THE UNIFORM PLANE WAVE

Prepared By: Group 8 & 10

1
Mohamed Hussein 2018101
Mostafa Ashraf 2018054
Moataz Fahmy 2017009
Ahmed Amir 2018116
Ahmed Tarek Gaber 2018026
CONTENTS

Wave Wave
propagation in propagation in
free space Dielectrics

The poynthing
Propagation in
vector and
good conductors
power
skin effect
consideratioms

Wave
polarization 2
 WAVE PROPAGATION IN FREE
SPACE
3 Presented by: Ahmed Amir Mater
TYPES OF WAVES

𝛿
•conductivity

𝜀
•permittivity

𝜇
•permeability
4
 LOSSY DIELECTRIC MEDIUM
GENERAL MEDIUM
 𝛼 (Attenuation constant)
𝜇𝜀 𝛿
𝛼=𝜔 [ 1 +( ) -1]0.5 ( NP/m)
2 𝜔𝜀
 𝛽 (phase of shift)
𝜇𝜀 𝛿
𝛽=𝜔 [ 1 + ( ) +1]0.5 ( rad/m )
2 𝜔𝜀
 𝛾 (propagation constant)
𝛿
𝛾 = 𝛼 + j𝛽 = j𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1−𝑗 ( m-1 )
𝜔𝜀
 ƞ instrintic impedance
𝜇 1
Ƞ= (Ω)
𝜀 1−𝑗 𝛿 5
𝜔𝜀
 FREE SPACE
SPECIAL CASE
𝛼 (Attenuation constant)
𝜇𝜀 𝛿
𝛼=𝜔 [ 1 + ( ) -1]0.5 ( NP/m)
2 𝜔𝜀
𝜇𝜀
=𝜔 [ 1 + (0) -1]0.5 = zero
2
 𝛽 (phase of shift)
𝜇𝜀 𝛿
𝛽=𝜔 [ 1 + ( ) +1]0.5 ( rad/m )
2 𝜔𝜀
𝜇𝜀 1 𝜔
=𝜔 [ 2]0.5 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 ∵ = 𝜇𝜀 ∴ 𝛽=
2 𝑐 𝑐
 𝛾 (propagation constant)
𝛿
𝛾 = 𝛼 + j𝛽 = j𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1−𝑗 ( m-1 )
𝜔𝜀
= 0 + j𝛽 = j𝛽
 ƞ instrintic impedance
𝜇 1
Ƞ= (Ω)
𝜀 1−𝑗 𝛿
𝜔𝜀
𝜇
= =120𝜋 = 377Ω 6
𝜀
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION
𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝜀o
𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑡
= j𝜔𝜀 𝐸 & 𝛻 × 𝐸 = −μo 𝜕𝐻
𝜕𝑡
= -j𝜔𝜇 𝐻
𝛻 . 𝐻 =0 & 𝛻 .𝐸 = 0
• (Proof) use maxwell’s equation to drive an expression for Ex
and Hy in Z direction in material with conductivity 𝛿
Sol
Using first maxwell’s equation : 𝛻 × 𝐸 = -j𝜔𝜇 𝐻
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = -j𝜔𝜇 (𝛻 × 𝐻) put second equation for 𝛻 × 𝐻 = j𝜔𝜀 𝐸 +𝛿𝐸
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = -j𝜔𝜇 (j𝜔𝜀 + 𝛿)𝐸 using (j𝜔𝜀) common factor
𝛿
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀( 1+ )𝐸
j𝜔𝜀
𝛿
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = 𝛻 .( 𝛻 . 𝐸 ) - 𝛻 2 𝐸 ∴ - 𝛻 2 𝐸 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀( 1+ )𝐸
j𝜔𝜀
7
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION
𝛿
- 𝛻 2 𝐸 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀( 1+ )𝐸 and we can write;
j𝜔𝜀
𝛿
- 𝛻2𝐸 = 𝑘𝑜2
( 1+ )E
j𝜔𝜀
- That 𝑘𝑜 is called free space wave number that
𝑘𝑜 =𝜔 𝜇𝑜 𝜀𝑜
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
- ∵𝛻 = + + ∴𝛻 = 2
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
- 𝛻 .𝐸
2
=( 2 + 2 + 2 ) (𝐸𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐸𝑧 𝑎𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
- = 𝛾 2 (𝐸𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝑧 )
- From 𝐸 = 𝑬𝒙 𝒂𝒙
- In phasor domain 𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝑎𝑥
E = 𝑬𝒙 𝒂𝒙 8
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION
- To get magnetic field H that we know
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
- 𝐻 = 𝛻 × 𝐸= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝑧

−𝜕𝐸𝑥𝑠 −𝜕𝐸𝑥𝑠
- = -𝜕𝑦( ) + 𝜕𝑧( ) = -j𝜔𝜇(𝐻𝑥𝑠 𝜕𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝑦 + 𝐻𝑧𝑠 𝜕𝑧 )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝛾
- = -j𝜔𝜇 (𝐻𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝑦 ) ∴ 𝐻𝑦𝑠 = (E0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + E0- 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 )
𝜕𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝛾 1
- in free space that =
𝑗𝜔𝜇 η
1
- ∴ 𝐻𝑦𝑠 = (E0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + E0- 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 )
η
9
 IF WE WANT TO CONVERT ELECTRIC FIELD
FROM PHASOR DOMAIN TO TIME DOMAIN:
𝜕2 𝐸𝑥𝑠
= 𝛾 2 𝐸𝑥𝑠 ∴ 𝐸𝑥𝑠 (z) = (E0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + E0- 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 ) 𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝑧 2

𝐸𝑥𝑠 (z) = (𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 ) 𝑎𝑥 ∴ Re 𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

𝐸𝑥 (z, t) = Re E0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = Re 𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝑗𝛽) 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

= Re E0+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

∴ = 𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 Re 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 Re 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑧)

= 𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 Re cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽
= 𝐸 0+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽 𝑎𝑥
10
 IF WE WANT TO CONVERT ELECTRIC FIELD
FROM PHASOR DOMAIN TO TIME DOMAIN:

𝜔 1
 Phase velocity (𝑣𝑝 ) = =
𝑘 𝜇𝜀

2𝜋 2𝜋𝑣𝑝 𝑐 3 ×108
 Wave length ( λ ) = = = =
𝑘 𝜔 𝑓 𝑓

 Phase relation between𝐸𝑥 &𝐻𝑦

𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑥 (E0+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 + E0− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 ) 𝜇𝑜

= 1 =η=
𝐻𝑦
η
(E0 𝑒
+ −𝛾𝑧 + E0 𝑒 )
− 𝛾𝑧 𝜀0 11
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
A uniform plane wave in free space is given by;
𝑜
𝐸𝑠 =200(𝑒 𝑗30 𝑒 −𝑗250𝑧 )𝑎𝑥 V/m.
Find : 𝛽 & 𝜔 & λ & η & 𝐻𝑠
Solution
𝑜
∵ 𝐸𝑠 =200(𝑒 𝑗30 𝑒 −𝑗250𝑧 )𝑎𝑥 in free space
1. 𝛽 = 250 rad/m
2. 𝜔 = 𝛽 c = 250 * 3 *108 = 7.5* 1010 rad/sec
2𝜋 2𝜋
3. λ = = = 0.025 m
𝛽 250
𝜇𝑜
4. η = η𝑜 = = 120𝜋 Ω
𝜀0
𝑎𝑧 ×200(𝑒 𝑗30 𝑒 −𝑗250𝑧 )𝑎𝑥
𝑜
𝑎𝑘 × 𝐸𝑠
5. 𝐻𝑠 = =
η𝑜 120𝜋
𝑜 12
= 0.531 (𝑒 𝑗30 𝑒 −𝑗250𝑧 )𝑎 𝑦 A/m
 WAVE PROPAGATION IN
DIELECTRICS
13
LET US TALK ABOUT WAVE PROPAGATION
IN DIELECTRIC

 the uniform plan wave to propagation in

dielectric of permittivity and permeability.
 The medium is isotropic and homogeneous.

 The wave equation now is ∇2 𝐸𝑠 = −𝑘 2 𝐸𝑠 (1).

 Wave number 𝐾 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 = 𝐾° 𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 (2).

𝑑2 𝐸𝑥𝑠
 For 𝐸𝑥𝑠 = 𝑑𝑍 2
= −𝐾 2 𝐸𝑥𝑠 (3).
14
AND WE WILL SEE THAT WAVE NUMBER WILL BE
COMPLEX PROPAGATION CONSTANT FROM GENERAL
SOLUTION.

 𝐽𝐾 = 𝛼 + 𝐽𝐵 (4).

 After Differentiation we will get solution (5)

𝐸𝑋𝑆 = 𝐸𝑋0 𝑒 −𝐽𝐾𝑍 = 𝐸𝑋0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑍 𝑒 −𝐽𝛽𝑍 .

