Lab-03 Operating System Installation

Lab 03: Operating System Installation

3.1 Objective

Having completed this experiment, you will be able to get:

1. Familiarity with operating system
2. History of OS
3. Types of operating system
4. Function of operating system

Apparatus: Bootable USB/CD

3.2 Introduction

Operating System
An Operating system (OS) is a software which acts as an interface between the end user and
computer hardware. Every computer must have at least one OS to run other programs. An
application like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc. needs some environment in which it will run
and perform its task. The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how
to speak the computer's language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile
device without having an operating system.
History Of OS

Some features of Wireshark.

 Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage.
 The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early 1950s for their
IBM 701
 In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
 In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
 The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS
software from a Seattle company
 The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI was
created and paired with MS-DOS.

Features of Operating System

Here is a list commonly found important features of an Operating System:

 Protected and supervisor mode

 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
 Program Execution

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 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking

 Handling I/O operations
 Manipulation of the file system
 Error Detection and handling
 Resource allocation
 Information and Resource Protection

Functions of an Operating System:

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

Process management: - Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also
provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.

Memory management: - Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.

File management: - It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and
de-allocation of the devices.

I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that
hardware devices from the user.

Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes

primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in
primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.

Security: - Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against
malware threat and authorized access.

Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting
system resources to process that commands.

Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory,

hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the
network.

Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.

Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and

another software resource of the various users of the computer systems.

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Types of Operating system

 Batch Operating System

 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS
 Mobile OS

Batch Operating System

Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same process, a
job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.

The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In this type of
OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card and submit it to the
computer operator

Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a

single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared among
multiple users is termed as time sharing.

Real time OS

A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very small.
Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very fast
computation to its users.

Network Operating System

Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage data,
user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.

Mobile OS

Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power
smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices. Some most famous mobile operating systems are
Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

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Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other
features useful for mobile or handheld use, and usually including a wireless inbuilt modem and
SIM tray for telephony and data connection.

Here is a list of Operating Systems with the latest Market Share

Table 3.1: List of OS with latest market share

OS Name Share
Windows. 40.34
Android 37.95
iOS 15.44
Mac OS 4.34
Linux 0.95
Chrome OS 0.14
Windows Phone OS 0.06

Figure 3.1: Operating System with Market Share

Difference between Firmware and Operating System

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Table 3.2: Difference between Firmware and Operating System

Firmware Operating System

Firmware is one kind of programming that

OS provides functionality over and above
is embedded on a chip in the device which
that which is provided by the firmware.
controls that specific device.

Firmware is programs that been encoded

OS is a program that can be installed by
by the manufacture of the IC or something
the user and can be changed
and cannot be changed.

It is stored on non-volatile memory. OS is stored on the hard drive

Operating System Version

In computing, there exist two type of processor i.e., 32-bit and 64-bit. This type of processor
tells us how much memory a processor can have access from a CPU register. A 32-bit system
can access 232 memory addresses, i.e. 4 GB of RAM or physical memory ideally, it can access
more than 4 GB of RAM also. A 64-bit system can access 264 memory addresses, i.e. actually
18-Quintillion bytes of RAM.

Most computers made in the 1990s and early 2000s were 32-bit machines. The CPU register
stores memory addresses, which is how the processor accesses data from RAM. One bit in the
register can reference an individual byte in memory, so a 32-bit system can address a maximum
of 4 GB (4,294,967,296 bytes) of RAM. The actual limit is often less around 3.5 GB since part
of the register is used to store other temporary values besides memory addresses. Most
computers released over the past two decades were built on a 32-bit architecture, hence most
operating systems were designed to run on a 32-bit processor.

A 64-bit register can theoretically reference 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes, or

17,179,869,184 GB (16 exabytes) of memory. This is several million times more than an average
workstation would need to access. What’s important is that a 64-bit computer (which means it
has a 64-bit processor) can access more than 4 GB of RAM. If a computer has 8 GB of RAM, it
better has a 64-bit processor. Otherwise, at least 4 GB of the memory will be inaccessible by the
CPU.

A computer with a 64-bit processor can have a 64-bit or 32-bit version of an operating system
installed. However, with a 32-bit operating system, the 64-bit processor would not run at its full
capability.
On a computer with a 64-bit processor, we can’t run a 16-bit legacy program. Many 32-bit
programs will work with a 64-bit processor and operating system, but some older 32-bit
programs may not function properly, or at all, due to limited or no compatibility.

Table 3.3: Difference between 32-Bit vs. 64 Bit Operating System

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Parameters 32. bit 64. bit

Allow 32 bit of data processing Allow 64 bit of data processing
Architecture and Software
simultaneously. simultaneously
32-bit applications require 32-bit 64-bit applications require a 64-
Compatibility
OS and CPUs. bit OS and CPU.
All versions of Windows 8,
Windows XP Professional,
Systems Available Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Vista, 7, Mac OS X and Linux.
Windows XP, Linux, etc.
64-bit systems allow a
32-bit systems are limited to 3.2
Memory Limits maximum 17 Billion GB of
GB of RAM.
RAM.

