4th Mar 1881 to 19 Sep President (6th Sept 1901 -14 Sept
mocking but it is a true historical fact 1881). 1901)
that the United States of America On July 2nd, 1881, President James A Anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot
(USA) lost four (04) seating presidents Garfield was shot twice – in the arm and back PresidentWilliamMcKinleyon September
in assassinations within the period of 100 as he entered the old Baltimore and Potomac 6, 1901. McKinley was shaking hands at
years, an occurrence that successively and railroad station in Washington D.C. The a public reception, at the Pan-American
coincidentally shaped today ‘seen to be former Ohio congressman, was en-route to exposition affair in Buffalo, New York.
firm’ policies of the American government. Massachusetts to give an Independence Day Czolgosz concealed his weapon with a
speech. He had been a president for only handkerchief and shot Mckinley twice in
Abraham Lincoln - The 16th four months at the time. Garfield survived the stomach at close range. Mckinley died
President (1861-1865) the initial injury but died two months later of his wounds eight (08) days later, on
He was assassinated on 15/04/1865 by a from a severe infection. The infection September 14. McKinley’s assassination led
well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth. likely was the result of unsanitary surgical to the creation of the modern Secret Service.
The assassin actor shouted “sic semper practices as doctors attempted to remove the Before McKinley’s death, presidential
tyrannis” (ever thus to tyrants!). The south bullet from his back. security was sloppy and often piecemeal.
is avenged,” as he jumped into the stage Charles Guiteau, the man who shot After his death, the Secret Service originally,
and fled on horseback. The assassination Garfield, was an unsuccessful lawyer and a branch of the treasury department created
of President Abraham Lincoln was just one preacher who had stalked the president to investigate counterfeit currency, become
part of a larger plot to amputate the federal around Washington DC for weeks before the president’s dedicated permanent security
government of the US plan of construction the attack. Months earlier he had written a detail.
after the civil war. Lincoln never lived to speech on Garfield’s behalf. The speech
enact this policy. He died the following was largely ignored, but Guiteau had formed Theodore Roosevelt - The 26th
morning on 15th April 1865. His successor the delusion that it had been a deciding President (1901-1909)
Andrew Johnson assumed office and factor in the president’s victory. McKinley’s successor Theodore Roosevelt
presided over the reconstruction. Seeking patronage for the “vital was widely regarded as the first modern
Andrew Johnson – The 17th president assistance he had provided to the president president. Roosevelt increased the power
(1865-1869) was a congressman and former Guiteau insisted he should be awarded of the executive branch by enforcing
slaveholder from Tennessee and the only an ambassadorship in Paris. He turned to strong anti-trust legislation at home, while

92 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

simultaneously increasing the influence of
the United States in global politics abroad.

John F Kennedy - The 35th

President (1961-1963)
President J F Kennedy’s assassination
took place on November 22, 1963. He was
traveling with his wife Jacqueline and the
Texas governor John Connally in an open-
top convertible during a 10-mile motorcade
through Dallas, Texas, when gunman Lee
Harvey Oswald fired three shots from the
sixth-floor window of a nearby building.
Two shots hit President Kennedy in the
head, killing him instantly. One bullet struck
Connally, who survived the assassination
attempt. Oswald was shot and killed two
days later by Dallas nightclub owner Jack
Ruby as he was escorted out of police racial segregation and provided greater backdrop of the today Secret Service and
headquarters. protections to black voters then. finally John F Kennedy providing the very
Before his death, then Vice President All in all, things never come the easy strong Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights to
Lyndon B Johnson (who was three cars way with the Presidential assassinations of; BlackVoters. Therefore, the current United
behind Kennedy in the motorcade), took Abraham Lincoln forming the background States of America unprecedently had to go
advantage of the national outpouring of of the Reconstruction Policy after the Civil through these presidential assassinations to
sympathy after Kennedy’s death to push War, James A Garfield forming the basis of appreciate where they are today in terms of
through the historic Civil Rights Act and the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, Policies.
Voting Rights which helped in ending the while for, William McKinley offered the

LEPROSY: THE FORGOTTEN DISEASE

saliva droplets as well as through frequent burden.
contact with untreated cases. It can also lead Initially, there was no known treatment
to disability or disfigurement if not detected for leprosy and hence, lepers were segregated
and treated early. from family and isolated in camps. In
Biblically, leprosy was a disease Kenya, the isolation of lepers began in the
inflicted by God upon the transgressors of 1930’s when lepers were segregated in a
His law. Leprosy corrupted the body so colony at Kaloleni, in the country’s coastal
conspicuously that it served as a symbol area. The first colony consisted of 36 lepers.
of sinfulness. The disease was so feared This was during Kenya’s colonial era and
because whoever had it was considered money was set aside to maintain the lepers.
to have been smitten by God. The priests Kaloleni Hospital in Kilifi County, which
would pronounce such people as unclean was built by the Church Missionary Society,
and they therefore had to live segregated had an agreement with the government to
from the community. The Jews expected receive funding to treat the lepers but the
Dr. C A Asin Jesus the Messiah to remove the affliction, staff did not allow the lepers in their wards.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH which he often did by cleansing the lepers. Reverend Burns pleaded with the colonial

L
Archeology suggests that leprosy first government to establish a camp for the
eprosy, also known as ‘Hansen’s appeared in China and later on in Europe lepers, give them financial support and
Disease’ is a body bacterial infection three centuries before Christ. Today, leprosy allow them to be taken care of until death
that damages the skin, nerves, upper is curable and not highly contagious as relieved them of this awful disease.
respiratory tract and the eyes. Leprosy previously thought. However, the disease A leper’s colony was therefore
causing pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae has continued to carry social stigma as it established in Kaloleni near the hospital
multiplies slowly and the disease may have used to during the olden biblical times. which became a home to the lepers.
an incubation period of five years. This Lepers are seen as fringes of the society and Those that got healed of the disease never
disease is transmitted through mucus and treated as outcasts thereby carrying a heavy went back home due to stigmatization.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 93

 surveillance of leprosy.
Further, studies in Kenya have shown
that more men than women are infected
with leprosy. However, this has not
been conclusively decided because the
previous studies have been conducted
with uncertainty. It has been found that
the counties with high risk of leprosy have
open water bodies where people bathe and
this can catalyze transmission. In 2021,
Kenya recorded 99 cases of leprosy which
was a slight increase from the 95 cases
detected in 2020. This can be attributed to
the COVID-19 pandemic which disrupted
the implementation of leprosy program in
Kenya. It has also been found that those
affected to the point of disability are detected
late. This can be attributed to inadequate
knowledge amongst health practitioners and
a delay by the patients in seeking care.
Since then, the number of lepers has been Disabled patients are hidden by their Kenya had a National Strategic plan
increasing in Kaloleni. In 1955, a Leprosy families which implicates negatively for leprosy 2015-2018, which was used
Research Centre was established in Alupe, on the socioeconomic status of these to improve leprosy surveillance in Kenya
Busia County in memory of John Lowe communities. This is further triggered by by guiding cost-effective programmatic
Alupe, who was a dedicated leprosy worker the stigmatization associated with leprosy. interventions with focus on the high-risk
in India. The Centre was started with 300 Early diagnosis, multi-drug therapy and counties. There is need to sensitize the
patients and was being run by the Ministry tackling stigma are the suggested ways of community and volunteers in these counties
of Health. With introduction of Sulphone reducing the psychological and economic on leprosy especially on early diagnosis
drugs in the British colonies, lepers were impacts of leprosy. This can reduce the and treatment, tracing the contacts of those
offered outpatient treatment. There was a endemic in the high-risk counties in Kenya. screened and provision of high quality
need to introduce leprosy villages for ease However, leprosy control activities have care to the infected and affected. Similarly,
of access to medication and care for the not been a priority in Kenya. According to county health departments need to be
lepers. However, locals did not want leper research conducted in 2014, it was revealed proactive and allocate resources towards
colonies in their neighbourhood due to the that there are active and increasing cases of leprosy control. The leprosy surveillance
stigma associated with leprosy. One of the leprosy especially in Kwale, Kisumu and system in Kenya should also focus on
villages in Alupe was literally burnt down Homabay. Leprosy cases in Kenya do not improvement of treatment outcomes and
and the sick were never supported to rebuild receive financial support consistent with generation of monitoring and evaluation
their houses. the cases. Additionally, the health system data that can be compared over time.
By 1989, Kenya had attained leprosy in Kenya relies heavily on the passive
elimination to 1 case per 1000 persons.
However, there are still cases of leprosy
in some counties in the country. In a study
conducted for the period 2012-2015, it
was found that children that are less than
15 years account for 7.5% of all leprosy
cases in Kenya. The study further revealed
that Kwale and Kilifi have the highest risk
of leprosy while Homabay and Turkana
have the lowest relative risk. These areas
have been marked as hotspots for leprosy
occurrence and transmission. Leprosy
transmission in Kenya is active with cases
increasing with age. Most of the infections
occur in young adulthood with high cases
of disability rather than mortality in late
adulthood.
The high cases of disability resulting
from leprosy are due to late diagnosis.

