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Working with Text Editors in Linux
==================================
The default editor that comes with the UNIX operating system
is called vi (visual editor).

Using vi editor, we can edit an existing file or create a new file from scratch.

We can also use this editor to just read a text file.

Modes of Operation in vi editor

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
There are three modes of operation in vi:

1) command mode
2) insert mode
3) escape mode

Command Mode:
---------------
When vi starts up, it is in Command Mode. This mode is where vi interprets any
characters we type as commands and thus does not display them in the window

This mode allows us to move through a file, and to delete, copy, or paste a piece of
text.

To enter into Command Mode from any other mode, it requires pressing the [Esc] key.
If we press [Esc] when we are already in Command Mode, then vi will beep or flash the
screen.

Insert mode:
--------------
This mode enables you to insert text into the file.

Everything that’s typed in this mode is interpreted as input and finally, it is put
in the file.

The vi always starts in command mode. To enter text, you must be in insert mode.

To come in insert mode you simply type i.

To get out of insert mode, press the Esc key, which will put you back into command
mode.

Last Line Mode(Escape Mode):

-----------------------------
Line Mode is invoked by typing a colon [:], while vi is in Command Mode.

The cursor will jump to the last line of the screen and vi will wait for a command.

This mode enables you to perform tasks such as saving files, executing commands.

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There are following way you can start using vi editor :

Commands and their Description

---------------------------------
vi filename: Creates a new file if it already not exist, otherwise opens existing
file.
vi -R filename : Opens an existing file in read only mode.
view filename : Opens an existing file in read only mode.

vi f1.txt

=> After making changes if we don't want to save those changes then execute :q!

Moving within a File(Navigation):

-----------------------------------
To move around within a file without affecting text must be in command mode (press
Esc twice). Here are some of the commands can be used to move around one character at
a time.

Commands and their Description

---------------------------------
k : Moves the cursor up one line.
j : Moves the cursor down one line.
h : Moves the cursor to the left one character position.
l : Moves the cursor to the right one character position.
0 or | : Positions cursor at beginning of line.
$ : Positions cursor at end of line.
W : Positions cursor to the next word.
B : Positions cursor to previous word.
( : Positions cursor to beginning of current sentence.
) : Positions cursor to beginning of next sentence.
H : Move to top of screen.
nH : Moves to nth line from the top of the screen.
M : Move to middle of screen.
L : Move to bottom of screen.
nL : Moves to nth line from the bottom of the screen.
colon along with x : Colon followed by a number would position the cursor on line
number represented by x.

Usecase
-------
-> We will use 'vi' editor to perform below activities

a) To edit config files of our application

b) To edit shell script files

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Working with SED command
------------------------
SED command in UNIX stands for stream editor and it can perform lots of functions on
file like searching, find and replace, insertion or deletion.

Though most common use of SED command in UNIX is for substitution or for find and
replace.

By using SED you can edit files even without opening them, which is much quicker way
to find and replace something in file, than first opening that file in VI Editor and
then changing it.

SED is a powerful text stream editor. Can do insertion, deletion, search and
replace(substitution).

SED command in unix supports regular expression which allows it perform complex
pattern matching.

Example:
--------
$ cat > myfile.txt
unix is great os. unix is opensource. unix is free os.
learn operating system.
unix linux which one you choose.
unix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os. Learn unix. unix is a powerful.

Replacing or substituting string :

----------------------------------
Sed command is mostly used to replace the text in a file. The below simple sed
command replaces the word “unix” with “linux” in the file

$sed 's/unix/linux/' myfile.txt

By default, the sed command replaces the first occurrence of the pattern in each line
and it won’t replace the second, third…occurrence in the line.

Replacing the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line :

---------------------------------------------------
Use the /1, /2 etc flags to replace the first, second occurrence of a pattern in a
line. The below command replaces the second occurrence of the word “unix” with
“linux” in a line.

$sed 's/unix/linux/2' geekfile.txt

Replacing all the occurrence of the pattern in a line :

----------------------------------------------
The substitute flag /g (global replacement) specifies the sed command to replace all
the occurrences of the string in the line.

$ sed 's/unix/linux/g' myfile.txt

Deleting lines from a particular file

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-------------------------------------
SED command can also be used for deleting lines from a particular file. SED command
is used for performing deletion operation without even opening the file

To Delete a particular line say n in this example

----------------------------------------------------
$ sed '5d' myfile.txt

To Delete a last line

-----------------------
$ sed '$d' myfile.txt

To Delete from nth to last line

---------------------------------
$ sed '12,$d' myfile.txt

Note: By default SED command changes will not store in file.

=> To make SED command changes to file permanently we will use '-i' optionn.

$ sed -i 's/unix/linux/g' myfile.txt

Note: With above command 'unix' keyword will be replaced with 'linux' keyword in the
file permanently.

File permissions
================

To create a secure environment in Linux, you need to learn about user groups and
permissions. For example, if you work in a company and you want the finance
department to read a file but not make any modification to it, then you need to use
permissions in Linux. It is a must for every programmer working with Linux nowadays.

Let’s start by talking about the ownership of Linux files.

User: the owner of the file (person who created the file).

Group: the group can contain multiple users.

Therefore, all users in that group will have the same permissions. It makes things
easier than assign permission for every user you want.

Other: any person has access to that file, that person has neither created the file,
nor are they in any group which has access to that file.

=> Execute 'ls -l' command to file's permissions

We will work with this part “-rw-r–r–".

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The characters mean:

‘r’ = read.
‘w’ = write.
‘x’ = execute.
‘-’ = no permission.

