EMODULE 3

ENTERPRISE
DEPLOYMENT
SOFTWARE AND
FIRMWARE
KENNETH JAY L. DUGARIA
MODULE 3 is composed of
Two (2) Lessons.
Lessons 1 is Enterprise
Deployment Software with a
Pre-Test and Five (5) Activities.
Lessons 2 is on Firmware. It is
composed of a pre-test and
three (3) activities.
References are also included in
this module
Lesson 2: Computing Infrastructures
At the end of this lesson, YOU are expected to:
▪estimate the power requirements for a computer system
▪explain the need for power and heat budgets within an IT environment;
▪classify and describe the various types of servers and services required within organizations; and
▪describe the need for hardware and software integration.

Instruction: Write your name, course and year level, excluding the score on the blanks provided. Before
proceeding to the content, please answer the questions below. These items will test your knowledge
on

Operating Systems. Write the answer on a space provided.

Name:___________________________________ Course & Year: ______________ Score: _______

1. What is a server?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a server farm?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Are you familiar with hardware and software integration?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. In connection to question no 3, what is hardware and software integration?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. When it comes so server, what’s the use of power and heat?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Power and Heat Budgets

Power Requirements
Each server, when properly configured and installed, must receive sufficient incoming power to supply all
installed components. The data center should be able to provide a stable, dual-current path to the installed
equipment. In addition, the power infrastructure must be designed to maintain system uptime even during
disruption of the main power source. It is important to use dedicated breaker panels for all power circuits
that supply power to your servers. The power system should be designed to provide sufficient
redundancy, eliminate all single points of failure, and allow the isolation of a single server for testing or
maintenance without affecting the power supplied to other servers.

Power Sources
It is important to secure multiple sources of power when possible. Ideally, multiple utility feeds should be
provided from different substations or power grids. This setup provides power redundancy and backup.
The servers provide power input fault tolerance via redundant power supplies. Therefore, it is prudent to
attach to each primary power supply a common power cord from one power grid that can supply power to
all servers, andto attach another power cord from a different power grid to the redundant supplies. If a
primary power grid goes offline, a backup power grid will provide power to the redundant supplies to
keep the servers operating.

UPS and Backup Generator

Using an online uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and a backup power generator provides a good
strategy for obtaining an uninterruptible source of power. The online UPS filters, conditions,
and regulates the power. It protects the servers from fluctuating voltages, surges and spikes, and noise
that might be on the power line. The battery backup for the UPS should be capable of maintaining the
critical load of the data center for a minimum of15 minutes during a power failure. This is typically
sufficient time to transfer power to an alternate feed or to thepower generator.

The backup power generator should be able to carry the load of both the computer equipment and the
supporting heat, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The generator should include dual
power distribution switch gear with automatic transfer switching. To offset the possibility of
a generator failure, power system designers often include a temporary generator for secondary
backup.

Grounding
Grounding design must address both the electrical service and the installed equipment. A properly
designed grounding system should have as low an impedance as is practically achievable for proper
operation of electronic devices as well as for safety. It is important to use a continuous, dedicated ground
for the entire power system to avoid a ground differential between various grounds. Grounding design in
the United States should comply with Article 250 of the U.S. National Electrical Code unless superseded
by local codes. Use an antistatic wrist strap when working inside the chassis.
All properly installed Sun servers are grounded through the power cable. However, there are reasons for
installing an additional mechanism to equalize potential. Problematic or deficient conduits can negatively
affect another server, especially with respect to the possibility of spreading voltages. Additional
grounding points help to avoid leakage current, which prevent system malfunctions. Therefore, additional
cables might be used to connect Sun servers and cabinets to the data center's potential equalization rail.
Enlist the aid of a qualified electrician to install grounding cables.
Emergency Power Control
A primary power switch that can disconnect all electronic equipment in the data center is specified by
NFPA 70 and NFPA 75 (National Fire Protection Association specifications) at each point of entry to the
data center. The primary switch should disconnect power to all servers and related electronic equipment,
HVAC equipment, UPS, and batteries. Multiple disconnects for separate parts of the power systems are
also acceptable, but in both cases, the switches must be unobstructed and clearly marked.