94 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 I THOUGHT YOU SHOULD KNOW
pride of lions constitutes mostly female a glimpse of five giraffes. With their long
lions and their cubs, and usually has up to necks, they stared at us below in a giraffe’s
twenty members. eye view and my son wondered loudly if
The lion kingdom is an organized one there was a difference between a bird’s
such that every pride has a leader referred to and giraffe’s eye views. Honestly, I had
as the mane. The key role of the mane is to no answer. We admired in silence, till my
ensure; maintenance of order, safety of cubs son raised an animal trivia at us, “what is a
as well as pride-mates and observance of group of giraffes called?” a herd, I quickly
pride law. Since lions move across physical retorted. There and then, I was schooled
borders, you may nudge a student of that the more appropriate name is a tower
international law near you and exclaim that of giraffes. As if to add insult to injury, he
you have just made a new discovery! ‘pride went ahead to state that he learnt that when
law’ is a source of international law, really? he was a pre-schooler. Oh me!!Aha! just
Mr E K Obura it applies to the pride even when they cross like you, now I know.
KENYA revenue authority
physical borders of states.

O
In the spirit of gender mainstreaming, let
ne of my ‘moments of pride’ me state here that a group of male lions is
was during a visit to the Nairobi called a coalition. Constituent members are
National Park in 2018, where I usually (though not exclusive to) brothers
came across a group of lions. What a pride and cousins who have been brought up in
to behold. My family had been nudging me the same pride. A time comes when a male
to take them for a game drive at the park, lion desires to sire cubs and start a new
but I had been postponing that moment by generation. He must separate himself from
telling them to wait for God’s time, and his pride, identify a new pride, displace the
keep praying for this. It appeared their dominant male there and take-over the pride
prayers were being answered the moment and be its key defender. This is no mean feat
I issued a ‘family decree’ to the effect that in the wild, hence such a one may partner
we were to visit the park the following day. with other males to form a coalition, thereby
A Tower of Giraffes in Nairobi. Source: https://
Joy could be sensed in the air; the house was enhancing his chances of success. www.amanigardensinn.com
filled with an aura of thanksgiving to God
who answers prayer. Talk of getting schooled!! Our bus
drive proceeded smoothly and we were
approaching a watering point within the
park. We noticed that amidst the calmness
of the water, there seemed to be some
protruding leaf-like figures. At first, I
saw a pair, then two, three and counting.
These were the ears of hippos submerged
The Mapogo Coalition, Kruger National Park. in the water. Our driver slowed down,
Source: https://www.kingdomstv.com and I thought to myself…is another trivia
Lions from Dynasties. Source: bbcearth.com loading? Before I knew it, my wife noticed
It appeared that in this ‘park-venture’, five hippos in sight. She proceeded to do
Boom! The day came and off-we-went my knowledge capacity would tower above the unthinkable, asking my son to “find out
and shortly, park-we-arrived. After the entry the level it had been prior to our arrival. from daddy the name for a group of hippos”.
protocols, our bus drive began, and within As we drove along, my six-year-old son The trivia was then shot at me once again
the first 15 minutes of our drive, boom! noticed that while within the park, there and like in the earlier incident, I was not in
boom! without notice we experienced a was an excellent view of Nairobi City and a frame of mind to quickly volunteer the
‘pride moment’ surrounded by over ten specifically the Times Tower building, right answer. As I stared into blankness,
lions. By now, you could be aware that a which houses the taxman in Kenya. a hint is aptly provided to the effect that
group of lions is called a pride, not exactly, Suddenly, we noticed the tree branches students meet there every morning. My
let us clear this out before we progress. A moving as if disturbed, a closer look gave guess of a school bus was rendered not-

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 95

so-smart, prompting a deep conversation; “Daddy listen carefully! she finished her conversation, she was asked the name for a group
that is a school of hippos, understood?” Of course, I had more than of rhinos as there were three of them ahead of us. She responded
understood, I was already in the realm of disillusionment. without blinking “it is called a crash”. She then proceeded to remind
my son to school me that not every group of animals is referred to as
a herd, to which I responded that it is safe to herd-it till you know-it.
My hopes of an equalizer were indeed crashed at this point, and the
game drive was over. I tried to find out how she knew of the crash of
rhinoceroses, and realized that her phone conversation was with Mr.
Google, our modern-day virtual encyclopaedia. If you know, you
know, as for me, I thought you should know!!

Hippo School, Seronera River, Serengeti. Tanzania.

Source: https://www.123rf.com/

We were not through, and I was quietly hopeful for the best in
the next leg of our drive. I saw a herd of rhinos, and to avoid further
embarrassment, I was first to remind my son that it was mummy’s
turn to answer his questions from this point onwards. The trivia Hippo School, Seronera River, Serengeti. Tanzania.
was quickly loading… as mummy was talking on her phone. When Source: https://www.123rf.com/

THE FUTURE OPERATING

ENVIRONMENT
was cautiously balanced by precarious which new actors, both state and non-state,
uncertainty. The emerging world has interact.
proved to be a combination of international
rivalries, non-state actors leveraging Discussion
power asymmetrically, and challenges to Great power competition in the 20th century
traditional politics. Most countries today reinforced a posture and readiness to fight
face more complex and divergent threats conventional wars. The last three decades
from a myriad of sources like terrorism, have witnessed threats and conflicts
cyber attack, large scale accidents, natural involving unconventional, asymmetric
hazards etc. The operating environment warfare waged by individuals and groups in
is “a set of conditions, circumstances and shifting alliances in a complex, chaotic and
influences that affects the use of capabilities competitive environment. Such complexity
and decisions of the military commander. has created gray zones between outright war
Col P M Kimondiu Advances in technology have allowed and peace, where diverse actors compete
KENYA ARMY people to connect globally, migrate more for resources, access, territory, and power

T
easily, and compete for resources, leading within states. Operating successfully in
he end of the Cold War brought
to diffusion of centralized power and such environments requires a detailed
hope that the World would cease
shifting traditional identities. The operating understanding of likely trends and their
teetering on the brink of existential
environment has evolved to extraordinarily disruptive potential. This part identifies the
annihilation. This hope of a better world
complex, dynamic, and adaptive systems in trends that may certainly shape the future

