IET Power Electronics - 2023 - Pesantez - Transformerless Partial Power Converter Topology For Electric Vehicle Fast Charge
IET Power Electronics - 2023 - Pesantez - Transformerless Partial Power Converter Topology For Electric Vehicle Fast Charge
IET Power Electronics - 2023 - Pesantez - Transformerless Partial Power Converter Topology For Electric Vehicle Fast Charge
DOI: 10.1049/pel2.12613
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Correspondence Abstract
Daniel Pesantez, Department of Electronic
Engineering, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa
Increasing the power rating of electric vehicles (EV) fast charging stations to reduce charg-
Maria, Valparaiso, Chile. ing times is considered critical to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. Besides
Email: [email protected] increasing the power, other drivers pushing the development of EV fast chargers include
the improvement of efficiency and reliability. Partial power converters (PPC) have emerged
Funding information
as an interesting option for some of the power converter stages in fast charging stations
SERC, Grant/Award Number:
ANID/FONDAP/1522A0006; Fondo Nacional de due to their potential to increase efficiency and power rating. However, some PPCs oper-
Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, Grant/Award ate as switched autotransformers by using high frequency (HF) isolation transformers but
Number: Fondecyt/1221741; AC3E, Grant/Award
without providing galvanic isolation. This is a drawback due to cost, size and losses intro-
Number: AC3E (ANID/BASAL/FB0008);
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, duced by the transformer. This paper presents a transformerless DC–DC Type I step-up
Grant/Award Number: Dirección de Postgrado y PPC for a DC–DC regulation converter for EV fast charging stations. The proposed con-
Programas Universidad T; Agencia Nacional de
verter replaces the transformer commonly used in Type I PPC by an impedance network,
Investigación y Desarrollo, Grant/Award Numbers:
Doctorado Nacional/2022/21221405, resulting in a more efficient, cheaper, and less complex converter option. This concept is
FONDEQUIP/EQM180215 verified through simulations and experimentally validated with a laboratory prototype.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
© 2023 The Authors. IET Power Electronics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
FIGURE 1 General Structure of an EV battery charger. (a) With low-frequency isolation. (b) With regulated high-frequency isolation. (c) With unregulated
high-frequency isolation and post-regulation.
battery charging process. In contrast newer EVs employing When the input voltage of a transformer varies, the magnetic
800 V architecture battery systems, in most cases the DC-link flux in its core changes accordingly, resulting in a variation in
will be lower than the battery voltage, requiring the DC–DC the output voltage. This voltage fluctuation leads to losses in
converter to step-up the voltage so the charging process can be the transformer’s core due to hysteresis and the induced eddy
carried out correctly. Several topologies of boost converters for currents [16]. For example, LLC resonant converters are widely
charging stations can be found in the literature [12–14]. used in various applications and especially for battery charging,
On the other hand, existing regulation requires galvanic due to their straightforward design and high efficiency achieved
isolation between the battery and the grid, which can be imple- through zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switch-
mented either at low frequency (LF) at the grid side or at high ing (ZCS) operation. However, this efficiency drops significantly
frequency (HF) as a part of the DC-DC stage [3–5], as shown when the input and output voltages vary, causing the converter
in Figure 1. For EV chargers feeding from a common DC bus, to operate far from its resonant frequency. In order to ensure
galvanic isolation is still required between EVs, for which the maximum efficiency in the operation of the converter, the input
HF transformer in the DC–DC stages shown in Figure 1b,c and output voltages of the converter can be maintained at its
are still necessary [15]. Typical topologies include regulated optimal operation point, and an additional DC–DC without
DC-DC converters with HF isolation such as the dual active isolation regulation stage can be added to allow output volt-
bridge for configurations like in Figure 1b, and unregulated age regulation. In [17], a comparison of the overall efficiency
soft-switched resonant converters followed by a post-regulation of a two-stage full-bridge LLC converter and an HF isolation
DC–DC stage for the case shown in Figure 1c. In all these solu- converter without regulation that utilizes a post-regulation DC–
tions the DC–DC stage connects the DC bus, at the output DC converter stage is presented. This motivates the search for
of the AC–DC converter, with the battery and is responsible more efficient topologies for the regulating DC–DC converter.