Power Constraints
All Sun servers are shipped with a sufficient number of power supplies to provide all power needed by all
Sun supported configurations.
Sun does not test many third-party products that are compatible with Sun servers. Therefore, Sun makes
no representations about those products or about the power requirements for products not supplied by
Sun.

Power constraints can occur in two areas:

Total power consumption
Current limit of the power outlet
To maintain a safe facility, you must ensure that the current draw does not exceed the maximum current
limit for your power outlet. In the United States and Canada, the maximum is 80% of the outlet's total
capacity.
See the site planning product specifications for the maximum input current and power consumption for
your server.

Power Supplies
Most servers shipped by Sun are configured with one or more power supplies, which are sufficient to
support themaximum load of the server.
The servers provide "N+1" power supply redundancy to maintain system uptime. An N+1 redundant
power supply configuration does not add to the power capacity of the servers. "N" represents the number
of power supplies needed to power a fully configured server. The "1" means that there is one additional
power supply in the server to handle the load if a supply fails. When the server is operating normally, all
of the power supplies are turned on, even the redundant supplies
In a 1+1 configuration (that is, two power supplies are installed, each capable of providing enough power
for the entire server), both supplies are turned on and are delivering power. Each supply delivers
approximately 50% of the power needed by the server. If one supply fails, the supply that is still online
will deliver 100% of the power needed to keep the server running.
In a 2+1 configuration (that is, three power supplies are installed, with two power supplies delivering
enough power for the entire server), all three power supplies are turned on and are delivering power. Each
supply delivers approximately 33% of the power needed by the server. If one supply fails, the supplies
that are still online will each provide 50% of the power needed to keep the server running.
Most power supplies cannot support the maximum values on all inputs at the same time because that
would exceed the power supply's total output capacity. The load must be distributed among the power
supplies in a way that does not exceed their individual maximum values.

The servers have built-in protection against exceeding the output capacity of the individual power supply.
Be sure to consult the server documentation to learn how the servers will react during a power overload.

PCI Bus Power

The PCI slots in the Sun servers comply with PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.1. The PCI buses in
the servers are designed to provide either 15 watts or 25 watts of power, depending on the server,
multiplied by the number of PCI slots in the PCI chassis. Thus, a 15-watt per slot, four-slot PCI chassis
has a total of 60 watts of power available. These 60 watts can be used in any manner that conforms to the

PCI standard. A single PCI slot can support a card that requires up to 25 watts. Each slot in the Sun Fire
V490 server can supply up to 25 watts ofpower. The total power used by all six slots in the V490 must
not exceed 90 watts.

Here are some examples of how you might populate a 60-watt, four-slot PCI chassis:
Example 1 - You install four 15-watt cards, which would use up all of the 60 watts of available power
and allslots in the PCI chassis.
Example 2 - You install two 22-watt cards plus one 15-watt card. This combination of cards would use
59 watts of the 60 watts available. In all probability, you would have to leave the fourth slot empty, since
PCIcards typically require more than 1 watt.

Heat Output and Cooling

Servers and related equipment generate a considerable amount of heat in a relatively small area. This is
because every watt of power used by a server is dissipated into the air as heat. The amount of heat output
per server varies, depending on the server configuration.
The heat load in a data center is seldom distributed uniformly and the areas generating the most heat can
change frequently. Further, data centers are full of equipment that is highly sensitive to
temperature and humidity fluctuations.
See the site planning product specifications for your server's heat output, temperature, and
humidity specifications.
Proper cooling and related ventilation of a server within a cabinet is affected by many variables, including
the cabinet and door construction, cabinet size, and thermal dissipation of any other components within
the cabinet. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the data center manager to ensure that the cabinet's
ventilation system is sufficient for all the equipment mounted in the cabinet
Do not use a server's nameplate power ratings when calculating the server's heat release. The purpose of
the nameplate power ratings is solely to indicate the server's hardware limits for maximum power draw.