96 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

operating environment. biggest impact of resource scarcities are felt prior to replacement.
Technological Evolution: Technology will continue to Where it takes long due to weak or unwilling states, regional
evolve with change, advances in processing and computing, and competition, or local people using up resources for their personal
dispersion of technology to traditional centres of power and the needs, there is a higher chance of resource driven conflicts.
people. Technological evolution and absorption by the population Conflicts can occur directly as with water scarcity in Syria, or
is growing exponentially. For example the iPhone 3G launched in indirectly through commodity futures like the Arctic where several
2008 sold ten million units in five months worldwide. This speed nations scramble to interpret existing international laws concerning
of technology diffusion pushed the industry to evolve web access undersea territories in their favor.
to new web-enabled smart phones. These points to continued rise Demographic Shifts: Migration due to drought, floods, physical
in technological adoption through increased development and changes in landscapes due to climate change, political oppression,
decreased costs, with more capacity to overcome infrastructural and economic opportunities are some of the demographic drivers.
drags. This ability leads to the assessments that such technology Though migration can result in the blending of cultures, ethnicities,
hunger and fulfillment will continue to increase in future. and ideologies as groups assimilate into their new region; on the
Cyber warfare: Cybercrimes are not new digital ways to other hand, disparate cultures, ethnic tensions and stigmatizing
ransom, blackmail or pirate information and can be perpetrated stereotypes can force people into small enclaves or neighborhoods of
anonymously with undiscovered access. ethnically homogenous migrants. Broader
Use of cyber warfare against states Cybercrimes are not integration issues, influx of migrants not
includes major disruptions of digitally new digital ways to only strains infrastructure and security
managed key infrastructure, precipitating apparatuses in the short-term, but can
catastrophic economic, physical and ransom, blackmail or cause the counter-reaction of centralized
humanitarian outcomes. The cyberspace pirate information and nationalism.
is ubiquitous pervading every aspect of Comments: With these, it’s clear
the physical environments to a higher can be perpetrated that future technological innovation will
degree. Dominance of global cyberspace anonymously with allow artificial intelligence and other
may be impossible and states will struggle technologies to rule the battle space.
to control it, because of its widely undiscovered access. Connections between cyber and physical
dispersed infrastructure. The rise of cyber Use of cyber warfare assets will grow into the future with more
warfare against states; cybercrime against information moving to cloud. Digital
corporate and personal entities; as well against states includes services will continue increasing with
as social and economic changes brought major disruptions of more people working remotely from
about by virtual connections that augment less-secured networks thereby widening
if not replace physical real relationships, digitally managed the vulnerability. Globalization being an
will have an impact. key infrastructure, inherently unstable system that breeds
Globalization: Technology insecurity, will generate more conflicts
and globalization have created an precipitating as perceived grievances and competition
interconnectedness of the global population catastrophic for resources lead to economic struggles.
that has occurred in the absence of absolute- Developing countries will experience
gains seeking context. The practice of economic, physical youth population explosion; keep large
governments and opposition groups and humanitarian families hence create youth bulges.
remains fixed on their own interests. The With limited job opportunities, they
“hypocrisy” of promised benefits running outcomes. won’t absorb the manpower in their
into unmet expectations for a better life economies, creating sources of instability
will remain a core potential for anti-status quo groups to catalyze and recruitment terrain for terrorists and criminal groups. These
core grievances on a scale and ease not experienced in previous notwithstanding, it’s assessed the future of warfare will largely
decades. Tools that enable populations to communicate and organize remain human.
are also facilitating their fragmentation; identity-based populations These characteristics are neither definitive nor all-inclusive.
quickly coalesce around perceived grievances, unencumbered by Future operating environment will be more complex and ambiguous
state boundaries, and enabled by instant communications. in all aspects. Manoeuvres will be through densely-crowded,
Resource Competition: Growing populations and environmental increasingly complex, technologically-connected terrain, while
changes point to resources conflict. Resources are coming under focusing on the human domain, influence, and cyber operations.
increasing competition driven in part by scarcity, environmental That situation would be best met by an integrated methodology that
factors and shifting populations. Until such a time as replacement utilizes flexible and creative approaches plus an appreciation of the
sources can be found, conflict among and across populations will complexity of the global ecosystem.
increase. It’s worth noting that resource competitions occur during
a narrow band of time between plenty–scarcity–replacement. The

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 97

 Kikuyu Males- Circumcision
no groups advocating for men’s rights, and early chill, the water flowing from God’s
indeed circumcision is fore most a much- seat, Kīrī Nyaga or God’s sleeping hides.
yearned practice, though slightly dreaded, Nyandarwa, was ice cold and when the boys
event. The shame that surrounds a boy dipped themselves up to the waist, they came
who flinches or cries during the incitation out numbed to face the circumciser’s knife.
will remain with him throughout his life: to Even after weeks of preparation, it was a
flinch is a sign that he is not as manly as his painful experience. The real test was facing
age mates, and cannot be trusted with the the knife without flinching. The boys would
defense or governance of his people. Few, stand up straight with the river behind them
in consequence, fail the ordeal. and with their faces unblinkingly looking
straight up to the hills Top. The supporter
The meaning of circumcision (Mutiiri), of each boy would stand behind
Outwardly a relatively simple physical him, and the circumciser would move
act, circumcision is in fact of crucial social quickly from boy to the other with the same
Col P M MUIRURI importance, with complex meanings that knife. The women at a safe distance up the
KENYA ARMY
affect the entirety of society. On its most hill would look down and break into song.

T
raditionally, young Agīkūyū boys basic level, circumcision marks the passage The boys too would sing much later after
(Ihii) underwent coming of age of a child into adulthood. The cutting of healing during the cerebrations of newly
ceremonies, (Mambura ma irua). a foreskin marks the wounding away of circumcised (shiumiri).
This included the traditional surgical childhood. Almost all boys in Agīkūyū land today
removal of the male organ’s foreskin. Circumcision symbolizes a person’s face the knife not at the chill rivers but in
Circumcision (Irua) was and remains by assumption of adult responsibilities - both a medical doctor’s operating table under
far the most important ceremony. This social and cultural - and the individual’s local anesthesia. The pain of traditional
ceremony signifies not only a child’s acceptance as a full member of the tribe. circumcision has been reduced to a
passage into adulthood, but also a whole Among Agikuyu, an uncircumcised person, minimum. The modern medical doctor has
wealth of other socially significant no matter how old he or she might be, will come to deliver current generation from
meanings and assumptions of responsibility. generally be regarded as a child, or else will pain just as the religion came to deliver
Boys initiation into adulthood marks their be seen as inferior or lacking. If a person humans from evil. By embracing pain and
admission into full membership of Agikuyu who is not circumcised has children, the act suffering as part of the human experience,
society. This was thus a momentous is believed to anger both God and the spirits we gain and learn a lot from this landscape
occasion, both socially and individually for of the ancestors, and the whole community of pain.
initiated boys. Through circumcision and will suffer in consequence. Traditionally, there was a circumcision
the period of initiation and instruction that There would be a drought, for example, ceremony for boys organized by age-sets
accompanied it, an individual became a full because someone who was not circumcised of about five-year periods. Although boys
participant in society as a whole, beyond had sired a child. Circumcision, therefore, could be circumcised throughout that
the scope of the village (Itura) and their was necessary for maintaining relations period, they would become part of the same
families. Their responsibilities, therefore, with ancestors and God. In consequence, age-set, and all the men in that circumcision
extended not just to their family group, but many societies - the Kikuyu included - group would take an age-set name. Times
also to the Agikuyu as a nation. have a taboo against an uncircumcised man in the history of Agikuyu society could be
having children. If this occurs, the usual gauged by age-set names. Circumcision
Origins of circumcision punishment is coerced exile for both the was traditionally a public affair, which only
It’s believed that the system of circumcision mother and father, which nowadays takes added to the anxiety - and determination - of
was borrowed from Cushitic and Nilotic the form of people heading off to Nairobi the boys to pass the ordeal without showing
peoples by the early Thagicu (early Agikuyu to fend for their own. The taboo against the slightest trace of fear. Traditionally, boys
people), one of the ancestral groups of the uncircumcised people applies not just who underwent circumcision became anake
Agikuyu and possibly the tenth of the ‘full individually, but across entire people. (warriors). As in so many other societies all
nine’ clans mentioned in oral tradition of over the world, relationship with women
Gikuyu and Mumbi. The point to note The conduct of Agikuyu tradition was seen as a weakness. For this reason,
here is that circumcision was adopted circumcision junior warriors were barred from erotic
approximately five centuries ago. On the chosen day when the circumcision relations, though in compensation they were
Circumcision is widely practiced, and ceremony took place, the boys trooped to also given a lot of food staff to make them
has no stigma attached to it at all. There are the river very early in the morning. That strong.

98 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Source: Rift Valley Hills Resort- The meandering road and magnificent view of Keiyo Escarpment

BARINGO TOURISM: A GOLDEN GEM

Turkana, and Pokot communities, the within the County in early 2000, and of
inhabitants of Baringo. course, wildlife tourism.
Baringo County has a population of Perhaps this might sound utopic, unreal,
666,763 in an area of 10,976.4 Km2, with a or exaggerated for anyone who would
density of 61 people per Km2. The strategic want to visit for the first time. Not at all,
position of this County coupled with a wide tourism in Baringo is a hidden treasure; a
variety of unique attraction sites, makes golden gem. With this great potential, the
Baringo the next dream destination for County Government of Baringo has made
local and international tourists. Indeed, deliberate efforts to improve facilities
the untapped under-utilized tourism sub- and infrastructure to enable its visitors’
sector has a huge potential to contribute experience valuable and memorable. The
immensely to the county’s revenue streams tourism promotion and investments by the
through tourist earnings and job creation for county government in eco-tourism, cultural
Mr E K Wendott the residents. In Kenya, tourism accounts tourism, safaris, business and conferencing,
Ministry of Interior & Coordination of for about 8% of the overall GDP with total and other new innovative products have
National Government earnings estimated at Kshs.145.6 billion made the County gain and maintain a

