PATHFIT 103

LEARNING MATERIAL ORIGIN AND 5. Associative play- now more

DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS interested in each other than the toys
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO PLAY, they are using. This is the first category
GAME, SPORTS that involves strong social interaction
PLAY between the children while they play.
Play is physical activity in its purest
form. 6. Cooperative play- some organization
According to Johann Huizing, play is an enters children’s play, for example the
activity that is free, stands outside ordinary life. playing has some goal and children
often adopt roles and act as a group.
4 Categories of Play
1. Alea- a game of luck. Exploration and GAMES
outcome are unknown. Games are activity with a minimal set of
rules, equipment, and coaching. Games may
2. Mimicry-the action or art of imitating be competitive or cooperative and a
someone or something, typically to entertain scoreboard is optional.
or ridicule. Game is uncertain, no
planning/preparation is required and it is an
3. Vertigo/Ilinx- whirling and turning instant occurrences.
activities. It causes disorientation, temporarily
distorts perception, and is a very powerful way Classification of Games
of creating anxiety, adrenaline and fear. 1. Tag Games
2. Relay games
4. Agon-a struggle or contest, dramatic 3. Social games
conflict between the chief characters. 4. Games with equipment
5. Games without equipment
Types of Play 6. Ball Games
1. Unoccupied play- the child is relatively
stationary and appears to be SPORTS
performing random movements with no Sports are a structured form of physical
apparent purpose. activity, usually played outdoors and
involving physical exertion. Sports are
2. Solitary play- the child is are competitive and have a set of rules.
completely engrossed in playing and
does not seem to notice other  is all forms of usually competitive
children. Most often seen in children physical activity which, through casual
between 2 and 3 years-old. or organized participation, aim to use,
maintain or improve physical ability and
3. Onlooker play- child takes an interest in skills while providing entertainment to
other children’s play but does not join in. participants, and in some cases,
spectators.
4. Parallel play- the child mimics other  the contest or game is between two
children’s play but doesn’t actively sides, each attempting to exceed the
engage with them. For example they other.
may use the same toy.  Sport is generally recognized as
activities which are based in physical
athleticism or physical dexterity, with the
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largest major competitions such as the
Olympic Games. 7. Statistics show that kids who are involved in
Categories of Sports sports are more likely to experience academic
1. Competitive success and graduate from high school.
2. Combat
3. Expressive 8. Sports help develop teamwork and
4. Conquest leadership skills. Kids quickly learn that they
have to work together as a team to win the
Classification of Sports by Event game.
1. Individual Sporting Events – played
individually by two opposing players. 9. Motor skills, strategic thinking, and even
2. Dual Sporting Events – played by two math skills are learned by playing sports.
players representing a team. Students develop strategic thinking as they
3. Team Events – 3 or more players in a figure out plays and the best way to get around
team a player or score a goal. Math skills are used
as they calculate scores and stats.
10 Benefits of Playing Sports
1. Playing sports is fun. It gives your child 10. Regular exercise increases quality of life.
something to do and a group to belong to. They
have a group of friends that has the same LESSON 2: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
goals and interests. OF SPORTS
History
2. Research has found that kids that play  There are artifacts and structures that
sports, especially girls, are more likely to have suggest that the Chinese engaged in
a positive body image and higher self-esteem. sporting activities as early as 2000 BC
They also are less likely to be overweight.
 Gymnastics appears to have been a
3. Kids involved in sports are less likely to take popular sport in China's ancient past.
drugs or smoke because they realize the
impact that these destructive activities can  Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate
have upon their performance. Girls who play that a number of sports, including
sports are also less likely to become pregnant. swimming and fishing, were well-
developed and regulated several
4. Physical activities are a good way to relieve thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt
stress and reduce depression. other Egyptian sports included javelin
throwing, high jump, and wrestling.
5. Sports help kids develop discipline. They
learn to set goals and then work to achieve  Sports have been increasingly
those goals. They learn that by working hard organized and regulated from the time of
they can accomplish the things that they want the ancient Olympics up to the present
to in their lives. century.