Chassis Airflow
The flow of air through the server is essential to the proper cooling of the server. Even though the data
center air might be at a safe and steady temperature at one location, the temperature of the air entering
each server is critical. Problems sometimes arise for these reasons:
One server is positioned so that its hot exhaust air is directed into the intake air of another server, thus
preheating the intake air of the second server.
Servers are sometimes mounted in cabinets that restrict airflow excessively. This might occur because
thecabinets have solid front or rear doors, inadequate plenums, or they might have cooling fans that work
against the fans in the servers themselves.
A server might be mounted in a cabinet above a device that generates a great amount of heat. Most all
Sun servers draw in ambient air for cooling from the front and discharge heated exhaust air to the rear.
The servers require that the front and back cabinet doors to be at least 63% open for adequate airflow.
This can be accomplished by removing the doors, or by ensuring that the doors have a perforated pattern
that provides at least 63% open area. In addition, maintain a minimum of 1.5-inch (3.8-cm) clearance
between the servers and front and back doors of a cabinet.
The servers are equipped with fans that route cool air throughout the chassis. As long as the
necessary air conditioning is provided in the data center to dissipate the heat load, and sufficient space
and door openings are provided at the front and back of the servers, the fans will enable the rack mounted
servers to work within the operational temperature specifications. Again, see the site planning
product specifications for your server's temperature specifications.

Units of Measurement
A standard unit for measuring the heat generated within, or removed from, a data center is the British
Thermal Unit (Btu). The heat produced by electronic devices such as servers is usually expressed as the
number of Btu generated in an hour (Btu/hr).
Watts (W) is also a term used to express heat output and cooling. One watt is equal to 3.412 Btu/hr. For
example, if you use 100 watts of power, you generate 341.2 Btu/hr.
Air conditioning capacity is also measured in Btu/hr or watts. Large air conditioning systems are rated in
tons. One ton of air conditioning is a unit of cooling equal to 12,000 Btu/hr or 3517 watts

Determining Heat Output and Cooling

The site planning product specifications provides the minimum, typical, and maximum heat output and
cooling requirements for base configurations of your server. These specifications are the
measured power ratings, which are calculated for the base server configurations as defined by Sun. It is
important to realize the nameplate ratings are only a reference to the servers' hardware limits
that could accommodate future components. Do not use these values to calculate the servers' current
power and cooling requirements. In addition to the heat load generated by the servers, some cabinets
include fans, power sequencers, and other devices that generate heat. Be sure to obtain the heat output
values of these devices from your cabinet supplier. Also, when calculating data center cooling
requirements, be sure to include heat dissipation for all equipment in the room.

To determine the heat output and cooling requirements of the rack mounted servers, add the Btu or watts
for each server in the rack. For example, if one server is putting out 1000 Btu/hr (293 watts) and another
one is putting out 2000 Btu/hr (586 watts), the total heat generated is 3000 Btu/hr (879 watts). The air
conditioning equipment then should be properly sized to cool at least 3000 Btu/hr (879 watts) to
accommodate these two servers.