A
in 2021 and supporting approximately competitive edge in the service industry.
s you plan your next excursion trip 1.6 million jobs. Hence, Baringo County The enhanced collaboration with key
away from the hustle and bustle Government has to heavily invest as part stakeholders and educational institutions to
of life, your intent to explore of a strategy to make the tourism sub- promote conservation efforts for the sub-
Kenya’s beautiful countryside; appreciation sector vibrant, and competitive in Kenya sector are also essential for sustainability.
of nature’s scenic marvel, grace, and and the region as a whole. Undoubtedly, Kenya is a renowned destination for
rich cultural heritage, consider visiting huge tourist attractions spread across beach tourism, eco-tourism, cultural tourism
Baringo County in the middle of the Great various parts of Baringo County have the and sports tourism which attract thousands
Rift Valley. You will be awed, amazed at potential to transform the devolved unit into of local and international tourists annually.
exquisite scenic topographic landscapes, a world-class destination for eco-tourism, Baringo County is part of the tourism circuit
natural forests, lakes, hills, mountains, archaeological sites owing to the rich in the country. Among the renowned tourist
escarpments, and more importantly the rich culture, heritage, and discovery of fossils attractions in the county include:
cultural heritage of the Tugen, Ilchamus,

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 99

 a. The hot Springs/geysers in Lake
Bogoria and Cheparwas in Kapedo;
b. The unique flora and fauna, particularly
wildlife such as elephants, leopards,
giraffes, and kudus in Lake Kamnarok
and Lake Bogoria National Reserve;
c. The breath-taking picturesque of the
Keiyo escarpment across the valley and
the famous Cheploch Gorge;
d. The flamingos in Lake Bogoria and
over 500 bird species in Lake Baringo
and other parts of the County like
Baringo South, and Tiaty;
e. The rich culture and heritage of the
Tugen, Ilchamus, Pokot, and Turkana
inhabitants of the County;
f. Korossi Volcanic Hills – are ideal for
sport and bird watching; and Source: Baringo County Government- The flamingos and geysers in Lake Bogoria
g. Kabarnet National Museum and
Kipsaraman Community Museum, Museum at Kipsaman will enable you to Don’t worry about accommodation and
which house a variety of Kalenjin appreciate the rich culture and heritage of security, the County is safe. The county
traditional artefacts depicting the the Kalenjin tribe. This is not to mention the has excellent accommodation facilities in
County’s rich cultural heritage. game drives and safari experience in Lake Kabarnet, Lake Bogoria, Lake Baringo,
These are but some of the exquisitely Baringo, Tiaty, and Lake Kamnarok, which and Mogotio town supported by hotels in
known attractions but rest assured there will make you desire to come again. Don’t Nakuru City, Iten in Elgeyo Marakwet, and
are other endowments in this great County forget to visit Kursalal falls in Lembus Eldoret in Uasin Gishu to mention but a few.
awaiting discovery and utilization. As a Forest and Chemususu Dam in Eldama Plan a getaway with your family, friends,
visitor, your experience will be worthwhile Ravine to appreciate nature at its best. We and workers for a totally unforgettable
and quite memorable. Baringo County also have excellent viewpoints among them, experience. Welcome to Baringo County;
headquarters at Kabarnet can be accessed Kimgochoch hills in Sacho, which are ideal ‘the home of happy people and plenty of
from Eldoret via Iten ‘home of athletics’, for picnics and hikes. honey!’
Nakuru via the Mogotio-Marigat route, and
also from Laikipia through the Mochongoi
route. Hence, one can complete a circuit
that will definitely give a first-time visitor
a truly magnificent experience of Kenya’s
tourist attractions worth writing home
about.
Your visit to Baringo will never be
boring since there are a number of activities
which you can undertake in the many tourist
sites mentioned above. You will be able to
enjoy bird watching, boat rides, or a visit to
the many famous islands in Lake Baringo
and of course enjoy the tasty goat meat of
Koriema. While at Lake Bogoria you will
not only marvel at thousands of flamingos
but enjoy bird watching of many bird
species found in the surroundings as you
also view the hot springs and geysers.
At Kamnarok National Reserve, a game
drive will enable you see the elephants,
white Rhino, crocodiles, rare bird species,
and other wildlife. Your visit to the National
Museum at Kabarnet and the Community
Source: Sande Nyongesa- The Tugen Hills.

100 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

SPORTS DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTRUMENT
OF FOREIGN POLICY IN KENYA
decades, key Kenyan sports icons such as and development projects. In addition,
Paul Kibii Tergat, Tegla Chepkite Loroupe sports diplomacy themes include peace
and Eliud Kipchoge have demonstrated building, building trust, cooperation and
their eminence in world athletics, thereby multilateralism supported by state and
elevating Kenya’s position within the global non-state actors such as sports ministries,
stage of sports. In addition, Kenya as a federations, corporate institutions and
high-performing sporting nation continues people that employ sports as an instrument
to exploit its sports diplomacy to deepen for diplomacy.
engagements with other countries to Sports are considered a common bond
achieve its foreign policy agenda regionally amongst people of various colours, race,
and internationally. religion and geography as it can be used to
Kenya’s Foreign Policy is anchored on change perceptions and opinions amongst
five (5) separate but interconnected pillars; states. For example, after the 2008 Beijing
Peace, Economy, Culture, Diaspora and Olympics, many people felt that China was
MR J K Musyimi
Environment. Under the cultural pillar, becoming more open and that as a society
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE
it had a lot to offer to the world. Similarly,

S
the policy, prioritizes and elevates the use
ports diplomacy can be defined as of sports diplomacy as an instrument for South Korea used the 1988 Summer
the art of using sport as a platform enhancing Kenya’s position and stature Olympic Games in Seoul to bolster relations
for maintaining and strengthening in international affairs through improving with the Soviet Union and was successfully
alliances, increasing a states’ national public opinion, spreading culture and values able to prevent USSR from boycotting the
prestige and pursuing its national interests and promoting influence as well as fostering games in support of North Korea.
abroad as a tool to promote and project its peace. Economic impact of sports diplomacy is
foreign policy goals. Sports diplomacy Sports diplomacy continues to promote a massive driver of profit for brands globally.
has been maximized by some countries in Kenya’s political image through soft power, The sports events offer an opportunity
Europe, United States, Japan and Australia international relations and Nation branding. to showcase brands on billboards, sport
in pursuit of their national interests, It also promotes economic propensity channels, stadium and on television
highlighting their cultures, identity and through sports tourism, investment advertisements with high purchasing power
national values. Similarly, African countries
have persistently capitalized on sports to
showcase positive aspects of the continent
amid challenges including conflicts and
human rights violations in some countries.
Kenya continues to exploit sports
diplomacy as an instrument or strategy
to relate with other countries through the
power of attraction to influence the spread
of its values, culture and identity. For
instance, in November 2019, at the launch
of Kenya’s bid for the United Nations
Security Council non-permanent seat, the
country’s top athletes were part of the high-
level delegation of diplomats led by the
then Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Ambassador Monica Juma.
In putting these sport icons at the forefront
of its campaign, Kenya sought to promote
its image through their achievements and
showcased the contribution of Kenyan
people to the world. In the last three Eliud Kipchoge breaks Two-Hour Marathon Barrier- The New York Times, 2019.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 101

from global audience. Kenya continues to exploit sports in shaping
its public opinion and reputation through initiatives that encompass
its political system and ideologies, diplomatic infrastructure and
appeal to business. For instance, agencies such as Brand Kenya and
government officials such as Cabinet Secretaries and Ambassadors
as well as sportspeople endeavour to promote Kenya as a Brand
through soft power bearing in mind that political image is a catalyst
to more economic benefits in sports tourism and direct foreign
investments.
Kenya as a strong power in global athletics, particularly in
long distance running with a roster of world record breakers such
as Kipchoge Keino, Catherine Ndereba, Paul Tergat and Tegla
Loroupe has the potential to continue exploiting sports as a tool
in furtherance of its foreign policy objectives. The emergence of
eSports offers the country the opportunity to market itself globally
through participation in regional and international athletic events as
the eSports viewership surpasses the traditional sports broadcasting, Tokyo Olympics: President Uhuru Kenyatta in the presence of Sports
which is a marketing forum for governments, individuals and CS hands over Kenyan Flag, Daily Nation, 2020.
companies to engage, create and inform positive image of the youth
involved in eSports. promote Kenya’s identity and values of morality, democracy, rule
Kenya needs to fashion its sports diplomacy as a status symbol, of law, human dignity and international cooperation. Furthermore,
interest promoter and identity marker to position itself for benefits as an interest promoter, sports diplomacy can serve as convenient
in the future. As a status symbol, the country needs to exploit its platform where Kenya can have the opportunity to negotiate new
rich culture of sports to send signals of its rising status, both as a political and economic ties, enhance bilateral and multilateral
regional hegemony and as a global player in international politics. relationships, and consolidate the existing ones.
Additionally, as an identity marker, sports diplomacy can be used to

