Lab-01 ✪Introduction to Computer Network Components

Lab 01: Introduction to Computer Network Components

1.1 Objective

By completed this experiment, you will be able to get:

1. Familiarity with lab environment
2. Introduction to lab safety
3. Introduction to Networks Components

1.2 Introduction

Computer Network Component

Network Components is also called the “Network Device” or “Network Equipment” or
“Computer Networking Devices” which are needed to make communication and interaction
between multiple computers over network.
Types of Network Components
Components of computer network are categories into 4 different types of segments.

Figure 1.1: Computer Network Components

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1. Network Hardware Components

2. Network Software Components
3. Network Protocol Components
4. Network Connection Medium Components
1. Network Hardware Components

Hardware Components are known as “Network Hardware Devices” that are linked to each other
through wire or wireless connection.

Major Types of Network Devices:

The major network devices are:

● Network interface card

● Hub

● Modem

● Switch

● VLAN

● Router

● Bridge

NIC

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip,
which is installed on a computer so it can connect to a network. This hardware component is
used to link multiple computers with each other over the network. NIC performs some activates
such as sending and receiving data as well as controlling data flow between linked all terminals
over the network. NIC is capable to send and receive data on (10,100 to 1000 Mb/s) transfer rate.
All NIC contain unique id (MAC address) that is programmed on chip, and it is embedded on the
network interface card.

NIC has two variant such as –

Wired NIC – Cables and connectors are connected to Wired NIC, which is embedded inside the
motherboard.

Wireless NIC – Wireless NIC has small type antenna, it helps to make connection on the
wireless network.

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Modem

Modem is a device that enables a computer to send or receive data over telephone or cable
lines. The data stored on the computer is digital whereas a telephone line or cable wire can
transmit only analog data.
Modem is a combination of two devices modulator and demodulator.
The modulator converts digital data into analog data when the data is being sent by the
computer. The demodulator converts analog data signals into digital data when it is being
received by the computer.

Types of modems are:

Ethernet modem – It is connected into NIC in the computer system.

Wireless modem – Wireless modem contains small antenna, and it is connected with computer
terminal through wireless network.

Hub

Hub is a hardware component of computer network that helps to split large network connections
into small multiple network terminals. Hub works as distribution point. When computer try to
request for some piece of data from network (wired or wireless), then it has first priority to send
request to Hub via cable. Hub will transmit those requests over the network, and all linked
terminal will determine that those requests are related to them or not. If not related then all
requests will be trashed.

A hub is basically the same as a repeater, but the hub will have more ports. That's the only
difference between the two. (Some hubs have greater capabilities than others, but a "basic"
hub is Simply a multiport repeater.)

Neither hubs nor repeaters have anything to do with the Data Link layer of the OSI model, nor
do they perform any switching at all. Hubs and repeaters are strictly Physical layer devices, and
that's where the trouble comes in. There are two major problems with hub
1. Only one PC at a time can send data so having one big collision domain. (Data sent by
host can collide with another host) to prevent this host on shared network uses
CSMA/CD.
2. One large broadcast domain.
Hubs are used to build a LAN by connecting different computers in a star/hierarchal network
topology, the most common type on LANs now a day. A hub is a very simple (or dumb) device,
once it gets bits of data sent from computer A to B, it does not check the destination, instead, it
forwards that signal to all other computers (B, C, D…) within the network. B will then pick it up
while other nodes discard it. This amplify that the traffic is shared.

There are mainly two types of hubs:

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Passive: The signal is forwarded as it is (so it doesn’t need power supply).

Active: The signal is amplified, so they work as repeaters. In fact, they have been called
multiport repeaters. Hub is a multiport repeater.

Hubs can be connected to other hubs using an uplink port to extend the network. Hubs work on
the physical layer (lowest layer). That’s the reason they can’t deal with addressing or data
filtering.

Switch
Instead of broadcasting the frames everywhere, a switch checks for the destination MAC
address and forwards it to the relevant port to reach that computer only. This way, switches
reduce traffic and divide the collision domain into segments, this is very important for busy
LANs, and it also protects frames from being sniffed by other computers sharing the same
segment.
They build a table of which MAC address belongs to which segment. If a destination MAC
address is not in the table, it forwards to all segments except the source segment. If the
destination is same as the source, frame is discarded.