6. Kids who play sports quickly learn that Olympics

sometimes you win and sometimes you lose. The Olympic Games began over 2,700
They learn to be a good sport in both years ago in Olympia, in southwest Greece.
situations. It also helps them learn to deal with The Games were part of a religious festival.
disappointment and go on. The Greek Olympics, thought to have begun in
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776 BC, inspired the modern Olympic Games This was highly valued as a form of
(begun in 1896) The Games were held in military exercise without weapons. It ended
honour of Zeus, king of the gods, and were only when one of the contestants admitted
staged every four years at Olympia, a valley defeat.
near a city called Elis. People from all over the
Greek world came to watch and take part. • Boxing
The ancient Olympic Games were Boxers wrapped straps (himantes)
initially a one-day event until 684 BC, when around their hands to strengthen their wrists
they were extended to three days. In the 5th and steady their fingers. Initially, these straps
century B.C., the Games were extended again were soft but, as time progressed, boxers
to cover five days. started using hard leather straps, often causing
The ancient Games included running, disfigurement of their opponent's face.
long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, pankration
and equestrian events. 2. Pankration - This was a primitive form of
martial art combining wrestling and boxing, and
Ancient Olympic Sports Includes the ff. was considered to be one of the toughest
1. Pentathlon - The Pentathlon became an sports.
Olympic sport with the addition of wrestling in
708 B.C., and included the following: 3. Chariot Racing - These included horse
 Running races and chariot races and took place in the
Running contests included: Hippodrome, an oval stadium for horse and
a. the stade race, which was chariot racing.
the pre-eminent test of speed,
covering the Olympia track Note: The stade, was about 192 metres (210
from one end to the other yards) long. The word stade also came to refer
(200m foot race), to the track on which the race was held and is
the origin of the modern English word stadium.
b. the diaulos (two stades -
400m foot race),dolichos Sport as a part of Sociology
(ranging between 7 and 24 Sociology of sport, alternately referred to
stades) as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of
sociology which focuses on sports as social
• Jumping phenomena. It is an area of study concerned
Athletes used stone or lead weights with various socio-cultural structures, patterns,
called halteres to increase the distance of a and organizations or groups involved with
jump. They held onto the weights until the end sport.
of their flight, and then jettisoned them
backwards. Issues:
1. Culture
• Discus throw 2. Behavior of both athletes and coach
The discus was originally made of stone 3. Politics
and later of iron, lead or bronze. The technique 4. Gender
was very similar to today's freestyle discus 5. Ethics
throw.
LESSON 3: ADMINISTRATION AND
• Wrestling SUPERVISION OF SPORTS EVENTS
Organizing a Tournament
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The rewards of hosting a tournament principle is that the top two entries should meet
are worth the time spent planning. in the final game.
Tournaments bring people together for fun,
friendly competition. If you're hosting a Bracket
tournament, you'll want to get a hand on the - a graphic illustration of where entries
important things — from choosing a venue to advance when they win, and in the case of
keeping score. double elimination, where the first time losers
go.
Here are the key elements to consider when
planning a tournament: Draw
 Prepare the list of sports events to be - involves the placement of entries unto the
played. tournament bracket sheet or league schedule.
 List down available facilities and Standings
equipment. - refers to the final position that entries find
 Prepare the entry forms of the themselves in at the end of the tournament or
participants. league play.
 Prepare the different forms to be used in
each event. Byes
 Prepare the guidelines for the - the position of a top ranked tournament entry
participating teams. that advances to the next round without
 Prepare the format for the team gallery playing. When there are fewer entries than
spaces on the tournament bracket, the top
Things to consider carefully seeds do not play in the first round and given a
 Schedule bye.
 Eligibility
 Financing Power of 2’s
 System in determining the overall - used to determine the bye’s by multiplying
champion 2(2)=4(2)=8(2)=16(2)=32 (2) and so on…
 Awards There are numerous ways where a team or
 Protests and forfeitures individual can compete with one another.
 Publicity
In the selection of the type of competition or
 Officiating officials