THE ISLAMIST JIHAD MISCONCEPTION

genome in a perfect fashion, not forgetting However, many jurisprudential paradigms
the many auto-piloted body functions, emerged with time and formed various
which we have no android application to schools of thought which ameliorated
regulate. The endless mercy from God the understanding and focus of the sharia
has shown no segregation, be it a believer dispensation. The holy Quran is not a
or a non-believer of God. Every one body casual book. It took Prophet Muhamad
temperature continued to be maintained for peace be upon him (PBUH) 23 years with
free at an average of 37c. This is what any God’s supervision, and it only calls for
analyst will deduce as observable actions of anyone to ponder on what it takes if you
the almighty God which did not choose to don’t have a supervisor to guide you on
favor any across the board. If we are to go the Qur’anic studies. God says in the holy
by the parable of action speaks louder than Quran [18:109] Say, ‘If the ocean were ink
words, then it only behooves that similarly for [writing] the words of my Lord, it would
His words will equally be balanced, be it in run dry…’it’s imperative to deduce that the
Col Y A MOHAMED
the Holy Bible (Injil) or Quran or any other book as indicated has depth in meaning
kenya army

F
holy books. and might not be for anyone but rather
or believers of the existence of It is crucial to appreciate that holy books established scholars to guide.
God in many religious set-ups, it particularly the Islamic Quran as a source of It’s no wonder today, as a consequence
only begs to ponder the harmony in law were revealed 1400yrs ago to an Arabic of the nature of the holy book, that we
which the world and its ecosystem operate environment that differed largely from have countless volumes and libraries of
in a seamless architecture. Nevertheless, the many other demographics which later books globally all emanating from the
examining the human body and the countless embraced the Islamic faith. The linguistic, commentaries as a result of the complexity
functions orchestrated in utmost delicate interpretational, and cultural challenges and nature of its literature and scope. The
balances, which are replicated in the human caught up with the spread of the faith. danger comes when a single perception

102 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

of the Qur’anic verses are held in a rigid following persecution of his followers and Months have passed, kill the polytheists
sense, one will be bound to make a mistake, sanctions from the elites of Mecca, saw after ˹who violated their treaties˺ wherever you
particularly in these modern eras of Google 8 years of his stay in Medina the first holy find them, capture them, besiege them, and
search scholars. text permitting his combative response. It’s lie in wait for them on every way. But if they
obvious that Prophet Mohamed’s (PBUH) repent, perform prayers, and pay alms-tax,
The Islamist Jihad misconception mission was not focused on hostilities but then set them free. Indeed, Allah is All-
The centrality to the Islamist call on specific reasons as stipulated in the holy Forgiving, Most Merciful.
Jihad is based on 4 major principles the texts provided him with the mandate for self The above verse pointed to specific
establishment of Muslim Ummah (Nation), defense. It is crucial to examine the verses violators of agreements and treaties and by
the establishment of the caliphate (Islamic which permitted military engagement. This so doing waged war against the Muslims. In
governance), the establishment of the sharia will shed light on how the extremist have retaliation, they were given permission to
rule of law, and the jihadi militancy. Jihad misinterpreted the whole jihad concept. engage.
(struggle) in an extended meaning connotes [22:39] “Permission ˹to fight back˺ is Major vulnerability to the radical
fighting for the cause of God, and has been ˹hereby˺ granted to those being fought, for problems lies with the casually handling
mentioned severally in the holy texts and they have been wronged. And Allah is truly of the Qur’anic exegesis forgetting that the
at the most crucial times when the Prophet Most Capable of helping them ˹prevail˺.” Quran, is not an ordinary book where literal
mission in Mecca was violently challenged. [22:40] “They are˺ those who have been linguistic translation is casually applied to
However, he could have waged direct wars expelled from their homes for no reason bring meaning. By casually, approaching
against his open enemies, despite many other than proclaiming: “Our Lord is Allah.” Qur’anic exegesis, it has generated
verses of the Qur’an which were revealed Had Allah not repelled ˹the aggression of˺ deadly doctrines which apparently are
during this period mentioning the word some people by means of others, destruction forming the center of gravity for radical
“jihad’. But on the contrary, we did not would have surely claimed monasteries, moral legitimacy. The radicals exploit the
observe any combative response during his churches, synagogues, and mosques in meaning of Qur’anic verses specific for
first 13years in Mecca. It is imperative to which Allah’s Name is often mentioned. military campaigns, and take them out of
note that ordinarily, the conditions were all Allah will certainly help those who stand context, misinterpreting and disregarding
ready and permissive on today’s standard up for Him. Allah is truly All-Powerful, its historical context thus treating the verses
to wage a combative war. So, this brings a Almighty.” in isolation. Islam humanitarian law of
wider understanding of jihad as a struggle. The above verses clearly show that conflict stipulates stringent measures to
It could be a struggle against own-self military campaigns can only be conducted all its commanders and that limits have
character, patience, charity and many other on self defence which it’s a conventional to be observed, contrary to the terrorist
positive struggles in life. standard (jus ad bellum). One of the critical collaterals.
The prophets (PBUH) migration to verses radicals hold to their legitimization of
Medina approximately 500km N of Mecca their acts. Quran [9:5] But once the Sacred

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 103

 HELICOPTER AERIAL FIREFIGHTING
Kenya. Some forest glades containing additional day of smoke exposure from a
mature rosewood and cedar trees were lost wildfire reduces earnings in a community
due to an ineffective response. by about 0.04% over two years. Fires across
The personnel at the Kenya Forest the U.S.A in 2019 caused about 3,700
Service (KFS) and Kenya Wildlife Service civilian deaths and another recorded 16,600
(KWS) are trained to manage forest and injuries. Apart from the personal trauma
grassland fires, but do not have the capability of deaths and injuries to the community,
to contain fast-moving fires. Manpower these fires also have the potential to bring
shortages, limitations in Personal Protective about transformation in local economies.
gear and mechanized equipment have been Victims may not be able to work ever again
a challenge. Kenya Defence Forces, NGOs or may be unable to do so for a stretch of
like Sheldrick Wildlife Trust and private time while recuperating. Loss of assets
ranchers have regularly tried to offer help as and property is an instantaneous economic
Col t k vigisa well but the impact remained low. Apart from impact of uncontrolled fires, but the ripple
wild fires, Nairobi frequently experiences effects can last for several years. Alongside
kenye air force

A
arson fires in densely populated sections of the loss of property, there is displacement of
helicopter is a type of aircraft that Nairobi city especially Gikomba market and people or communities from their homes, a
uses spinning rotors to generate lift Mathare slums. Gikomba has had its annual devastation of commerce and a substantial
and sustain flight. This allows the fires in the past years of 2015, 2018, 2020 impact on insurance companies.
helicopter to be ubiquitous due to its ability and 2021. In October 2022 a fire razed down Considering the potential huge losses
to take off and land vertically, hover, and to part of Gikomba market destroying property caused by raging fires in the wild or in
fly forward, backward and laterally. These worth millions of shillings. towns, it is critical that vulnerable countries
attributes allow helicopters to be used in As wildfires become a more substantial like Kenya should have sufficient aerial
wild terrain, congested and isolated areas risk worldwide, it is critical that policy fire-fighting capability. This is because fire
where fixed-wing aircraft cannot operate. makers are cognizant of how uncontrolled fighting aircraft are the quickest and most
That is why military and civilian helicopters fires and fire seasons impact the economy. effective means for an initial attack. It is
are strategic utility assets during periods of An economic study in the United States essential to locate and reach the scenes
national emergencies and disasters. of America (USA) estimated that each as quickly as possible at the breakout of
Kenya regularly experiences periods of
dry weather and is currently staring at its
longest stretch of ‘dry spell’ ever experienced
in over forty years. Dry spells come with the
risks of wild fires and forest fires. In the year
2020 wild fires burnt through the Northern
regions of Kenya, which include Garissa,
Turkana and neighbouring counties, and in
the central part of Kenya, which included
Meru, Nyeri and Kirinyaga counties. While
wild fires may play some role of shaping
the ecosystem as an agent of renewal and
change, it can be destructive as well. It
can destroy homes, wildlife habitat, timber
and pollute the air with emissions harmful
to human health. Fires also release carbon
dioxide (which is a key greenhouse gas)
into the atmosphere. In March 2022, fires
scoured sections within Mt Kenya National
park which is a natural forest, threatening
key moorland and forest habitats on Mount
MI 171E Helicopter with bamby bucket.

