Q1 : Shift Row transformation and Mixed Column Transformation:

Code:

import numpy as np

def aes_shift_rows(state):

"""

Apply AES Shift Row Transformation to the state matrix.

Parameters:

- state: 4x4 matrix representing the current state.

Returns:

- Modified state matrix after the Shift Row Transformation.

"""

for i in range(1, 4):

state[i, :] = np.roll(state[i, :], -i)

return state

def aes_mix_columns(state):

"""

Apply AES Mixed Column Transformation to the state matrix.

Parameters:

- state: 4x4 matrix representing the current state.

- Modified state matrix after the Mixed Column Transformation.

"""

for i in range(4):

s0 = state[0, i]

s1 = state[1, i]

s2 = state[2, i]

s3 = state[3, i]

state[0, i] = aes_mix_column(s0, s1, s2, s3)

state[1, i] = aes_mix_column(s1, s2, s3, s0)

state[2, i] = aes_mix_column(s2, s3, s0, s1)

state[3, i] = aes_mix_column(s3, s0, s1, s2)

return state

def aes_mix_column(a, b, c, d):

"""

Helper function for AES Mixed Column Transformation.

Parameters:

- a, b, c, d: Four bytes of a column.

Returns:

- Modified byte after the mixing.

result = (aes_mult(0x02, a) ^ aes_mult(0x03, b) ^ c ^ d) % 256

return result

def aes_mult(a, b):

"""

Helper function for AES multiplication in Galois Field (GF(2^8)).

Parameters:

- a, b: Two bytes to be multiplied.

Returns:

- Result of multiplication.

"""

p=0

for _ in range(8):

if b & 1:

p ^= a

hi_bit_set = a & 0x80

a <<= 1

if hi_bit_set:

a ^= 0x1B # XOR with the irreducible polynomial x^8 + x^4 + x^3 + x + 1

b >>= 1

return p
# Example usage

def input_hexadecimal():

while True:

user_input = input("Enter a 2-digit hexadecimal number: ")

if len(user_input) == 2 and all(c in "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef" for c in user_input):

return int(user_input, 16)

else:

print("Invalid input. Please enter a 2-digit hexadecimal number.")

# Create a 4x4 matrix with user input

state_matrix = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=np.uint8)

for i in range(4):

for j in range(4):

state_matrix[i, j] = input_hexadecimal()

print("Original State Matrix:")

print(state_matrix)

state_matrix = aes_shift_rows(state_matrix)

print("\nAfter Shift Row Transformation:")

print(state_matrix)

state_matrix = aes_mix_columns(state_matrix)
print("\nAfter Mixed Column Transformation:")

print(state_matrix)

Output:
Q2: AES Key Expansion:

sbox = [0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,

0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0, 0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72,
0xc0,

0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc, 0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31,
0x15,

0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27,
0xb2, 0x75,

0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f,
0x84,
 0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b, 0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58,
0xcf,

0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f,
0xa8,

0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3,
0xd2,

0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19,
0x73,

0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b,
0xdb,

0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c, 0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4,
0x79,

0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae,
0x08,

0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b,
0x8a,

0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d,
0x9e,

0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28,
0xdf,

0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb,
0x16]

Rcon = [0x00000000, 0x01000000, 0x02000000,

0x04000000, 0x08000000, 0x10000000,

0x20000000, 0x40000000, 0x80000000,

0x1b000000, 0x36000000]

def keyExpansion(key):

#prep w list to hold 44 tuples

#fill out first 4 words based on the key

for i in range(4):

w[i] = (key[4*i], key[4*i+1], key[4*i+2], key[4*i+3])

#fill out the rest based on previews words, rotword, subword and rcon values

for i in range(4, 44):

#get required previous keywords

temp = w[i-1]

word = w[i-4]

#if multiple of 4 use rot, sub, rcon etc

if i % 4 == 0:

x = RotWord(temp)

y = SubWord(x)

rcon = Rcon[int(i/4)]

temp = hexor(y, hex(rcon)[2:])

#creating strings of hex rather than tuple

word = ''.join(word)

temp = ''.join(temp)

#xor the two hex values

w[i] = (xord[:2], xord[2:4], xord[4:6], xord[6:8])

return w

#takes two hex values and calculates hex1 xor hex2

def hexor(hex1, hex2):

#convert to binary

bin1 = hex2binary(hex1)

bin2 = hex2binary(hex2)

#calculate

xord = int(bin1, 2) ^ int(bin2, 2)

#cut prefix

hexed = hex(xord)[2:]

#leading 0s get cut above, if not length 8 add a leading 0

if len(hexed) != 8:

hexed = '0' + hexed

return hexed

#takes a hex value and returns binary

def hex2binary(hex):
 return bin(int(str(hex), 16))

#takes from 1 to the end, adds on from the start to 1

def RotWord(word):

return word[1:] + word[:1]

#selects correct value from sbox based on the current word

def SubWord(word):

sWord = ()

#loop throug the current word

for i in range(4):

#check first char, if its a letter(a-f) get corresponding decimal

#otherwise just take the value and add 1

if word[i][0].isdigit() == False:

row = ord(word[i][0]) - 86

else:

row = int(word[i][0])+1

#repeat above for the seoncd char

if word[i][1].isdigit() == False:

col = ord(word[i][1]) - 86
 else:

col = int(word[i][1])+1

#get the index base on row and col (16x16 grid)

sBoxIndex = (row*16) - (17-col)

#get the value from sbox without prefix

piece = hex(sbox[sBoxIndex])[2:]

#check length to ensure leading 0s are not forgotton

if len(piece) != 2:

piece = '0' + piece

#form tuple

sWord = (*sWord, piece)

#return string

return ''.join(sWord)

#used to display the keywords neatly in this form: w0 = 0f 15 71 c9

def prettyPrint(w):

print("\n\nKeywords: \n")

for i in range(len(w)):

print("w" + str(i), "=", w[i][0], w[i][1], w[i][2], w[i][3])

#hardcoding input key for demonstration purposes, could be read in from user/program via
cmd/gui etc.

key = ["84", "15", "71", "c9", "47", "d9", "e8", "59", "0c", "b7", "ad", "d6", "af", "7f", "67", "98"]

#expand key

w = keyExpansion(key)

#display nicely

print("Key provided: " + "".join(key))

prettyPrint(w)

if __name__ == '__main__':

main()

Output: