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STUDENTS

CHAPTER 2

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IN

JAVA

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Class Fundamentals
Classes and Objects
• Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented
programming.

• So, a class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance

of a class.
• A Class is a "blueprint" for creating objects.
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Create a Class
• To create a class, use the keyword class
Create an Object
• To create an object of MyClass, specify the class name, followed by
the object name, and use the keyword new

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Multiple Objects
• You can create multiple objects of one class

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 Initialize the object through a reference variable

Output
101 sonoo

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Using Multiple Classes

• We can also create an object of a class and access it in another class.
• This is often used for better organization of classes
• One class has all the attributes and methods, while the other class
holds the main() method (code to be executed).
• Remember that the name of the java file should match the class
name.
• In the following example, we have created two files in the same
directory/folder:
MyClass.java
OtherClass.java
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JAVA CLASS ATTRIBUTES

• Class attributes are variables within a class
Example
Create a class called "MyClass" with two attributes x and y

• Another term for class attributes is fields / Data members

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Accessing Attributes
• We can access attributes by creating an object of the class, and by
using the dot syntax (.)
Example
Create an object called "myObj" and print the value of x

Output
5

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Modify Attributes
• We can also modify attribute values
Example
Set the value of x to 40

Output
40

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Override existing values

Example
Change the value of x to 25

Output
25

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If you don't want the ability to override existing values, declare
the attribute as final

The final keyword is useful when we want a variable to always

store the same value, like PI (3.14159...)
The final keyword is called a "modifier".
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Multiple Objects
If we create multiple objects of one class, you can change the
attribute values in one object, without affecting the attribute
values in the other
Example - Change the value of x to 25 in myObj2, and leave x in
myObj1 unchanged

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Multiple Attributes
We can specify as many attributes as you want

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JAVA CLASS METHODS

Methods are declared within a class, and that they are used to
perform certain actions
Example - Create a method named myMethod() in MyClass

myMethod() prints a text (the action), when it is called.

 To call a method, write the method's name followed by two
parentheses () and a semicolon;
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Example
Inside main, call myMethod()

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Static vs. Non-Static Methods

Java programs have either static or public attributes and methods.
Static method can be accessed without creating an object of the
class
Public methods can only be accessed by objects

Example
The differences between static and public methods

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Access Methods With

an Object

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Remember that..
• The dot (.) is used to access the object's attributes and methods.
• To call a method in Java, write the method name followed by a set
of parentheses (), followed by a semicolon (;)
Using Multiple Classes
• It is a good practice to create an object of a class and access it in
another class.
• Remember that the name of the java file should match the class
name. In this example, we have created two files in the same
directory:
Car.java
OtherClass.java
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CONSTRUCTORS
A constructor in Java is a special method that is used to initialize
objects.
The constructor is called when an object of a class is created.
It can be used to set initial values for object attributes
Types of Java constructors
Default constructor (no-argument constructor)
Parameterized constructor

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Syntax of default constructor:

<class_name>(){}
In the following example, we are creating the no-argument
constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at the time of object
creation.

Output
Bike is created

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If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates

a default constructor.

The purpose of a default constructor

• The default constructor is used to provide the default values to the
object like 0, null, etc., depending on the type.

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The constructor name must match the class name, and it cannot
have a return type (like void).
 The constructor is called when the object is created.
All classes have constructors by default
If you do not create a class constructor yourself, Java creates one
for you. However, then you are not able to set initial values for
object attributes.

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Constructor Parameters ( Parameterized constructor )

Constructors can also take parameters, which is used to initialize
attributes

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Constructor Parameters - We can have as many parameters as

you want

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Method Overloading
• With method overloading, multiple methods can have the same
name with different parameters
• Method overloading is one of the ways that Java supports
polymorphism.
There are two ways to overload the method in java
By changing number of arguments
By changing the data type

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Example

 Advantage of method overloading

• The main advantage of this is cleanliness of code.
• Method overloading increases the readability of the program.
• Flexibility

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Example - Consider the following example, which have two methods

that add numbers of different type

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Instead of defining two methods that should do the same thing, it is

better to overload one.

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RECURSION
• Recursion is the technique of making a method call itself.
• This technique provides a way to break complicated problems
down into simple problems which are easier to solve.
Syntax

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Working

Example
Use recursion to add all of the
numbers up to 10.

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Working

Example
Factorial of a number

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USING OBJECT AS A PARAMETER / ARGUMENT

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THIS KEYWORD
There can be a lot of usage of java this keyword. In java, this is a
reference variable that refers to the current object.
Usage of java this keyword
• this can be used to refer current class instance variable.
• this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
• this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
• this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
• this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.

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Output

Understanding the problem

without this keyword

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Output

Solution of the problem

with this keyword

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• It is better approach to use meaningful names for variables. So we

use same name for instance variables and parameters in real time,
and always use this keyword.

 this: to invoke current class method

• You may invoke the method of the current class by using the this
keyword.
• If you don't use the this keyword, compiler automatically adds this
keyword while invoking the method

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Output

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JAVA INNER CLASS

In Java, it is also possible to nest classes (a class within a class).
The purpose of nested classes is to group classes that belong
together, which makes your code more readable and maintainable.
 To access the inner class, create an object of the outer class, and
then create an object of the inner class

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Access Outer Class From Inner Class

One advantage of inner classes,
is that they can access attributes
and methods of the outer class

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Command-Line Arguments
• Sometimes we want to pass information into a program when we
run it. This is accomplished by passing command-line arguments
to main( ).
• The main method can receive string arguments from the
command line
• To access the command-line arguments inside a Java program is
quite easy— they are stored as strings in a String array passed to
the args parameter of main( ).
• The first command-line argument is stored at args[0], the second
at args[1], and so on.
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