104 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Overview of fires worldwide in 2020

a fire. When the fires are still small, the up to 1,500 litres of water to the fire line
extinguishing methods are usually very in a bamby bucket. Type 2 helicopters are
effective. The most ideal initial attempts at very effective during the initial attack. Type
extinguishing the fires should be from the 3 helicopters are smaller but have a higher
ground, however in expanses that are more cruise speed than the Type 2 helicopter
problematic to access, or where there is an and can reach the scene of an initial attack
extreme danger of raging fires, fire fighting wildfire much quicker. They are capable of Kenya Air Force
aircraft may be the only alternative for a
real quick initial attack. During situations of
deliveringupto700 litres of water using a
bucket.
has been able to
combating wild fires, helicopters can be a Kenya Air Force has been able to conduct conduct fire-fighting
force multiplier and could be the difference
between life and death. The Ubiquity and
fire-fighting missions after modifying its
fleet of MI-171E helicopters to allow them
missions after
multi-role capabilities of helicopters allows the capability to sling bamby buckets of modifying its fleet of
them to be used on fire fighting roles,
passenger transport, cargo transport, water
up to 2000 litres of water or retardants.
This is however not sufficient to cover
MI-171E helicopters
or retardant application, reconnaissance all the vulnerable regions in Kenya and to allow them the
and mapping of fire zone, aerial ignition
operations, search and rescue, law
they may also not be available on call due
to other operational engagements. There
capability to sling
enforcement missions, winching or hoisting is need for the Government to consider bamby buckets of
operations and sling load transportation.
There are generally three broad types
training, modifying and equipping all
state helicopters to be able to deal with
up to 2000 litres of
of helicopters categorized by size and raging fires in the country. The National water or retardants.
capacity in fire fighting operations. Type Air Support Department (NASD) which
1 helicopters are the large, fast and most is a semi-autonomous government agency
expensive helicopters in use for wild and can be tasked with the development and
forest fires. They are capable of delivering coordination of aerial fire fighting capability
up to 3000 litres of water or retardant via for all Government operated helicopters.
a bucket or a snorkel (that fills an internal Thereafter the NASD can be linked with
tank) accurately in coordination with the National Disaster Operations Centre for
ground personnel. Type 2 helicopters can coordination during emergencies.
support fire-fighters on site by delivering

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 105

 The view of the Nairobi Expressway by night.

“EXPRESSWAY” TO PROSPERITY
four-lane dual carriageway that links Jomo in productivity because of traffic jams in
Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) and Nairobi City. Therefore, the Expressway
Mlolongo to the Nairobi-Nakuru highway, is essential for reducing congestion along
at ABC Place. It is part of the government’s some of the major roads in the capital, such
long-term economic plan as articulated as the Waiyaki Way, Uhuru Highway, and
in the Kenya Vision 2030. Infrastructural Mombasa Road. Road congestion occurs
development is a key part of this plan, when road capacity cannot meet traffic
and the aim is to make the country more demands. As a recurring problem on the
interconnected through roads, airports, mentioned roads, the Nairobi Expressway
railways, ports, and telecommunications. is the much-needed solution because
The government has planned that by 2030, it offers an alternative route of travel,
there will be no region in Kenya that will be thereby reducing the traffic demand on the
referred to as ‘remote’. It expects that these mentioned roads.
changes will help transform Kenya into a Road congestion impacts negatively on
middle-income economy. reliability and speed of travel. The ensuing
Col V N MBURU When looking at the economic benefits inconveniences end up impacting negatively
kenya army that the Expressway brings to the country, it on the economy, especially because they

A
is important to first determine how it helps affect businesses. A lot of time is wasted by
s social development continues to ease the traffic woes in Nairobi City. traffic congestion, and this non-productive
to expand, growth in societies According to a Bloomberg report, each action decreases the country’s productivity.
that depend on road transport and year the economy loses about $1 billion It creates delays in the delivery of goods,
networks are becoming more common
across the world. A good road network
provides efficiency in the movement of
goods, which boosts the economy of a
country. Roads offer various benefits to
businesses including easier business travel,
logistical benefits, and organizational
improvements, which are instrumental in
enhancing business productivity. The iconic
Nairobi Expressway is one of the most
expensive China-funded infrastructural
splurges that Kenya has built in recent
years. This partially elevated highway,
which transverses through the city was
officially launched in July 2022 and is
expected to spur modernization and create
various economic benefits.
The Nairobi Expressway is a 27km View of the Nairobi Expressway Snaking through the City (Standardmedia.co.ke)

106 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 in comparison to exports to Tanzania (Ksh
28 billion), Rwanda (Ksh 19.2 billion), and
South Sudan (Ksh 13 billion). The Nairobi
Expressway has enhanced the fluidity of
transport, and so there is an opportunity for
Kenya to continue growing these volumes.
The Nairobi Expressway also entrenches
the country’s position as a business hub
for prospective foreign investors. Notably,
the tourism sector stands to benefit greatly
because the Expressway has greatly
reduced the travel time from JKIA to
Nairobi’s central business district (CBD).
According to the Ministry of Tourism and
Wildlife, the seamless connectivity and the
city’s beautiful scenery will attract more
international hotel brands to set up their
operations in Nairobi City. This will boost
An Aerial view of the Nairobi Expressway (star.co.ke) the revenues for the economy and help to
lower the high unemployment rate in the
and movement of people to their work other East African countries. This in turn
country.
places or businesses. This results in loss opens the avenue for trade promotion
The effectiveness of the Expressway is
of business opportunities. In addition to enabling Kenya increase her exports
also a good marketing strategy for hotels
the cost of fuel, recurrent braking and to other NCTTA member states. The
and travel agencies that organize and
acceleration during traffic jams increases Nairobi Expressway has also enhanced
facilitate tourism activities for organizations
the costs of vehicle maintenance and Kenya’s economic competitiveness. The
and individuals. It also boosts Meetings,
repairs. Road congestion also encourages transportation efficiency it provides helps
Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions
road fury, which is a risk factor for road to reduce transit costs along the Northern
(MICE) tourism. MICE tourism is part of
accidents. According to a statement by the Corridor. The transport costs through the
the hospitality industry and is one of the
Transport Cabinet Secretary in 2022, over Northern Corridor have been the highest in
most profitable sectors. The double-decker
31,000 motor vehicles use the Expressway the world, which has impeded the region’s
road presents an opportunity for MICE to
daily. This is a clear indication that traffic trade competitiveness. When the transit cost
flourish. The majority of MICE activities
demand has reduced on other roads, and is high, this cost is borne by transporters and
usually take place in cities, and the business
consequently reduced the economic losses reflected through higher costs of imported
tourist may want to add on leisure travel,
attributed to road congestion in the city. goods, which in turn reduces their demand in
which makes the transport network key in
The Nairobi Expressway is also an foreign markets. On the other hand, when the
this business. An efficient road makes it
integral part of the Northern Corridor. transit costs are low, the country’s imports
easy to move such tourists from their places
The Northern Corridor describes the become more desirable in foreign markets.
of residence, to and from various areas
infrastructures including the trading routes So far, Uganda is Kenya’s largest trading
of attraction. The Nairobi Expressway,
which connect to the landlocked economies partner in the East African region. Kenya’s
therefore, has remarkable effects on Kenya’s
in East Africa, including Burundi, Rwanda, export volume to Uganda in the first half of
tourism sector and economic prosperity in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2022 stood at about Ksh 46 billion. This is
general.
Uganda, South Sudan, and Kenya. To
make the Northern Corridor more effective,
and for it to be a more effective factor of
economic development, the roads and
other infrastructures that serve it must be
in good condition. The Nairobi Expressway
is part of the efforts that member states are
making to improve the Corridor’s main
road network. During the inspection of
the Northern Corridor Projects, Kenya’s
Transport Cabinet Secretary said that the
Expressway allows for seamless movement
on the Northern Corridor. The Northern
Corridor Transit and Transport Agreement
(NCTTA) is a treaty that was signed in 1985
to enhance regional cooperation among East
African states by facilitating interstate and
transit trade.
The Expressway allows Kenya to Motorists in traffic jam along Mombasa Road before the construction of the Nairobi Expressway
facilitate closer economic integration with (Pulselive.co.ke)