-rw-r--r--

-: It represents file
rw: User
r: Group
r: Other

As we see above, the empty first part means that it is a file. If it were a directory
then it will be the letter “d” instead.

The second part means that the user “Home” has read and write permissions but he
does not have the execute one.

The group and others have only the read permission.

Let’s change the permissions using the chmod command.

$ chmod o+w section.txt

This command will add the write permission for other users to my text file
“section.txt”.

Now if you try to execute ls -l then you will see -rw-r--rw-

“o” refers to others, “g” for the group, “u” for the user, and
“a” for all.

Now let’s add the execute permission to the user with:

$ chmod u+x section.txt

The permissions will be -rwxr--rw-

If you want to remove the permission, you can use the same method but with “-”
instead of “+”.

For example, let’s remove the execute permission from the user by:

$ chmod u-x section.txt

And the permissions now are: -rw-r--rw-

Also, you can use Symbolic Mode to modify permissions like the following:

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Number Permission
0 No permission
1 Execute
2 Write
3 Execute and Write
4 Read
5 Read and Execute
6 Read and Write
7 Read, Write and Execute

For example, let’s give every permission for all with:

$ chmod 777 section.txt

Then the permissions will be: -rwxrwxrwx.

Let’s remove the execute from the group and the write from other by:

$ chmod 765 section.txt

Then the permission will be : -rwxrw-r-x

Working with User Accounts

==========================

=> Linux is multi user based operating systems

=> Within one Linux machine we can create multiple user accounts

=> Multiple users can access single linux machine and can perform multi-tasking

-> When we launch EC2 instance with Ubuntu OS, we got by default 'ubuntu' user
account

Create a user
+++++++++++++
$ sudo adduser <uname>

=> After creating user account we can verify useraccount details using 'id' command

$ id <uname>

=> 'id' command will display user account information

=> Check the files available in home directory

$ ls -l

(We can see ubuntu folder and newly created user folder)
(That means we have 2 user accounts in our machine)

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After creating a new user and setting a password to it, you can log in from the
terminal

$ su - <uname>

Delete a user
=============
$ sudo userdel <uname>

If you try that command, you will notice that the user directory has not been deleted
and you need to delete it by yourself.

You can use this automated command to do everything for you:

$ sudo deluser --remove-home <uname>

User groups
============
-> A group is a collection of users.

-> The primary purpose of the groups is to define a set of privileges like read,
write, or execute permission for a given resource that can be shared among the users
within the group.

Create a group
---------------
You can see all of the groups you have by opening the following file:

$ cat /etc/group

Create a group
----------------
$ sudo groupadd <groupname>

Add user to a group

--------------------
$ sudo usermod -aG <group-name> <username>

-> verify user groups using command -> $ id username

Delete user from a group

-------------------------
$ sudo gpasswd -d <username> <groupname>

Delete a group
--------------
$ sudo groupdel <groupname>

Working with 'find' and 'locate' commands

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------------------------------------------

locate command
++++++++++++++++
The locate Command find will search for data in local db

$ sudo apt install mlocate

$ locate apache

$ locate -c apache

$ locate -c *.txt

$ locate -S (to see locate database)

Note: when we create new files it will take some time to update those files in
mlocate db

find command
+++++++++++++
=> find command will search for the files in entire linux file system.
=> find command providing advanced searching technique
=> Using find command, we can search for the files based on name and type also.

2. Find Files Under Home Directory

# find /home -name f1.txt

7. Find Files With 777 Permissions

# find . -type f -perm 0777 -print

19. Find all Empty Files

# find /home -type f -empty

20. Find all Empty Directories

# find /home -type d -empty

Note: As find command is scanning entire file system, it will take more time to give
search results.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
-> 'man' command is like a help command. It is used to understand command syntax and
options.

$ man cat
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

-> To see ip address we will use 'ifconfig' command

$ ifconfig

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Note : ifconfig is not installed then execute below command

$ sudo apt install net-tools

-> 'ping' command is used to check connectivity

$ ping <ip>

-> 'curl' command is used to get response from the server

$ curl <url>

-> 'wget' command is used to download resources from internet

$ wget <url>

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

Installing Apache Server In Ubuntu

==================================

1) Connect to EC2 instance (UBUNTU OS)

2) Execute below commands to install apache server

$ sudo su

$ sudo apt update

$ sudo apt install apache2

$ apache2 -version

$ sudo systemctl start apache2

$ sudo systemctl status apache2

Note: Check accessing apache server from outside using system IP

-> If server is not accessible then create security group with http port open

-> Add security group for EC2 instance

-> After adding security group try accessing EC2 instance using IP

Ex: http://52.66.101.3/

-> You can modify html page content

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 $ cd /var/www/html
$ cat > index.html

<h1> Welcome to Ashok IT - Website</h1>

Deploying Website In EC2 Instance using WinSCP

===============================================
1) Download WinScp software (to transfer data from windows machine to Linux machine)

2) Keep index.html and assets in Ec2 - > Location : var/www/html

Note: If permission not available to store the data then execute below command

$ sudo chmod 777 /var/www/html -R

Install Java in Ubuntu

=======================
-> java -version (Check java version)

$ sudo su

$ sudo apt-get install default-jdk

Linux
Shell Scripting
--------------------
Start Date : 18-Apr-2022 (Mon-Sat)
AWS (15+ Services)
DevOps (10+ Tools)
Course Fee : 12,000 INR
Duration : 3 Months
Class Timings : 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM

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