 To be more easily we take 𝑒 𝐽𝜔𝑡 and multiplying by equation 3

𝐸𝑋 = 𝐸𝑋0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑍)

15
WE RECOGNIZE UNIFORM WAVE THAT PROPAGATES IN THE
FORWARD Z DIRECTION WITH PHASE CONSTANT 𝛽

 For +𝛼 is called attenuation coefficient is

measured (NP/m).

 For −𝛼 is called gain coefficient (the wave grows

in amplitude with distance). 16
A SMALL EXAMPLE ABOUT ATTENUATION
COEFFICIENT.

 When 𝛼=0.01 NP/m and Z=50.

𝑒 −0.5
 =0.607.
𝑒0

 And when z= 0 the attenuation will be reduced.


1
𝛼
in the +z direction. 𝑒 −1 =0.368

17
 complex permittivity 𝜖 = 𝜖 ∖ − 𝐽 ∈∖∖ .

 complex permeability 𝜇 = 𝜇 ∖ − 𝐽𝜇 ∖∖.

 The magnetic response is usually very week. So that we can stable equ (6)
into equ (2).

∈∖∖
 𝐾=𝜔 𝜇(𝜖 ∖ −𝐽 ∈∖∖ ) =𝜔 𝜇𝜖 ∖ 1− 𝐽 𝜖∖ . (9)

18
WE ALSO AFFECTED BY, ∈∖∖ , 𝛼, 𝛽 FOUND BY
TALKING THE REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF
JK

𝜇𝜖 ∖ 𝜖∖∖
 𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐽𝐾 = 𝜔 2
( 1+ 𝜖∖
− 1)0.5 (8).

𝜇𝜖 ∖ 𝜖∖∖
 𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚 𝐽𝐾 = 𝜔 ( 1+ + 1)0.5 (9).
2 𝜖∖

19
 𝜖 ∖∖
 ∖ loss tangent .
𝜖

 Phase velocity 𝑉𝑝 = 𝜔𝛽 .

2𝜋
 Wave length 𝜆 = .
𝛽

𝐸𝑥0 −𝛼𝑧 −𝐽𝛽𝑍

 Plan wave of magnetic field 𝐻𝑦𝑠 = 𝜂
𝑒 𝑒 .(10)

𝜇 𝜇 1
 intrinsic impedance 𝜂 = = .(11)
𝜖∖ −𝐽∈∖∖ 𝜖∖
𝜖∖∖
1−𝐽( ∖ )
𝜖

20
LOSSLESS MEDIUM
 Lossless medium is special case.

 𝜖 ∖∖ = 0 , 𝜖 = 𝜖 ∖ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝛼 = 0

 𝛽 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 ∖ (12).

 When 𝛼=0 , real field is equal

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑍)

𝜔 1 𝐶
 𝑉𝑝 = = = traveling to +z
𝛽 𝜇𝜖 𝜇𝑅𝜇𝑅

21
NOTES
 𝜆0 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕.
 𝜇𝑅 𝜖𝑅 > 1 .
 Wave length is shorter, velocity is lower then
they are in free space.
𝐸𝑥0
 Magnetic field intensity 𝐻𝑦 = cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑍)
𝜂
𝜔
 Intrinsic impedance 𝜂=
𝜇

22
 THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
23

Prepared By : Mohamed Hussein

THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 It was 1884 when John Henry Poynting first defined
the Poynting vector, which represents the energy
flux density of an electromagnetic field.
 The Poynting vector gives us information about the
direction of energy transport in the EM field and
the direction of propagation of the EM field itself.

24
 THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 To Find The Power in a uniform plane wave We Need
To Develop a Theorem For Electromagnetic Field
Known as Poynting Theorem.

 To understand the Poynting Theorem conclusion, one

must be familiar with some Maxwell's equations and
some vector properties.

25
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION

26
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION

27
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION

 If There is No Source Within Volume

Total Power dissipated

28
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 If Sources are Present then, The integrating over
volume :

VE : Power being Delivered To Source.

VE : Power Delivered By Source.

29
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 The integral in the second term is:

Total Energy Stored in the Electric &

Magnetic Field.

OR

Instaneous Power Going To increase of energy

stored within this Volume.

30
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 The Sum Of Expressions on right must be Total
Power Flowing into or out of This Volume.