Switches have built-in hardware chips solely designed to perform switching capabilities;
therefore, they are fast and come with many ports. Sometimes they are referred to as
intelligent bridges or multiport bridges. Switches that additionally process data at network layer
are known as layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.

Features of Switches
1. A switch operates in the layer 2.
2. It is an intelligent network device that can be conceived as a multiport network bridge.
3. It uses MAC addresses to send data packets to selected destination ports.
4. It uses packet switching technique to receive and forward data packets from the source to
the destination device.
5. It supports unicast, multicast and broadcast communications.
6. Transmission mode is full duplex.
7. Switches are active devices, equipped with network software and network management
capabilities.
8. Switches can perform some error checking before forwarding data to the destined port.
Most common switching methods are:
1. Cut-through: Directly forward what the switch gets.
2. Store and forward: receive the full frame before retransmitting it.

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Normal Switches are on the data link layer (just above physical layer), that’s why they deal with
frames instead of bits and filter them based on MAC addresses. Switches are known to be used
for their filtering capabilities. Intelligent switches work as a router.

Hubs vs. Switches.

1. With hubs, we've got one big collision domain consisting of all connected hosts. When hosts
are connected to their own switch ports, they each have their own individual collision
domain.
2. Hubs only allow one device to transmit at a time, resulting in shared bandwidth. Switches
allow hosts to transmit simultaneously.
3. When one host connected to a hub sends a broadcast, every other host receives that
broadcast and there's nothing we can do about it. When a host connected to a switch sends
a broadcast, every other host receives it by default - but there is something we can do about
that, as you'll see in the VLAN section of this course
How Switch works: Cisco Switch will do one of the three things with an incoming frame
1. Forward it
2. Flood it
3. Filter it
To make this decision, the switch uses its MAC Address table to check if there's an entry for the
destination MAC address - but first, the switch will actually check to see if there's an entry for
the source MAC address of the frame, because it's that source MAC that the switch will use to
actually build the table in the first place. How switch process frames shown below.

Flooding is performed when the switch has no entry for the frame's destination MAC address.
When a frame is flooded, it is sent out every single port on the switch except the one it came in
on. Unknown unicast frames are always flooded.

Forwarding is performed when the switch does have an entry for the frame's destination MAC
address. Forwarding a frame means the frame is being sent out only one port on the switch.

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Figure 1.2: Computer Network Components

Filtering is performed when the switch has an entry for both the source and destination MAC
address, and the MAC table indicates that both addresses are found off the same port.

Types of switches

Unmanaged switches – These switches are used in the small area such as home network.

Managed switches – These switches are used in medium size of area such as small and large
organizations. There are two types such as Smart switches and Enterprise managed switches.

Ethernet switches – These types of switches are mostly used to decrease network congestion,
and it helps to make connection with LAN points.

PoE switches – PoE switches stands for “Power over Ethernet”, and they deliver to great
flexibility by cabling process.

VLANs (Virtual LANs) and broadcast domains:

Switches do not control broadcast domains by default, however, if a VLAN is configured in a
switch it shall have its own broadcast domain. VLAN is a logical group of network devices
located on different LAN physical segments. However, they are logically treated as if they were
located on a single segment.

Router

A router is a network layer hardware device that transmits data from one LAN to another if both
networks support the same set of protocols. So a router is typically connected to at least two
LANs and the internet service provider (ISP). It receives its data in the form of packets, which

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are data frames with their destination address added. Router also strengthens the signals before
transmitting them. That is why it is also called repeater.

Routing Table

A router reads its routing table to decide the best available route the packet can take to reach its destination quic

● Static Routing Table: In a static routing table the routes are fed manually. So it is
suitable only for very small networks that have maximum two to three routers.

● Dynamic Routing Table: In a dynamic routing table, the router communicates with
other routers through protocols to determine which routes are free. This is suited for
larger networks where manual feeding may not be feasible due to large number of
routers.

Bridges

Bridges is very important hardware device in computer network because it helps to make
interconnection along with multiple bridge network on the similar protocol. Bridges are also
called of “Layer 2 switches”.

Bridges are used to extend networks by maintaining signals and traffic. Bridges are on the data
link layer so in principle they are capable to do what switches do like data filtering and
separating the collision domain, but they are less advanced. They are known to be used to extend
distance capabilities of networks.