Using Rack Location Units to

Determine Heat Output and
Cooling
In the book Enterprise Data
Center Design and
Methodology by Rob
Snevely (available
at
http://www.sun.com/books/blue
prints.series.html) the
concept of using rack
location units (RLUs) to
determine heat output and
cooling requirements in the data
center is discussed. A rack
location is the specific
location on the data center floor
where services that can
accommodate power, cooling,
physical space, network
connectivity, functional
capacity, and rack weight
requirements are delivered.
Services delivered to the
rack
location are specified in units of
measure, such as watts or Btus,
thus forming the term rack
location unit.
Since today's data centers
house hundreds or
thousands of servers with
widely varying power and
cooling
requirements, RLUs can help
you determine where greater or
less power and cooling services
are needed. RLUs
can also help you determine
how to locate the racks to
maximize services. Using
square footage calculations for
power and cooling assumes that
power and cooling loads are the
same across the entire room.
Using RLUs lets
you divide the data center into
areas that need unique power
and cooling services
Using Rack Location Units to Determine Heat Output and Cooling
In the book Enterprise Data Center Design and Methodology by Rob Snevely (available
at http://www.sun.com/books/blueprints.series.html) the concept of using rack location units
(RLUs) to determine heat output and cooling requirements in the data center is discussed. A rack
location is the specific location on the data center floor where services that can accommodate power,
cooling, physical space, network connectivity, functional capacity, and rack weight requirements are
delivered. Services delivered to the rack location are specified in units of measure, such as watts or
Btus, thus forming the term rack location unit.
Since today's data centers house hundreds or thousands of servers with widely varying
power and cooling requirements, RLUs can help you determine where greater or less power and
cooling services are needed. RLUs can also help you determine how to locate the racks to maximize
services. Using square footage calculations for power and cooling assumes that power and cooling loads
are the same across the entire room. Using RLUs lets you divide the data center into areas that need
unique power and cooling services

To determine RLUs for heat output and cooling, you must add together the heat output and cooling
requirements for all servers installed in the rack. Then assess the RLUs for adjacent racks. For example,
suppose you had 24,000 square feet of space in the data center. You might have a 12,000-square foot area
where 600 PCs output 552,000 Btu/hour and need 46 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot. Another 6000-
square foot area might contain 48 severs which output 1,320,000 Btu/hour and need 220 Btu/hour of
cooling per square foot. A third 6000-square foot area might contain 12 high-end servers which output
972,000 Btu/hour and need 162 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot.

Using a square footage calculation for this example yields a cooling requirement for all
three sections of 2,844,000 Btu/hour, or 118.5 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot. This would exceed
the 46 Btu/hour cooling needed by the PCs, but it is much too little cooling capacity required for both
server areas. Knowing the RLUs for power and cooling enable the data center manager to
adjust the physical design, the power and cooling equipment, and rack configurations within the
facility to meet the systems' requirements

To determine RLUs for heat output and cooling, you must add together the heat output and cooling
requirements for all servers installed in the rack. Then assess the RLUs for adjacent racks. For example,
suppose you had 24,000 square feet of space in the data center. You might have a 12,000-square foot area
where 600 PCs output 552,000 Btu/hour and need 46 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot. Another 6000-
square foot area might contain 48 severs which output 1,320,000 Btu/hour and need 220 Btu/hour of
cooling per square foot. A third 6000-square foot area might contain 12 high-end servers which output
972,000 Btu/hour and need 162 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot.

Using a square footage calculation for this example yields a cooling requirement for all
three sections of 2,844,000 Btu/hour, or 118.5 Btu/hour of cooling per square foot. This would exceed
the 46 Btu/hour cooling needed by the PCs, but it is much too little cooling capacity required for both
server areas. Knowing the RLUs for power and cooling enable the data center manager to
adjust the physical design, the power and coolingequipment, and rack configurations within the
facility to meet the systems' requirements.

Servers
In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program)
that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the
client–server model.
Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources
among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients,
and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect
over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail
servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.

Client–server systems are today most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–
response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response
back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class
hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more
powerful and reliable than standard

personal computers, but

alternatively, large computing
clusters may be composed of
many relatively simple,
replaceable server components.
History
The use of the word server in
computing comes from
queueing theory, where it dates
to the mid-20th century,
being notably used in Kendall
(1953) (along with "service"),
the paper that introduced
Kendall's notation. In earlier
papers, such as the Erlang
(1909), more concrete terms
such as "[telephone] operators"
are used.
In computing, "server" dates at
least to RFC 5 (1969),[4] one of
the earliest documents
describing ARPANET (the
predecessor of Internet), and is
contrasted with "user",
distinguishing two types of
host: "server-host" and "user-
host". The use of "serving" also
dates to early documents, such
as RFC 4, contrasting "serving-
host" with "using-
host".
The Jargon File defines
"server" in the common
sense of a process
performing service for
requests, usually
remote, with the 1981 (1.1.0)
version reading:
SERVER n. A kind of
DAEMON which performs a
service for the requester, which
often runs on a computer other
than the one on which the server
runs. personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of
many relatively simple,replaceable server components.