What is a Kernel?

The kernel is the central component of a computer operating systems. The only job performed by
the kernel is to the manage the communication between the software and the hardware. A Kernel
is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and software
possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell is the outermost
one.

Figure 3.2: Kernel in OS

Features of Kernel

 Low-level scheduling of processes

 Inter-process communication
 Process synchronization

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 Context switching

Types of Kernels:
There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most popular kernels are:

1.Monolithic

A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the required services
offered by the operating system. It is a simplistic design which creates a distinct communication
layer between the hardware and software.

2. Micro kernels

Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are implemented in
different address space. The user services are stored in user address space, and kernel services
are stored under kernel address space. So, it helps to reduce the size of both the kernel and
operating system.

The advantage of using Operating System

 Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

 Easy to use with a GUI
 Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
 The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use
 Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware
components
 It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
 Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

Disadvantages of using Operating System

 If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in your
system
 Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which adds
burden on them. Example Windows
 It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

Summary

 An operating system is a software which acts as an interface between the end user and
computer hardware
 Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage

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 The kernel is the central component of a computer operating systems. The only job
performed by the kernel is to the manage the communication between the software and
the hardware
 Two most popular kernels are Monolithic and MicroKernels
 Process, Device, File, I/O, Secondary-Storage, Memory management are various
functions of an Operating System
 Batch, Multitasking/Time Sharing, Multiprocessing, Real Time, Distributed, Network,
Mobile are various types of Operating Systems

Steps of Installation of Windows 10

Part 1

1. Make sure your Windows 10 installation media is connected. In order for you to install
Windows 10, your Windows 10 installation file must be loaded onto a disc or flash drive,
and the disc or flash drive must be inserted into your computer.
If you haven't yet downloaded the Windows 10 installation tool, follow the instructions
from this Microsoft support page: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-
download/windows10

Figure 3.3: Window 10 CD loaded

2. Press and hold Del or F2 to enter setup. This key may also be a different key—most
computers will display a message on startup that says "Press [key] to enter setup" or
something similar, so look for this message when your computer restarts to confirm the
key you should press to access the BIOS.
Consult your computer's manual or online support page to confirm your computer's BIOS
key.

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Figure 3.4: Indication of Del Key

3. Navigate to the Boot tab. You'll use the arrow keys to select it.
The Boot tab may instead say Boot Options, depending on your computer's manufacturer

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Figure 3.5: Boot option selection

4. Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:
For a USB flash drive, select the Removable Devices option.
For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive option.

Figure 3.6: Booting Option

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5. Press the + key until your boot option is first. Once either Removable Devices or CD-
ROM Drive is at the top of the list, your computer will select your choice as its default
boot option.
On some computers, you'll instead press one of the function keys (e.g., F5) to navigate an
option up to the top of the menu. The key will be listed on the right side of the screen.

Figure 3.7: Selection of + Button

6. Save your settings. You should see a key prompt (e.g., F10) at the bottom of the screen
that correlates to "Save and Exit"; pressing it should save your settings and restart your
computer.
You may have to press ↵ Enter to confirm the changes.
7. Save your settings. You should see a key prompt (e.g., F10) at the bottom of the screen
that correlates to "Save and Exit"; pressing it should save your settings and restart your
computer.
You may have to press ↵ Enter to confirm the changes.

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Figure 3.8: Indication of F10 key

Figure 3.9: Initialization of Window

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Part 2: Installing

1. Click Next when prompted. You can also change the options on this page (e.g., the setup
language) before continuing if need be.

Figure 3.10: Windows Setup dialogue box

2. Click Install Now. It's in the middle of the window.

Figure 3.11: Setup Window

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3. Enter your Windows 10 key, then click Next. If you don't have a Windows 10 key,
instead click Skip in the bottom-right corner of the screen

Figure 3.12: Setup dialogue-Box

4. Click the "Accept" box and click Next. This will indicate that you accept the terms of
use.

Figure 3.13: License agreement window

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5. Click Upgrade. It's at the top of the "Which type of installation do you want?" window.
This option installs Windows 10 while preserving your files, apps, and settings.
You can click Custom instead to clean install Windows 10 on your computer. Doing so
will prompt you to select a partition to format before continuing.

Figure 3.14: Windows setup options

6. Wait for Windows 10 to install. This process may take anywhere from half an hour to
several hours, depending on your computer's previous operating system and processing
speed.
If prompted to press a key in order to boot from a CD, do not press a key.

Figure 3.15: Installation process

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7. Follow the on-screen setup instructions. Once Windows 10 has been installed on your
computer, you'll be able to customize its settings (e.g., your region, your preferred
language, location settings, etc.). Once you finish this process, you will be taken to your
computer's desktop.

3.3 Lab Tasks

Q1. Write down the different feature of OS

Q2. Why Kernel is important

Q3. Which OS has gained large part of the market share?

Q4. What is difference between firmware and OS?

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