Bridges performs all functions on the data link layer of the ISO model, and it helps to keep the
MAC (media access control) address table.

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Types of bridge

● Transparent bridge
● Translational bridge
● Source-route bridge

Repeater

Repeater performs all activates on the physical layer of the OSI model. It is very helpful to
regain or replicate analog or digital signals, which are distorted by transmission loss. So, it is
known as “Signal Booster”.

Repeater is capable to relay messages between multiple sub networks in the data network. With
many networking terms, the name is indeed the recipe, and that's very true of a repeater. A
repeater's job is to repeat an electrical signal, the form that our data has taken to be sent
across a cable. Remember, "it's all ones and zeroes!”

The repeater takes an incoming signal and then generates a new, clean copy of that exact
signal. This prevented maximum cable lengths from stopping transmissions, and also helped to
ward off attenuation - the gradual weakening of an electric signal as it travels.

Gateway

Gateway is a special type of hardware component of the network, and it performs activities like
“Gate” between two networks. Gateways provide protection like firewalls from unwanted traffic
because it is placed at the edge of the network system so all data get in and out in the network
through Gateways.

Gateway works on the top layers of OSI model such as transport, session, presentation, and
application layers. But it is useless to make communication between two same network
protocols.

Examples of Gateway are –

● IBM AS400 microcomputer

● PC LAN

Types of Gateway

● Unidirectional Gateways – It has not permission to flow data only one direction.

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● Bidirectional Gateways – It has permission to flow data both sides.

Client

Client is edge point of computers which are obtained the requests and received services from
server side, and it uses computer network resources such as printer, scanner, plotter, and more.

Server

Server is high level computer which are get high configuration. It has responsibility to handle all
resources of the entire network system. On the server, a special type of operating system is
installed, it is known as network operating system.

Types of Servers

● File servers
● Database servers
● Print servers, and more

Software Components in Computer Network

Network software is a superior element that provides instructions to all network components for
performing their tasks together.

Network Software Components are

● Network Operating System

● Protocol Suite

Networking Operating System

Networking Operating System is designed especially to network system. It is installed on the

server then it delivers to some facilitate to workstations on the network such as share files,
database, applications, fax machine, plotters, printers etc.

Protocol Suite

Protocol is set of rules, or some guideline followed by every node of network for data
communication. Protocol Suite is group of some related protocols which are especially designed
for computer networks.

Two Protocol Suites are –

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OSI Model – OSI stands for Open System interconnections, and it decides that how to flow data
in between the multiple computers with the help of these seven layers such as Physical, Data
Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application.

TCP/IP Model – TCP/IP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol”, and
it delivers some instructions that how to make a connection with any specific computer over the
network and how to get transmission between all computer’s nodes.

Name of Software Components are

● Novell® Netware 4.1 and Microsoft Windows® NT are Network Operating System for
server side.
● Novell® Netware 4.1 client and Microsoft Windows® 95 are Network Operating System
for client side.
● Novell® IPX is network protocol software.

● Application softwares are web browser, email etc.

● Network Interface Card drivers

Protocol in Computer Network

Network protocols are groups of specified rules that decide how to swap data between multiple
computers with easy, reliable and trustworthy way. Main objective of using protocols are to
spread and receive data over a network.

Here, Some Common Protocols are

● TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

● UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

● HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

● FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

● PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

● SSH (Secure Shell)

● TELNET (Telecommunication Network)

● SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

● POP3 (Post Office Protocol)

● SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

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Connection Medium in Computer Network

Connection medium is the appropriate way over which electrical signal flows as transfer from
one terminal to another terminal over the network.

Connection medium has some variants such as

Twisted-Pair wire

Twisted-Pair wire is mostly used in the telephone an Ethernet cabling, and it is divided into some
category such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5E, 6 and 7. It has two type like as unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
and shielded twisted pair (STP).

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable is same to TV installation cable, and it delivers to high data transmission speed.
So, it is more expensive.

Types of coaxial cable

● Thin (Thinnet)
● Thick (Thicknet)

Fiber-optic Cable

Fiber-optic cable provides the ultra-transmission data speed via light beams in the glass bound
fiber. So, its price is higher to other cable.