of controlling the current fed to the battery according to the An interesting alternative are partial power converters (PPC),
charging profile. a family of converters that can reduce losses, size and weight,
The advantage of using a HF isolation stage without reg- and even the cost of the converter [18–21]. PPCs are charac-
ulation and using a post-regulation DC-DC converter as in terized by using topologies that process a fraction of the total
Figure 1c, is that higher efficiencies can be achieved in the iso- power, thus allowing a reduction in power losses and converter
lation transformer due to fixed input-output voltage operation. size without sacrificing functionality. Several PPCs, previously
17554543, 0, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/pel2.12613 by Universidad De Sevilla, Wiley Online Library on [15/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
PESANTEZ ET AL. 3
FIGURE 2 General structure of a PPC DC–DC regulation converter. (a) Type I PPC. (b) Type II PPC.
FIGURE 6 Switching states of the converter. (a) State I (Sa , Sc ) = (1, 0). (b) State II (Sa , Sc ) = (1, 1). (c) State III (Sa , Sc ) = (0, 1). (d) State IV (Sa , Sc ) = (0, 0).
2.2.2 Switching state II: (Sa , Sc ) = (1, 1), state 2.2.4 Switching state IV: (Sa , Sc ) = (0, 0), state
duration αT duration αT
d i1 d i1
L1 =0 L1 =0
dt dt
V c1 = V c 2 V c1 = Vin
dV c1 dV c2 V c2 = Vin
C1 + C2 = −iL (2) (4)
dt dt
d iL
di L = Vin − Vo
L L = Vin + V c1 − Vo dt
dt
dV
dVo Co o = iL − io
Co = iL − io dt
dt
The state–space representation of the system turns out to be
non-linear and discontinuous, making its analysis complex. In
2.2.3 Switching state III: (Sa , Sc ) = (0, 1), state order to simplify the analysis of the system, state-space averag-
duration (0.5 − α)T ing is used. This basic approximation allows removing the HF
d i1 switching ripple by averaging over one switching period. For
L1 = −Vin this purpose, a reduced-order dynamic average model is con-
dt
sidered. The average value is calculated over a switching period,
V c1 = Vin according to:
dV c2 t +T
C2 = −iL (3) 1
dt x̄ = x (𝜏 ) ⋅ d 𝜏 (5)
di T ∫t
L L = Vin + V c2 − Vo
dt
where x¯(t) is the average of x(t) over a switching period T.
dV
Co o = iL − io According to the state-space equations from (1) to (4), the state-
dt space large-signal average equation for the output inductor can
17554543, 0, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/pel2.12613 by Universidad De Sevilla, Wiley Online Library on [15/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
PESANTEZ ET AL. 7
2 100
Type I
1.9 80 Type II
1.8 60
1.7 40
1.6 20
1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
Gv
FIGURE 7 Gain of the proposed converter as a function of the phase
FIGURE 8 Partial power operation range for Type I and Type II partial
shift α.
power converters.