tournament, the major considerations are:
1. The type of activity
DEFINITION OF TERMS
2. The number of competitors
Leagues
3. Available space and time.
- a competitive structure in which teams or
individuals (called entries) compete for a
TYPES OF TOURNAMENT
week or more, perhaps an entire school year.
Single Elimination
The single elimination type may be used
Tournaments
when the time is limited. It is the easiest way
- typically shorter: one or two-day events in
to organize and the quickest to declare a winner.
which entries are scheduled to compete.
A type of elimination that determines the winner by
eliminating the loser in every match until there is
Seeding one team left.
- the process of ranking players according
to their ability relative to other entries, takes Double Elimination
place before a tournament begins. The main
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This type of tournament requires elements of many different sports. Of course,
individual or team to have two defeats before not everything worked perfectly from the get-
being eliminated. Allows every individual or team go. After some adjustments, the game of
to play two games regardless of whether they play pickleball came into being.
in the winner’s bracket or loser’s bracket.
Round Robin First, they used table tennis paddles and a
Tournament shuttlecock to play pickleball. However, they
quickly realized that some of the items weren’t
A type of
elimination that is really adequate for the desired result. Because
generally used for competitions. It provides of that, the shuttlecock was quickly substituted
opportunity for each team to play other teams in with a Wiffle ball – a perforated plastic ball –
the competition. The winner is determined by the and the paddles changed their shape.
number of wins made in the round. Joel Pritchard, his friends, and his family began
playing around with different items and
eventually reached a point where rules were
introduced. They settled on a court that
measured 20 by 44 feet, which is the exact
LESSON 4: HISTORY OF THE GAME
measurements of a badminton court and about
Pickle Ball
a quarter of the size of a tennis court.
Pickleball is a unique blend of lawn
tennis, badminton, and table tennis, and has
They lowered the net to
rapidly grown in popularity over the years.
36 inches above the
ground, just high enough
The height of the net was derived
to prevent the ball from
from lawn tennis, the court was from
bouncing too high. The
badminton and the paddle was from table
first pickleball paddle was
tennis. Some of the rules of the game were
handmade from plywood,
also derived from these racket sports.
and the initial rules were simple: serve
underhand and let the ball bounce once on
History
each side before volleys could be played.
The origin of pickleball
can be traced back to the
According to
summer of 1965 on
Joan Pritchard, Joel
Bainbridge Island,
Pritchard’s wife, “The
Washington, USA. Joel
name of the game
Pritchard, a congressman,
became Pickle Ball after
and his friends Bill Bell and Barney Mccallum
I said it reminded me of
came up with the idea. The game’s creation
the pickle boat in crew
can be attributed to a combination of factors,
where oarsmen were
mostly boredom during the summer. An old
chosen from the leftovers of other boats”
badminton court was an essential part of the
The actual invention of pickleball is a
invention, which was the place where the three
funny story. While the family of the three
friends first played the game.
friends wanted to play badminton, a lack of
equipment obliged them to be a bit more
The three were looking for a game that
innovative. The game that emerged from their
was easy to learn, suitable for players of all
improvisation incorporated elements from
ages, and could be played in someone’s
backyard. The friends simply started combining
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various other racket sports like badminton,
tennis, and table tennis.

The founders of the

game wanted it to be
accessible and enjoyable
for their children, as well
as for adults. By creating
a game that combined
elements from different
sports and adapting them to a smaller court
size, they were able to achieve their goal.

All the other racket sports are also played in all

age categories, so rooting their new sports in
the racket sports category only made sense.
Still, pickleball has a myriad of differences from
tennis, badminton, and table tennis. Pickleball’s
unique characteristics include the slower pace
and smaller court, which made it easier for
beginners to get involved and enjoy playing.
Because of this, pickleball has become one of
the fastest-growing sports in the USA.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

THE COURT, NET, PADDLE AND WIFFLE
BALL
20 by 44 feet with 36 net height at sideline

WIFFLE BALL