Wireless Medium

Wireless medium is more popular in small offices and home usage such as WIFI. In WIFI, radio
signals get the transmission in the air, and multiple terminals (computer, laptop, smart phone,
etc) make connection through WIFI signals then can be shared their data with each other.

Safe Lab Procedures

We must understand and follow safety procedures.

Procedures to Protect People

Safe working conditions help prevent injury to people and damage to computer equipment. A
safe workspace is clean, organized, and properly lit.
General Safety

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Follow safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical shock, and damage to eyesight. As a
best practice, make sure that a fire extinguisher and first-aid kit are available. Poorly placed or
unsecured cables can cause tripping hazards in a network installation. Cable management
techniques such as installation of cables in conduit or cable trays help to prevent hazards.
This is a partial list of basic safety precautions to use when working on a computer:

● Remove your watch and jewelry and secure loose clothing.

● Turn off the power and unplug equipment before performing service.
● Cover sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
● Never open a power supply or a monitor with a built-in power supply.
● Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or that use high voltage.
● Know where the fire extinguisher is located and how to use it.
● Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.
● Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
● Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects to avoid injuring your back.
● Wear safety goggles to prevent damage to eyesight.

Before cleaning or repairing equipment, make sure that your tools are in good condition. Clean,
repair, or replace items that are not functioning adequately.
Electrical Safety

Follow electrical safety guidelines to prevent electrical fires, injuries, and fatalities.
Some printer parts become hot during use, and other parts, such as power supplies, contain high
voltage. Check the printer manual for the location of high-voltage components. Some
components retain a high voltage even after the printer is turned off. Make sure that the printer
has had time to cool before making the repair.
Electrical devices have certain power requirements. For example, AC adapters are manufactured
for specific laptops. Exchanging AC adapters with a different type of laptop or device may cause
damage to both the AC adapter and the laptop.
Fire Safety
Follow fire safety guidelines to protect lives, structures, and equipment. To avoid an electrical
shock and to prevent damage to the computer, turn off and unplug the computer before beginning
a repair.
Fire can spread rapidly and be very costly. Proper use of a fire extinguisher can prevent a small
fire from getting out of control. Use the memory aid P-A-S-S to remember the basic rules of fire
extinguisher operation:

● P: Pull the pin.

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● A: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames.

● S: Squeeze the lever.
● S: Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

Each type of fire extinguisher has specific chemicals to fight different types of fires:

● Paper, wood, plastics, cardboard

● Gasoline, kerosene, organic solvents
● Electrical equipment
● Combustible metals

When working with computer components, be alert for odors emitting from computers and
electronic devices. When electronic components overheat or short out, they emit a burning smell.
If there is a fire, follow these safety procedures:

● Never fight a fire that is out of control or not contained.

● Always have a planned fire escape route before beginning any work.
● Get out of the building quickly.
● Contact emergency services for help.
● Locate and read the instructions on the fire extinguishers in your workplace before you
have to use them.

Procedures to Protect Equipment and Data

ESD and EMI

Replacing equipment and recovering data is expensive and time consuming. This section
identifies potential threats to systems and describes procedures to help prevent loss and damage.
Electrostatic Discharge
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur when there is a buildup of an electric charge (static
electricity) that exists on a surface which comes into contact with another, differently charged
surface. ESD can cause damage to computer equipment if not discharged properly. Follow
proper handling guidelines, be aware of environmental issues, and use equipment that stabilizes
power to prevent equipment damage and data loss.
At least 3,000 volts of static electricity must build up before a person can feel ESD. For example,
static electricity can build up on you as you walk across a carpeted floor. When you touch
another person, you both receive a shock. If the discharge causes pain or makes a noise, the
charge was probably above 10,000 volts. By comparison, less than 30 volts of static electricity
can damage a computer component.

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ESD can cause permanent damage to electrical components. Follow these recommendations to
help prevent ESD damage:

● Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready to install them.
● Use grounded mats on workbenches.
● Use grounded floor mats in work areas.
● Use antistatic wrist straps when working on computers.