be derived as:
between the power handled by the PPC in relation to the input
d ī ( )
L L = (0.5 − 𝛼 ) V̄ o − V̄C 1 − Vin power of the whole DC–DC stage:
dt
( ) ( ) | |
+ 𝛼 V̄ o − V̄C 1 − Vin + (0.5 − 𝛼 ) V̄ o − V̄C 2 − Vin |Ppc |
( ) K pr = | | (11)
+ 𝛼 V̄ o − V̄C 1 (6) Pin
Parameter Value
Parameter Value
0.98
Input voltage Vin 150 V
10
2.0 Theroretical
Experimental 8
1.9
1.8 6
1.7 4
1.6
2
1.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
98
96
94
92
90
0 0.5 1 1.5
Power [kW]
(a)
and editing. Alejandro Peralta: Data curation; methodology; 11. Shi, R., Semsar, S., Lehn, P.W.: Constant current fast charging of elec-
resources; software. Abraham Marquez Alcaide: Supervision; tric vehicles via a dc grid using a dual-inverter drive. IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron. 64(9), 6940–6949 (2017)
validation; visualization; writing—review and editing. Samir
12. Oulad-Abbou, D., Doubabi, S., Rachid, A., Garcia-Trivino, P., Fernandez-
Kouro: Conceptualization; funding acquisition; investigation; Ramirez, L.M., Carlos, F.R., Garcia-Vazquez, A., Sarrias-Mena, R.:
project administration; supervision; validation; visualization; Combined control of MPPT, output voltage regulation and capacitors volt-
writing—review and editing. age balance for three-level DC/DC boost converter in PV- EV charging
stations. In: SPEEDAM 2018 - Proceedings: International Symposium
on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion. Amalfi,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Italy, pp. 372–376 (2018)
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support 13. Safaeinasab, A., Gohari, H.S., Abbaszadeh, K.: Design and control of a
by ANID-Fondecyt 1221741, AC3E (ANID/BASAL/ novel multi-port bidirectional buck-boost converter suitable for hybrid
FB0008), SERC (ANID/FONDAP/1522A0006), ANID/ electric vehicle charging stations. In: 2022 30th International Conference
FONDEQUIP/EQM180215, ANID-Subdirección de Capital on Electrical Engineering, ICEE 2022. Tehran, Iran, pp. 1027–1032 (2022)
14. Ma, J., Deng, Y., Wen, S., Zhu, M.: Multimode operation of buck–boost
Humano/ Doctorado Nacional/2022/21221405, Dirección de converter for building block of DC fast charging station. In: Confer-
Postgrado y Programas Universidad Técnica Federico Santa ence Record—IAS Annual Meeting (IEEE Industry Applications Society),
María. pp. 1–6. Detroit, MI, USA (2022)
15. Soeiro, T., Friedli, T., Kolar, J.W.: Three-phase high power factor mains
interface concepts for electric vehicle battery charging systems. In: Con-
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
ference Proceedings—IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Exposition APEC, pp. 2603–2610. Orlando, FL, USA (2012)
16. Erickson, R.W., Maksimovic, D.: Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT ed., pp. 501–524. Springer, Berlin (2012)
Data available on request from the authors 17. Zanatta, N., Caldognetto, T., Biadene, D., Spiazzi, G., Mattavelli, P.: Analy-
sis and design of a partial-power post-regulator-based dc/dc converter for
automotive applications. In: 2022 IEEE 13th International Symposium on
ORCID Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), pp. 1–6.
Daniel Pesantez https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3363-0734 Kiel, Germany (2022)
Hugues Renaudineau https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-4979 18. Zapata, J.: Partial power DC–DC converters for two stage photovoltaic
energy conversion systems. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Tecnica
Sebastian Rivera https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7991-2234
Federico Santa Maria (2018)
Alejandro Peralta https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0218-4164 19. Anzola, J., Aizpuru, I., Romero, A.A., Loiti, A.A., Lopez-Erauskin, R.,
Abraham Marquez Alcaide https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647- Artal-Sevil, J.S., Bernal, C.: Review of architectures based on partial power
7527 processing for DC–DC applications. IEEE Access 8, 103405–103418
Samir Kouro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-4624 (2020)
20. Rivera, S., Pesantez, D., Kouro, S., Lehn, P.W.: Pseudo-partial-power con-
verter without high frequency transformer for electric vehicle fast charging
REFERENCES stations. In: 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition,
1. IEA: Global EV outlook 2023 https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev- ECCE 2018, pp. 1208–1213. Portland, OR, USA (2018)
outlook-2023 (2023). Accessed 15 May 2023 21. Rivera, S., Rojas, J., Kouro, S., Lehn, P.W., Lizana, R., Renaudineau, H.,
2. Jung, C.: Power up with 800-V systems. IEEE Electrif. Mag. 5(1), 53–58 Dragicevic, T.: Partial-power converter topology of type II for efficient
(2017) electric vehicle fast charging. IEEE J. Emerging Sel. Top. Power Electron.