 And We Finally get an expression For Poynting

Theorem:

Poynting Vector : The Cross Product of

E×H.
31
THE POYNTING AND POWER CONSIDERATION

 The Direction of Vector indicates The

Direction of The instaneous power flow at the
point.

Note That!!!!
Direction Of Power is Normal ( ┴ ) To
Both E & H .

32
THE POYNTING AND POWER
CONSIDERATION
 For a propagation in +z direction was associated with an 𝐸𝑥
and 𝐻𝑦 Component,

33
THE POYNTING AND POWER CONSIDERATION

34
 PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
35

Prepared By : Mustafa Ashraf Qassem

PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN
EFFECT
36
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Quantity Unit Symbol
Conductivity Siemens/meter (S/m) 𝜎 (Sigma)
Attenuation constant Neper/meter (N/m) 𝛼 (𝐴𝑙𝑝𝑕𝑎)
Phase Constant radian/meter (rad/m) 𝛽(beta)
Epsilon Farad/meter (F/m) 𝜀 (epsilon)
Skin-depth Meter (m) 𝛿 (delta)
Current density Ampere/meter 2 (A/𝑚2 ) J
(surface)
Intrinsic impedance Ohm Ω η (eta)
Permeability Henery's/meter (H/m) µ
Magnetic field strength Ampere/meter (A/m) H
Electric Field Intensity Newton/Coulomb(N/C) E

The good conductor has a high conductivity and large conduction

currents as copper (cu), The skin effect is the restriction of alternating 37
current to the surface of a conductor. skin depth decreases with
increasing frequency.
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
General Expression For Propagation Constant :

38
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Regardless of the parameters 𝜇 and 𝜎 , 𝛼 and β are equal If 𝐸𝑥
component in +z direction :

We let the region z > 0 be the good conductor and the region z
< 0 be a perfect dielectric. At the boundary surface z = 0 :

current density at any point within the conductor is directly

related to E :

39
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Depth of Penetration or Skin Depth (𝛿):

Velocity & Wavelength within a good conductor:

40
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Intrinsic impedance :

In term of skin depth :

41
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Poynting's theorem is a conservation of power
equation. The total power leaving a volume must be equal
to the rate of decrease of the total energy stored in the
field plus the energy lost due to heat (or something else)

42
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Total Pw loss in width 0<y<b and Length 0<x<L in
direction of current, current density decrease in
magnitude as wave propagation into conductor

43
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
To find the total current, we integrate the current density
over the infinite depth of the conductor:

44
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
The ohmic power loss per unit volume is J.E :

The time-average power loss :

Effective Resistance : In case of skin-depth found that

width “s” equal to circumference 2𝜋𝑎 and thickness 𝛿

DC Resistance : 𝛿 ≪ 𝑎
𝐿
45
𝜋𝑟𝜎
PROPAGATION IN GOOD
CONDUCTORS: SKIN EFFECT
Example:

2 2
1) Skin-depth = = = 0.776𝑚
𝜔𝜇𝜎 1200𝜋 ∗4𝜋∗10−7 ∗180∗4∗106

𝐿 75
2) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓. = 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 2𝜋𝑎 R= = 0.557 Ω
𝜋𝐷𝜎𝛿 𝜋∗0.776∗4∗106 ∗14∗10−3

𝐿 75
3) 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = = 𝜋 ∗24 ∗10−6∗4 ∗106 = 0.2486 Ω
𝜋𝑟𝜎

8 2 46
4) P = 𝐼𝛿𝑚𝑠 2.
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓. = . 0.557 = 17.82 𝑊
2
 WAVE POLARIZATION
47 Prepared By : Moataz Fahmy
 WAVE POLARIZATION
 This orthogonal relationship between E, H, and p
(power density) is always true for a uniform plane
wave. The directions of E and H within the plane
perpendicular to ax may change.
magnetic field is readily found from E using Maxwell’s
equations.
*the electric field phasor expressed as

48
WAVE POLARIZATION

49
 WAVE POLARIZATION
 *The two points are separated by distance $/þ
*But point b reaches the observer first, followed
by point a

50
 WAVE POLARIZATION

 types of polarization
* Elliptical polarization
* Linear polarization
* exhibits polarization
the Eq of exhibits polarization

51
 WAVE POLARIZATION

 types of circularly polarized

*left circularly polarized
*right circularly polarized

 = There are many uses and advantages of

circularly polarized waves

52
 WAVE POLARIZATION
 **quarter-wave plate**

(+) used for left circularly polarized

(-) used for right circularly polarized

53