History
The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory, where it dates to the mid-20th
century, being notably used in Kendall (1953) (along with "service"), the paper that introduced Kendall's
notation. In earlier papers, such as the Erlang (1909), more concrete terms such as "[telephone] operators"
are used.
In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969),[4] one of the earliest documents describing
ARPANET (the predecessor of Internet), and is contrasted with "user", distinguishing two types of host:
"server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early documents, such as RFC 4,
contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host".
The Jargon File defines "server" in the common sense of a process performing service for
requests, usually remote, with the 1981 (1.1.0) version reading:

SERVER n. A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester, which often runs on a
computer other than the one on which the server runs.

Operation
A network based on the client–server model where multiple individual clients request services and
resources from centralized servers. Strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer
program or process (running program). Through metonymy, it refers to a device used for (or a
device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host.

In addition to server, the words serve and service (as noun and as verb) are frequently used, though
servicer and servant are not. [a] The word service (noun) may refer to either the abstract form of
functionality, e.g. Web service. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a
computer into a server, e.g. Windows service. Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use
servers") in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as
"give". For instance, web servers "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests".

The server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for
clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response. This is in
contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any
computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to
share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus, any general-purpose
computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some
process, that process is a file server. Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and
so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.

While request–response is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as the publish–
subscribe pattern. In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to
specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the
pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes
messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request-response

Purpose
The role of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work. A server computer
can serve its own computer programs as well; depending on the scenario, this could be part of
a quid pro quo transaction, or simply a technical possibility. The following table shows several
scenarios in which a server is used
Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root
nameservers, DNS, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to
the Internet, running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary
Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers. There are exceptions that do not
use dedicated servers; for example,peer-to-peer file sharing and some implementations of telephony (e.g.
pre-Microsoft Skype).
Hardware
Hardware requirement for servers vary widely, depending on the server's purpose and its software.
Servers are more often than not, more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them.
Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without a computer
monitor or input device, audio hardware and USB interfaces. Many servers do not have a graphical
user interface (GUI). They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted
via various methods including Microsoft Management
Console (MMC), PowerShell, SSH and browser-based out-of-band management systems such as Dell's
iDRAC or HP's iLo.
Large servers
Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. Availability
would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Mission-
critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates
in order to maximize uptime.
Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically
include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies, RAID disk systems, and ECC memory, along
with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification. Critical components might be hot swappable,
allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down, and to guard against
overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling. They will often be able to be
configured, powered up and down or rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management, typically based
on IPMI. Server casings are usually flat and wide, and designed to be rack-mounted, either on 19-inch
racks or on Open Racks.
These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers. These will normally have very stable
power and Internet and increased security. Noise is also less of a concern, but power consumption and
heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices.

Server Farms
A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers – usually maintained by an organization
to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single machine. Server farms often consist of
thousands of computers which require a large amount of power to run and to keep cool. At the optimum
performance level, a server farm has enormous costs (both financial and environmental) associated with
it. Server farms often have backup servers, which can take over the function of primary servers in the
event of a primary-server failure.
Server farms are typically collocated with the network switches and/or routers which enable
communication between the different parts of the cluster and the users of the cluster.
Server farmers typically mount the computers, routers, power supplies, and related electronics on 19-
inch racks in a server room or data.
Server farms are commonly used for cluster computing. Many modern supercomputers comprise giant
server farms of high-speed processors connected by either Gigabit Ethernet or custom interconnects such
as Infiniband or Myrinet. Web hosting is a common use of a server farm; such a system is sometimes
collectively referred to as a web farm. Other uses of server farms include scientific simulations (such as
computational fluid dynamics) and the rendering of 3D computer generated imagery (see render farm).
Server farms are increasingly being used instead of or in addition to mainframe computers by large
enterprises, although server farms do not yet reach the same reliability levels as mainframes. Because of
the sheer number of computers in large server farms, the failure of an individual machine is
a commonplace event, and the management of large server farms needs to take this into
account by providing support for redundancy, automatic failover, and rapid reconfiguration of the
server cluster.
Performance
The performance of the largest server farms (thousands of processors and up) is typically
limited by the performance of the data center's cooling systems and the total electricity cost rather than
by the performance of the processors. Computers in server farms run 24/7 and consume large amounts of
electricity, and for this reason, the critical design parameter for both large and continuous systems tends
to be performance per watt rather than cost of peak performance or (peak performance / (unit * initial
cost)). Also, for high availability systems that must run 24/7 (unlike supercomputers that can be power-
cycled to demand, and also tend to run at much higher utilizations), there is more attention placed on
power saving features such as variable clock-speed and the ability to turn off both computer parts,
processor parts, and entire computers (WoL and virtualization) according to demand without bringing
down services. The network connecting the servers in a server farm is also an essential factor in the
overall performance especially when running applications that process massive volumes of data.
Performance per watt
The EEMBC EnergyBench, SPECpower, and the Transaction Processing Performance
Council TPC-Energy are benchmarks designed to predict performance per watt in a server
farm. The power used by each rack of equipment can be measured at the power distribution unit.
Some servers include power tracking hardware so the people running the server farm can measure the
power used by each server. The power used by the entire server farm may be reported in terms of power
usage effectiveness or data center infrastructure efficiency.
According to some estimates, for every 100 watts spent on running the servers, roughly another 50 watts
is needed to cool them. For this reason, the siting of a Server Farm can be as important as processor
selection in
achieving power efficiency. Iceland, which has a cold climate all year as well as cheap
and carbon-neutral geothermal electricity supply, is building its first major server farm hosting site.
Fiber optic cables are being laid from Iceland to North America and Europe to enable companies there to
locate their servers in Iceland. Other countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada,[8] Finland,
Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. In these countries, heat from
the servers can be cheaply vented or used to help heat buildings, thus reducing the energy consumption of
conventional heaters.

Hardware and Software Integration

Software integration is the process of bringing together various types of software sub-systems so that
theycreate a unified single system. Software integration can be required for a number of reasons, such as:

Migrating from a legacy system to a new database system, including cloud-based data storage

Setting up a data warehouse where data needs to be moved through an ETL process from its production
system to the data storage systemLinking different systems, such as various databases and file-
based systems

Joining various stand-alone systems to make it easier to replicate processes and gain uniform results
This kind of application integration is increasingly necessary for companies who use distinct systems to
perform various tasks. These operations can include anything from recording sales, keeping track of
supplier information and storing customer data. To incorporate all of these different systems and
applications into one system, where data can be collected and analyzed, requires specialized functionality.
A data integration tool seeks to provide a solution for cloud-based data repositories, where large amounts
of data from disparate sources need to be collated, processed, and analyzed as one. By using such tools,
companies can combine and utilize all of their data.
There are four methods which are used for software integration:

Vertical integration, which integrates software based on the specifically required functionality

Star system integration, which interconnects one sub-system with the rest of a sub-system

Enterprise Service Bus (ESB), where a custom-made sub-system is created which allows
a variety of
different systems to communicate with each other simultaneously

Common data format integration is independent of applications so that all data is in one format and so
doesn’t have to be converted into others depending on the application using it.

Activity 2.
Instruction: Write your name, course and year level, excluding the score on the blanks provided. Write the
answer on a space provided.
Name:_____________________________________ Course & Year: ____________________ Score:___

1. What is the main purpose of a server?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why computer performance matters?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What’s the difference between virtual and web server?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do server farms exist?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why is it necessary to know the heat and power requirement of a server?

Answer:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2.
Instruction: Write your name, course and year level, excluding the score on the blanks provided. Write the
answer on a space provided.
Name:___________________________________ Course & Year: ____________________ Score:___
1. Define a server rack. Why is it necessary to have a rack for the server?
Lab 1.
Open a computer and identify the cooling systems within the computer.