3. Rivera, S., Kouro, S., Vazquez, S., Goetz, S.M., Lizana, R., Romero-Cadaval, 10(6), 7839–7848 (2022)
E.: Electric vehicle charging infrastructure: from grid to battery. IEEE Ind. 22. Iyer, V.M., Gulur, S., Gohil, G., Bhattacharya, S.: An approach towards
Electron. Mag. 15(2), 37–51 (2021) extreme fast charging station power delivery for electric vehicles with
4. Rivera, S., Goetz, S.M., Kouro, S., Lehn, P.W., Pathmanathan, M., Bauer, partial power processing. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 67(10), 8076–8087
P., Mastromauro, R.A.: Charging infrastructure and grid integration for (2020)
electromobility. Proc. IEEE 111(4), 371–396 (2022) 23. Anzola, J., Aizpuru, I., Arruti, A.: Non-isolated partial power converter for
5. Wang, L., Qin, Z., Slangen, T., Bauer, P., van Wijk, T.: Grid impact of elec- electric vehicle fast charging stations. In: 2020 IEEE 11th International
tric vehicle fast charging stations: Trends, standards, issues and mitigation Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems,
measures an overview. IEEE Open J. Power Electron. 2, 56–74 (2021) PEDG 2020, pp. 18–22. Dubrovnik, Croatia (2020)
6. Cano, Z.P., Banham, D., Ye, S., Hintennach, A., Lu, J., Fowler, M., Chen, Z.: 24. Rivera, S., Flores-Bahamonde, F., Renaudineau, H., Dragicevic, T., Kouro,
Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nat. Energy S.: A buck-boost series partial power converter using a three-port structure
3(4), 279–289 (2018) for electric vehicle charging stations. In: 2021 IEEE 12th Energy Con-
7. Scott, M.: Ever-cheaper batteries bring cost of electric cars closer to gas version Congress and Exposition—Asia (ECCE-Asia), pp. 1749–1754.
guzzlers. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikescott/2020/12/18/ever- Singapore, Singapore (2021)
cheaper-batteries-bring-cost-of-electric-cars-closer-to-gas-guzzlers/ 25. Zientarski, J.R.R., Da Silva Martins, M.L., Pinheiro, J.R., Hey, H.L.: Series-
?sh=7439281b73c1 (2020). Accessed 1 July 2023 connected partial-power converters applied to PV systems: A design
8. Srdic, S., Lukic, S.: Toward extreme fast charging: challenges and opportu- approach based on step-up/down voltage regulation range. IEEE Trans.
nities in directly connecting to medium-voltage line. IEEE Electrif. Mag. Power Electron. 33(9), 7622–7633 (2018)
7(1), 22–31 (2019) 26. Agheb, E., Høidalen, H.K.: Medium frequency high power transformers,
9. Tu, H., Feng, H., Srdic, S., Lukic, S.: Extreme fast charging of electric vehi- state of art and challenges. In: 2012 International Conference on Renew-
cles: A technology overview. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 5(4), 861–878 able Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), pp. 1–6. Nagasaki,
(2019) Japan (2012)
10. Singh, B., Kushwaha, R.: A pfc based ev battery charger using a bridgeless 27. Barrios, E.L., Urtasun, A., Ursúa, A., Marroyo, L., Sanchis, P.: High-
isolated sepic converter. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 56(1), 477–487 (2020) frequency power transformers with foil windings: Maximum interleaving
17554543, 0, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/pel2.12613 by Universidad De Sevilla, Wiley Online Library on [15/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
PESANTEZ ET AL. 13
and optimal design. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 30(10), 5712–5723 [16]. Consequently, the design of controllers is made easier, and
(2015) the system is made more resilient to noise or disturbances. It is
28. Zhou, L., Jahnes, M., Eull, M., Wang, W., Preindl, M.: Control design
worth noting that there are a variety of linearization techniques
of a 99efficiency transformerless EV charger providing standardized grid
services. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 37(4), 4022–4038 (2022) that are also effective for this purpose. A small disturbance xˆ(t)
29. Song, H., Xu, R., Gao, S., Wang, Y., Xu, D.: A high-frequency dual active is added to the input signals Vin and α, expecting that the other
bridge converter with partial power processing. In: PEAC 2022 - 2022 variables also present a small variation. Obtaining mainly the
IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and following equations:
Exposition, Proceedings, pp. 258–263. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
(2022)
30. Beckmann, C.S., Rojas, C.A., Renaudineau, H., Kouro, S., Young, H., V̄ in (t ) = Vin + v̂in (t )
Opazo, R., Rivera, S.: Comparison of modulation strategies for a 𝛼 (t ) = A + 𝛼̂ (t )
dual active bridge partial power DC–DC converter in EV powertrains. (A.1)
In: IECON Proceedings (Industrial Electronics Conference), pp. 3–8. īL (t ) = Iin + îL (t )
Brussels, Belgium (2022)
V̄ o (t ) = Vo + v̂o (t )
31. Renaudineau, H., Pesantez, D., Muller, N., Flores-Bahamonde, F., Kouro,
S., Rodriguez, J.: Reconfigurable step-up/down partial power converter for
PV power optimizer. In: 2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Considering that the disturbances are very small compared to
Exposition (ECCE), pp. 1–6. Detroit, MI, USA (2022) ̂ )| ≪ |A|, |îL (t )| ≪
the signals, that is, |̂vin (t )| ≪ |Vin |, |𝛼(t
32. Guo, B., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Ma, H., Jin, X., Wang, Y.: Design of a 300 |iL |and |̂vo (t )| ≪ |Vo|, equation (9) and (7) can be written as
kW partial power processing based dc-dc converter for electric vehicles
extreme fast charging stations. In: 2022 IEEE International Power Elec-
follows:
tronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC), pp. 423–428. d îL (t ) ( )
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (2022) L = (A + 𝛼̂ (t )) Vo + v̂o (t ) − (Vin + v̂in (t ) )
33. Anzola, J., Artal-Sevil, J.S., Aizpuru, I., Arruti, A., Lopez, R., Alacano, A., dt
( )( )
Bernal-Ruiz, C.: Resonant dual active bridge partial power converter for
+ A′ + 𝛼̂ (t ) Vo + v̂o (t ) − 2(Vin + v̂in (t ) )
electric vehicle fast charging stations. In: 2021 IEEE Vehicle Power and
Propulsion Conference (VPPC), pp. 1–6. Gijon, Spain (2021)
(A.2)
34. Shen, W., Vo, T.T., Kapoor, A.: Charging algorithms of lithium-ion batter-
ies: An overview. In: 2012 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics
and Applications (ICIEA), pp. 1567–1572. Singapore, Singapore (2012) d V̂ o (t ) V + v̂o (t )
35. Kou, S., Gong, X., Zhu, Q., Wang, G.: Parameter identification of bat- Co = (IL + îL (t ) ) − o (A.3)
dt Req
tery model based on forgetting factor recursive least square method. In:
Proceedings of 2018 IEEE 4th Information Technology and Mechatron-
where A′ = (1 − A), Req represents the equivalent output load.
ics Engineering Conference, ITOEC, pp. 1712–1715. Chongqing, China
(2018) Simplifying (A.2) and (A.3), three types of terms are distin-
guished. The first corresponds to multiplications of the constant
terms, which equals zero around the quiescent operating point.
The seconds correspond to the second-order terms, composed
How to cite this article: Pesantez, D., Renaudineau, by multiplying the small disturbance signals among themselves;
H., Rivera, S., Peralta, A., Marquez Alcaide, A., Kouro, these being very small, can be neglected. These assumptions
S.: Transformerless partial power converter topology for reduce the aforementioned equations to only their linear terms,
electric vehicle fast charge. IET Power Electron. 1–13 resulting in the following:
(2023). https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12613
d îL (t ) ( )
L = (𝛼̂ ) (Vin ) + (A − 2 ) Vin ) + (Vo (A.4)
dt
d V̂ o (t ) v̂ (t )
APPENDIX A Co = îL (t ) − o (A.5)
From (6) and (7) it is possible to develop a model that allows the dt Req
design the converter controllers by linearizing them. A small- Solving equations (A.4) and (A.5) using Laplace transform,
signal model around a quiescent operating point can be obtained the resulting output-to-control transfer function is obtained:
through the perturb and observe technique. This approach was
chosen due to its simplicity, which enabled the development Vo 1.558s + 24.34
= ⋅ 105 (A.6)
of a mathematical model that accurately reflects the converter 𝛼 0.7303s 2 + 23.1s − 38950