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 107

 SHOWCASING CULTURAL
DIVERSITY
N
ational Defence College (NDC) the different allied countries studying at Chief Corporate Security Officer Safaricom
ON 21 January 2023 held its the college showcase their richly diverse Nicholas Mulila, appreciated the different
annual Cultural Day in Karen, culture through donning of traditional attire, cultures present and pointed out the
Nairobi with pomp and colour. With this food, songs, and dance. importance of culture adding that it is a
year’s theme dubbed ‘Fusion of knowledge Speaking during the event, the source of identity for any individual.
and cultural diversity for prosperity’ the Commandant NDC Lieutenant General This year’s course participants are drawn
organizers, National Defence College Albert Kendagor highlighted that Cultural from different allied countries namely:
“participants intake 25 – “Trailblazers”, Day is an integral activity for the college as Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Egypt,
sought to highlight the diversity of the it serves as a unifying factor in the midst of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia,
various cultures represented by this year’s cultural diversities. Nepal, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
course participants, and in addition, help “This event is a solemn reminder that and Zambia.
individuals appreciate and understand the forging a cohesive community contributes The trailblazers as usual showcased
diversity in each other’s cultures. to national, regional, and international peace the day with exceptional excellence. The
The day saw family and friends of Senior and prosperity.” Said Lt Gen Kendagor. day’s event would go down as one of
Civil Servants of the Republic of Kenya Representing the Chief Executive the best organized events in the college.
and Senior Military Officers, drawn from Officer (CEO) Safaricom Peter Ndegwa, Congratulations to All Trailblazers.

Agikuyu Participants pose for a photo during NDC Course 25 Cultural Day Agikuyu Participants pose for a photo during NDC Course 25 Cultural Day
Event. Event.

Chief corporate Security Officer Safaricom Mr Nicholas Mulila representing Marakwet Dancers and Parcicipants pose for Photo during NDC Course 25
the CEO Safaricom addressing the Cultural Day Event. Cultural Day Event.

108 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 WHERE DID THE SNOW ON THE
PEAKS DISAPPEAR TO?
the environment. I remember when we were scattered along several peaks. The rainfall
young there were prohibitions on the felling that was very regular and sufficient became
of certain types of trees from the common irregular and could not support the growth
forest, which were regarded as rare and of all the crops. At one time with the support
valuable. Anyone in need of trees from the of authorities then, loggers also arrived and
forest for any use was obligated to seek entered our forest with their big tracks and
permission from the clan leaders who were tree-cutting machines. And within a decade,
front liners in protection and conservation they had cleared all magnificent trees and
initiates. The forest supported almost left a bleeding forest. And that signalled the
all the needs of every household in the start of rapid destruction of the forest cover
village. Village members were encouraged and general environment in our villages.
to conserve the environment within their Afterward, the white patches started
individual means. The tree cover was high disappearing slowly until they vanished
Mr S M Mbiuki as tree planting was almost mandatory for completely from the mountain tops, which
Ministry of Interior & Coordination everyone in the community. The general remain bare and ugly till today. This marked
of National Government
thinking of villagers was that trees helped in the start of suffering in our villages. As I

W
hen we were growing up, every the process of making rain and the clearest document this, the villages which used to
space available was covered by sign then that rains were being made was produce sufficient foodstuffs from the farms,
trees and bushes, and animals the presence of the snow caps on top of today rely on meager government subsidies
roamed the village any time of the day. They the mountain. The mountain was a revered and irregular receipts of food packages. The
had a home they could hide in if they fell place because it was believed that the god of villagers who were strong and energetic then
under threat. Every village was surrounded the villages resided therein. are now feeble and emaciated. The forest
by lush bushes, and a variety of tall and As we were growing up we started that was thick and home to many peculiar
magnificent trees. Streams of very clear and noticing some unpleasant changes, the varieties of trees, specifically the camphor
clean water sprout from every hill within the white caps started reducing to small patches variety approximated to be over 500 years
villages. The environment was virgin then.
Living on the majestic slopes of “Kilima
Kia Nyaga” (Mt Kenya) was fulfilling; we
enjoyed a clear view of all its beautiful
peaks, which were arranged systematically
in well-calculated ascending order. All
higher peaks enjoyed the cover of very
beautiful whitish snow caps. Therefore,
everyone could enjoy very cool waters from
the mountain, our mountain.
Crops of all kinds and bush fruits of
all tastes, colours, and shapes were easily
available and free for all. Food was plenty
and every household had enough at all times.
The forests provided all the dietary needs
required for both people and their livestock.
The rains were enough and came in their
seasons without fail. The forests provided
meat, tubers, and honey too. Indeed, life
was full of joy and easy in the villages.
Every person young and old protected

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 109

is now covered with scattered shrubs and rain patterns. To this end, every villager is
a few bamboo trees. The rains that were required to plant trees on their farms and
regular and sufficient were replaced by long protect the remaining few water sources.
periods of dry spells. Hopefully, the villagers far and near
Our forefathers insisted on the shall sustain the momentum to enable the
conservation of the forest in order for it initiatives to bear fruits in the near future.
to continue serving our needs and those Let’s all preserve and conserve our
of future generations. In other words, environment, people from the seven villages
it was the responsibility of everyone to surrounding the mountain requests.
preserve and conserve the environment.
Many unwarranted human activities on
the environment have destroyed water
catchment areas leading to ever-changing
patterns of weather thus interfering with food
production. The situation is deteriorating
day by day as industrial processes continue
to harm the environment. More lands are
becoming deserts with rivers and lakes
drying up at unprecedented rates. The future
looks bleak unless individuals, communities
and governments come up with sustainable
and innovative strategies to conserve the
remaining forests, water resources, and
other aspects of the environment for the
posterity of future generations.
Thank God that communities around
“Kilima Kia Nyaga” have started organizing
themselves in order to develop strategies
aimed at regenerating the forests in order
to restore white caps at the peaks of the
mountain and subsequently normalize the
When will the white snow caps fully return to the beautiful peaks of our Mountain, Kirinyaga?

110 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION:
AN ENDURING PROBLEM IN KENYA
which is often practiced for cultural or classified Kenya as a group 2 country, where
religious reasons, is underpinned by the FGM is only prevalent among certain ethnic
desire to control female sexuality. Efforts communities. Despite the steady decline at
to eradicate the practice in Africa began the national level, FGM prevalence remains
with European missionaries in the early high among the Somali (94%), Samburu
20th Century. Currently, concerted local (87%), Abagusii (85%), and Maasai (78%).
and international efforts led by the United The high prevalence is attributed to
Nations are aimed at eradicating the vice by the move by the affected communities to
2030. However, the ancient ritual remains adopt clandestine ways of practicing FGM,
deeply entrenched in many countries. This including cutting girls as young as 3 years
paper aimed to assess the economic, social, old, and increased cross-border FGM,
and reproductive health consequences of particularly within border areas of Kenya,
FGM from the perspective of individuals, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.
families, communities, and healthcare In addition, some Abagusii and Somali
Ms A J Parmeres
systems in Kenya and propose solutions. tribesmen have increasingly adopted the
National Intelligence Service

F
In Kenya, the Government has intensified medicalization of FGM, mainly performed
emale Genital Mutilation (FGM) anti-FGM efforts, leading to a decline at home or in private clinics by health
is an ancient practice that violates in national prevalence. The 2014 Kenya workers from the affected communities.
human rights and undermines Demographic and Health Survey indicates This allows families and health personnel to
the socioeconomic well-being of many that 21% of girls and women aged between conform to social norms while averting risks
women and girls across the world. FGM 15 and 49 years had undergone FGM, a of FGM complications and prosecution.
entails the modification and injury of the remarkable decline from 38% in 1998. The Maasai community has steadfastly
female genitalia for non-medical reasons. These efforts have been buoyed by the clung to their traditional values and customs,
The World Health Organization (WHO) use of the media, including the vernacular including FGM, despite witnessing the
categorizes FGM into four types: incision, radio stations to galvanize public support positive impacts of western cultures on
de-infibulation, and re-infibulation with the against FGM. Consequently, UNICEF has surrounding communities. The Maasai
fourth category being the combination of
two or all three. A study by WHO in 2019
estimated that over 200 million women
and girls had undergone FGM globally,
with a further 4.1 million others at risk
annually. Studies also show that FGM is
still entrenched among some communities
in 30 African countries, including Kenya,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Somalia,
South Sudan, South Africa, and the Middle
East and Asia. Equally, a dearth of literature
indicates that some immigrant communities
in Australia, Canada, France, Norway, the
United Kingdom, and the United States still
practice FGM.
The origin of FGM remains unclear.
However, some scholars claim that FGM
predates Islam and Christianity following
the discovery of circumcised mummies
in Ancient Egypt (present-day Sudan and
Egypt) in the 5th Century BC. The ritual,
Maasai girls aged between 12 and 14 years from Kajiado County who have gone FGM.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 111

reside in parts of Kenya’s Rift Valley Region, mainly Kajiado, Narok repercussions of FGM are excessive bleeding, which could be fatal,
and Laikipia counties as well as parts of Northern Tanzania. FGM infections, infertility, sexual dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress
is a rite of passage among the Maasai, which marks the transition disorder as well as pregnancy, and labour complications. Studies
from childhood to adulthood and a prerequisite for marriage. The have shown that FGM is partly responsible for the high maternal and
ceremony targets girls between the ages of 12 and 14. After the cut, infant mortality rates, which are common among FGM-practicing
the initiates undergo a period of seclusion, where they are imparted communities. Furthermore, the WHO projects that the cost of FGM
with life skills to prepare them for gender roles in the new family to world economies will increase to US$2.3 billion by 2047, from
and society at large. The belief that women who have not undergone the present US$1.4 billion per year in healthcare costs for women
FGM would be promiscuous in marriage, remains a hindrance to living with resultant effects.
the fight against the vice as men, particularly the warriors (Morans), To eradicate FGM, adopting a multi-faceted approach that
continue to shun marrying uncut women. upholds human rights is necessary. This could encompass increased
Like many other African cultures, the Maasai have myths about advocacy on the consequences of FGM, sustained empowerment
their origin as well as the genesis of their customs and traditions. of women and girls, provision of support for victims of FGM,
Maasai folklore explains the origin of FGM in the story of Naipei, a increasing collaboration with traditional and religious leaders
young girl who had intercourse with her family’s enemy, and whose towards adoption of alternative rites of passage, and strengthening
punishment came in the form of FGM, to prevent other girls from anti-FGM legislation besides addressing the medicalization of FGM.
committing obscenity. Since that day, all adolescent Maasai girls In conclusion, FGM is an outdated practice that perpetuates
undergo the cut to protect the honour of the community. gender inequality in society and curtails the freedom of women
Unlike male circumcision, which provides protection from and girls, rendering them voiceless victims with no choice but to
infections, particularly HIV/AIDS, FGM does not have any known live with resultant consequences. To this end, there is a need for
medical or health benefits. On the contrary, studies have shown concerted efforts to empower women and girls besides promoting
that FGM has numerous health, psycho-social and psychosexual states’ development, which will in the long run uphold their dignity,
implications on the affected women and girls. Key among the human rights, and posterity.

NAMIBIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH HER

SADC LANDLOCKED NEIGHBOURS
that independence shared an amazing on Maritime shipping for worldwide trade
relationship until today in addition to the and the worldwide economic system. This
truth that all of the nations are contributors phenomenon makes Namibian financial
of the Southern African Development system, collectively with the economies
Community (SADC). However primarily of the Southern African Development
based on the fact that Namibia borders Community landlocked countries inclusive
Atlantic Ocean to the West, gave it a of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana to be
bonus in reference to Maritime transport. specifically dependent on the two ports on
Maritime shipping consequently is one of Namibian shoreline, specifically Walvis
the most crucial modes of transporting and Bay and Luderitz Ports. Initially while
delivery used worldwide with the aid of Namibia were given its independence in
supporting international locations to fulfil 1990, the landlocked countries did not share
their travelling and business requirements. the benefits of Maritime modes of transport,
Maritime delivery therefore emerges and simplest after numerous years through
COL P O ORANGE
as extra green over time and chance agreements the landlocked international
NAMIBIA DEFENCE FORCE
unfastened with the introduction of modern locations round Namibia gave dry ports as

N
amibia is a small country inside ships from the present-day state of artwork a way to decorate regional relationships,
the Southern hemisphere of the which can journey from one corner of the permitting the landlocked international
African continent, with a floor world to every other. In the equal vein with locations to revel in the benefits of Maritime
location of 824,290 square meters. It the aid of transporting items and materials way of delivery in addition to further
is bordered with Angola to the North, via maritime modes makes it less expensive alternate within the Region and increase
Zambia and Zimbabwe to the North East, as compared to different modes of delivery their respective dry ports.
Botswana to the East, South Africa to the and extra safe because of assured protection The dry port of Botswana mainly to the
South and the Atlantic Ocean to the West. mechanisms in ships. Walvis Bay port Lease agreement signed
All its neighbouring countries considering Therefore, Namibia’s closely depends in 2009, (hereinafter referred to as the

112 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Dry Port Agreement) entered into among Botswana’s dry port measures 36 on the July 2009. Previously Zimbabwe
the Republic of Botswana and Namibia 200 hundred square meters in size and imported and exported cargos through
after the agreement took numerous years serves inclusive field managing with a South Africa and Mozambique that became
to negotiate and it has a selected scope ability to carry 17 000 twenty containers more costly. However after the commission
and constrained period of fifty (50) years. equivalent Unit in keeping with month Zimbabwe’s alternate volumes via the port
Further discussions on the settlement aimed with a automobile coping with, spoil bulk of Walvis Bay have grown significantly in
to determine minimal adherence to the shipment coping with, bonded warehousing, which it presently ships around 2500 tonnes
United Nations Conventions at the Law of trendy and specialised warehousing with a through the Namibian harbour.
the Sea (UNLOS) noting that, even though total capability of 80 000 tones. Customs Today, after 2014 dry port Zimbabwe
the Agreement is time bound and can be and fitness inspections, cartage and became constructed through Zimbabwe’s
taken into consideration to be of a brief different value delivered services clients State-owned logistics firm Road Motor
length, and therefore offered an possibility may additionally require. the dry Port of Services (RMS) facilitating exchange
for the Governments of Botswana and Botswana in Walvis Bay will consequently, between Zimbabwe and the rest of the
Namibia to go back to the negotiation table, serves as logistic market locally and in world.
with the possibility to resume the agreement the course of the Southern African and It be began in 2008 when the Namibian
with the intention to have a larger scope controlled by the Sea Rail (Botswana) (Pty) Government presented Zambia with 27 430
which includes the UNCLOS rights and Ltd, opening a smart hyperlink between rectangular meter dry port in Walvis Bay
permissions. markets in Southern Africa and world, a Harbour, of which Zambia best started the
Though the Namibian Government will one stop facility to move shipment visa use of the port on December 2017. The
gain through infrastructure development versa. The Botswana port may also provide facility was constructed at a cost of three
as well as boosting the Namibian financial imports and exports on an extensive kind of million US dollar by Zambia Government.
system, for Botswana the Agreement cargo and items. Likewise, with the alternative landlocked
provided a important opportunity ports The Namibian Government donated international locations the Namibian
within the Republic of South Africa of 19 000 rectangular meters of land to Government supplied the dry ports to benefit
which have been heavily congested ensuing Zimbabwe, for setting up a dry port as well, all of them from the maritime modes of
in an increase in charges and delayed that allows them to battle the economic shipping. As a member of SADC, Namibia
services because of the distance and many problems perpetuated via monetary in its potential consequently, supplied
other elements, in addition to that not one sanctions towards Zimbabwe and get her landlocked nations the opportunity to
of the Southern African coastal States have admission to to the ocean, to lower fees.. efficaciously trade internationally, for the
granted their landlocked nations neighbours In this regard the Zimbabwean dry port in benefit of the Region and boosting their
through Article 69 rights in exploration. Walvis Bay was formally commissioned respective economies along with Namibia.

NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23 113

 PICTURES SPEAK

The Faculty and Course participants

celebrate Nepal National Day.

Kamba Traditional Dancers performing

during the Cultural Day.

Col (RTD) Cyrus Oguna delivering lecture

of opportunity at National Defence
College.

Deputy Commadant Amb

Ngwesu presents College book
to PS Amb Peter Kaberia after
delivering lecture of opportunity.

114 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 25 - 2022/23

Gen Hecker USAFRICOM Commander Group Photo with Course 25 at NDC Kenya College.
 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE
P. O. Box 24381- 00502,
NAIROBI, KENYA
Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230
Fax: +254 (020) 3883552
Email: [email protected]
Website:www.ndc.go.ke

© 2023