PMO 25 Area Stage

25th Philippine Mathematical Olympiad
Area Stage, 11 February 2023
PART I. The answer to each item is an integer from 1 to 999. No solution is needed. Write
your answers in the answer sheet. Each correct answer is worth three points.
1. In parallelogram W XY Z, the length of diagonal W Y is 15, and the perpendicular dis-

tances from W to lines Y Z and XY are 9 and 12, respectively. Find the least possible
area of the parallelogram.
2187
2. The product of all real numbers x satisfying x2+log3 (9x) = 2
can be written in the
x
form p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive integers. Find p + q.
3. Let x and y be integers satisfying x2 + 30x + 25 = y 4 . What is the largest possible value
of x + y?
4. A game is played on the number line. Initially, there is a token placed at the number
0. In each move, the player can move the token from its current position x, to either
x + 2023 or x − 59. The goal of the game is to move the token to either 1 or −1. What
is the minimum number of moves required to achieve this goal?
5. Let x, y, z be three real numbers such that
y, x, z form a harmonic sequence; and
3xy, 5yz, 7zx form a geometric sequence.
y z
The numerical value of + can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are
z y
relatively prime positive integers. What is p + q?
6. There are three novel series Peter wishes to read. Each consists of 4 volumes that must
be read in order, but not necessarily one after the other. Let N be the number of ways
Peter can finish reading all the volumes. Find the sum of the digits of N . (Assume that
he must finish a volume before reading a new one.)
7. Suppose that P (x) and Q(x) are both quadratic polynomials with leading coefficient 1
such that P (P (x) − x) = (Q(x))2 for all real numbers x and P (2) = 0. Find the sum of
all possible values of P (10).
8. Let S be the sum of all positive integers less than 106 which can be expressed as m! + n!,
where m and n are nonnegative integers. Determine the last three digits of S.
9. How many 9-term sequences a1 , ..., a9 of nonnegative integers are there such that
0 ≤ ai < i for all i = 1, ..., 9; and
there are no ordered triples (i, j, k) with 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ 9, such that ai , aj , ak are
all distinct?
1
10. Suppose P QRS is a convex quadrilateral with ∠SP Q = ∠P QR = 120◦ , SP − QR = 36,
RS = 84, and QR is a positive even integer. Let T be the intersection of lines SP and
QR. What is the largest possible perimeter of △P QT ?
11. In square ABCD, P lies on the ray AD past D and lines P C and AB meet at Q. Point
X is the foot of the perpendicular from B to DQ, and the circumcircle of triangle AP X
meets line AB again at Y . Suppose that DP = 163
and BQ = 27. The length of BY can
be written in the form p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive integers. Find
p + q.
12. Seven people are seated together around a circular table. Each one will toss a fair coin.
If the coin shows a head, then the person will stand. Otherwise, the person will remain
seated. The probability that after all of the tosses, no two adjacent people are both
standing, can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive
integers. What is p + q?
13. Let a, b, c be real numbers with 1 < a < b < c that satisfy the equations
loga b + logb c + logc a = 6.5
logb a + logc b + loga c = 5.

√ √
Then max{loga b, logb c, logc a} can be written in the form x + y, where x and y are
positive integers. What is x + y?
14. In triangle ABC with orthocenter H, AB = 13, BC = 21 and CA = 20. The perpendic-
ular bisector of CH meets BC at P and lines P H and AB meet at Q. The line through
Q perpendicular to P Q meets AH at X. The length of AX can be written in the form
p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive integers. Find p + q.
15. Bryce has 7 blue socks and 7 red socks mixed in a drawer. He plays a game with Sean.
Blindfolded, Bryce takes two socks from the drawer. Sean looks at the socks, and if
they have the same color, Sean gives Bryce 1 point. Bryce keeps drawing socks until
the drawer is empty, at which time the game ends. The probability that Bryce’s score
is at most 2 can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive
integers. Find p + q.
16. Three circles Γ1 , Γ2 , Γ3 are pairwise externally tangent, with Γ1 , the smallest, having
radius 1, and Γ3 , the largest, having radius 25. Let A be the point of tangency of Γ1
and Γ2 , B be the point of tangency of Γ2 and Γ3 , and C be the point of tangency of Γ1
and Γ3 . Suppose now that triangle ABC has circumradius 1 as well. The radius of Γ2
can then be written in the form p/q, where p and q are relatively prime positive integers.
Find the value of the product pq.
17. For each positive integer n, define the function fn (x) = |n − x|. How many real solutions
are there to
(f1 ◦ f2 ◦ · · · ◦ f24 ◦ f25 )(x) = 0?
18. Suppose that p is a prime number which divides infinitely many numbers of the form
10n! + 2023 where n is a positive integer. What is the sum of all possible values of p?
2
19. Let p = p1 p2 . . . p6 be a permutation of the integers from 1 to 6. For any such permutation
p, we count how many integers there are which have nothing bigger on its left. We let
f (p) be the number of these integers for the permutation p. For example, f (612345) = 1
because only 6 has nothing to its left which is bigger. On the other hand, f (135462) = 4
because only 1, 3, 5, and 6 satisfy the condition.
Let S be the sum of f (p) over all the 6! different permutations. Find the sum of the
digits of S.
20. Determine the sum of all positive integers n for which 2[τ (n)]2 = 3n, where τ (n) is the
number of positive divisors of n.
PART II. Write your solutions to each problem in the solution sheets. Each complete and
correct solution is worth ten points.
1. For a set of real numbers A, let A − A be the set of distinct pairwise differences of A;
that is,
A − A := {a − b : a, b ∈ A}
If |A − A| = 25, find the sum of all possible values of |A|.
2. Let ABC be an acute scalene triangle with orthocenter H. Let M be the midpoint of
BC, and suppose that the line through H perpendicular to AM intersects AB and AC
at points E and F respectively. Denote by O the circumcenter of triangle AEF , and
D the foot of the perpendicular from H to AM . Prove that the line AO intersects the
perpendicular from D to BC at a point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC.
3
Answers to the 25th PMO Area Stage
Part I. (3 points each)
1. 108 11. 65 (48/17)
2. 730 12. 157 (29/128)
3. 43 13. 16
4. 247 14. 173 (119/54)
5. 59 (34/25) 15. 613 (184/429)
6. 18 (34650) 16. 156 (13/12)
7. 64 17. 301
8. 130 (4091130) 18. 34
9. 503 19. 18 (1764)
10. 174 20. 96
Part II. (10 points each)
1. For a set of real numbers A, let A − A be the set of distinct pairwise differences of A; that is,
A − A := {a − b : a, b ∈ A}
If |A − A| = 25, find the sum of all possible values of |A|.

Answer: 76
Solution. First, we show that 6 ≤ |A| ≤ 13. To do this, we show that if |A| = n, then
2n − 1 ≤ |A − A| ≤ n(n − 1) + 1. The upper bound is easily attained; the number of distinct
differences is bounded above by the number of ordered pairs (a, b) of distinct elements of A
plus 1, to account for the remaining pairs (a, a) which give a difference of 0; this is exactly
n(n − 1) + 1. For the lower bound, suppose that A = {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } with a1 < a2 < · · · < an .
Then the n − 1 differences an − a1 , an − a2 , . . . , an − an−1 are all positive and distinct and
appear in A − A; their additive inverses are all negative and distinct and also appear in A − A.
Also, 0 ∈ A − A and 0 is not among those differences previously listed. This gives us at least
2(n − 1) + 1 = 2n − 1 differences in A − A. These bounds show us that if |A − A| = 25, we
must have 6 ≤ |A| ≤ 13 as desired.
We then show that for any n with 6 ≤ n ≤ 13, there exists a set A such that |A| = n and
|A − A| = 25. Consider now the sets B = {1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 13} and C = {1, 2, . . . , 13}. Then we
have |B| = 6, |C| = 13, B ⊆ C, and B − B = C − C = {−12, −11, . . . , 0, . . . , 11, 12}. Now,
for any set A with B ⊆ A ⊆ C, we have B − B ⊆ A − A ⊆ C − C, and so we must have
A − A = B − B = C − C. For any n with 6 ≤ n ≤ 13, it is always possible to choose A such
that |A| = n and B ⊆ A ⊆ C, and this will give us the desired A.
Thus, the sum of all possible values of |A| is 6 + 7 + · · · + 13 = 76.
4
2. Let ABC be an acute scalene triangle with orthocenter H. Let M be the midpoint of BC,
and suppose that the line through H perpendicular to AM intersects AB and AC at points
E and F respectively. Denote by O the circumcenter of triangle AEF , and D the foot of the
perpendicular from H to AM . Prove that the line AO intersects the perpendicular from D to
BC at a point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC.
Solution. WLOG assume AB < AC. Let AM intersect the circumcircle of ABC again at
Y ̸= A. We first need to prove a claim.
Claim: Quadrilateral BHDC is cyclic.

Proof of Claim: Consider the reflection with respect to M . This maps B and C to each
other. It is fairly well-known that this also maps the orthocenter H to the antipode of A with
respect to (ABC), which we will denote by H ′ . Thus, (BHC) and (CH ′ B) are mapped to
each other. Since ∠HDM and ∠H ′ Y M are both right angles with M the midpoint of HH ′ ,
then △HDM and △H ′ Y M are congruent right triangles. It follows that D is the reflection of
Y with respect to M . Since Y ∈ (CH ′ B), then D ∈ (BHC), and the claim follows.
Now let AO intersect (ABC) and (AEF ) again at X and Z, respectively. Then
∠BAX = ∠EAZ = 90◦ − ∠AZE = 90◦ − ∠AF E = ∠DAF = ∠Y AC
and so XY ∥ BC.
Consider reflection with respect to BC. This maps (BHC) to (ABC). Let X ′ be the image of
D, so X ′ ∈ (ABC) and DX ′ ⊥ BC. Let N be the midpoint of DX ′ , which is on BC. Then
note that X ′ Y ∥ N M . Since X, X ′ ∈ (ABC), and both XY and X ′ Y are parallel to BC, then
X = X ′ . The desired conclusion follows. 2

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25th Philippine Mathematical Olympiad

Area Stage, 11 February 2023

1. In parallelogram W XY Z, the length of diagonal W Y is 15, and the perpendicular dis-

loga b + logb c + logc a = 6.5

logb a + logc b + loga c = 5.

Part I. (3 points each)

1. 108 11. 65 (48/17)

2. 730 12. 157 (29/128)

4. 247 14. 173 (119/54)

5. 59 (34/25) 15. 613 (184/429)

6. 18 (34650) 16. 156 (13/12)

8. 130 (4091130) 18. 34

9. 503 19. 18 (1764)

10. 174 20. 96

Part II. (10 points each)

If |A − A| = 25, find the sum of all possible values of |A|.

Claim: Quadrilateral BHDC is cyclic.

∠BAX = ∠EAZ = 90◦ − ∠AZE = 90◦ − ∠AF E = ∠DAF = ∠Y AC

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