Electromagnetic Interference
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the intrusion of outside electromagnetic signals in a
transmission media, such as copper cabling. In a network environment, EMI distorts the signals
so that the receiving devices have difficulty interpreting them.
EMI does not always come from expected sources, such as cellular phones. Other types of
electric equipment can emit a silent, invisible electromagnetic field that can extend for more than
a mile.
There are many sources of EMI:

● Any source designed to generate electromagnetic energy

● Man-made sources like power lines or motors
● Natural events such as electrical storms, or solar and interstellar radiations

Wireless networks are affected by radio frequency interference (RFI). RFI is caused by radio
transmitters and other devices transmitting in the same frequency. For example, a cordless
telephone can cause problems with a wireless network when both devices use the same
frequency. Microwaves can also cause interference when positioned in close proximity to
wireless networking devices.
Climate

Climate affects computer equipment in a variety of ways:

● If the environment temperature is very high, equipment can overheat.

● If the humidity level is very low, the chance of ESD increases.
● If the humidity level is very high, equipment can suffer from moisture damage.

Power Fluctuation Types

Voltage is a measure of energy required to move a charge from one location to another. The
movement of electrons is called current. Computer circuits need voltage and current to operate
electronic components. When the voltage in a computer is not accurate or steady, computer
components might not operate correctly. Unsteady voltages are called power fluctuations.

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The following types of AC power fluctuations can cause data loss or hardware failure:

● Blackout: Complete loss of AC power. A blown fuse, damaged transformer, or downed

power line can cause a blackout.
● Brownout: Reduced voltage level of AC power that lasts for a period of time. Brownouts
occur when the power line voltage drops below 80 percent of the normal voltage level
and when electrical circuits are overloaded.
● Noise: Interference from generators and lightning. Noise results in poor quality power,
which can cause errors in a computer system.
● Spike: Sudden increase in voltage that lasts for a short period and exceeds 100 percent of
the normal voltage on a line. Spikes can be caused by lightning strikes but can also occur
when the electrical system comes back on after a blackout.
● Power surge: Dramatic increase in voltage above the normal flow of electrical current. A
power surge lasts for a few nanoseconds, or one billionth of a second.

Power Protection Devices

To help shield against power fluctuation problems, use devices to protect the data and computer
equipment:

● Surge suppressor: Helps protect against damage from surges and spikes. A surge
suppressor diverts extra electrical voltage that is on the line to the ground.
● Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): Helps protect against potential electrical power
problems by supplying a consistent level of electrical power to a computer or other
device. The battery is constantly recharging while the UPS is in use. The UPS provides a
consistent quality of power when brownouts and blackouts occur. Many UPS devices can
communicate directly with the computer operating system. This communication allows
the UPS to safely shut down the computer and save data prior to the UPS losing all
battery power.
● Standby power supply (SPS): Helps protect against potential electrical power problems
by providing a backup battery to supply power when the incoming voltage drops below
the normal level. The battery is on standby during normal operation. When the voltage
decreases, the battery provides DC power to a power inverter, which converts it to AC
power for the computer. This device is not as reliable as a UPS because of the time it
takes to switch over to the battery. If the switching device fails, the battery cannot supply
power to the computer.

Procedures to Protect the Environment (2.1.3)

Most computer and peripherals use and contain at least some materials that can be considered
toxic to the environment. This section describes tools and procedures that help identify these
materials and the steps for proper handling and disposal of the materials.

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Safety Data Sheet

Computers and peripherals contain materials that can be harmful to the environment. Hazardous
materials are sometimes called toxic waste. These materials can contain high concentrations of
heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, or mercury. The regulations for the disposal of hazardous
materials vary by state or country. Contact the local recycling or waste removal authorities in
your community for information about disposal procedures and services.
A safety data sheet (SDS) used to be known as a material safety and data sheet (MSDS). A
safety data sheet is a fact sheet that summarizes information about material identification,
including hazardous ingredients that can affect personal health, fire hazards, and first-aid
requirements. The SDS contains chemical reactivity and incompatibility information. It also
includes protective measures for the safe handling and storage of materials and spill, leak, and
disposal procedures.
To determine if a material is classified as hazardous, consult the manufacturer’s SDS. In the
United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all
hazardous materials be accompanied by an SDS when transferred to a new owner. The SDS
information included with products purchased for computer repairs or maintenance can be
relevant to computer technicians. OSHA also requires that employees be informed about the
materials that they are working with and be provided with material safety information.
The SDS explains how to dispose of potentially hazardous materials in the safest manner.
Always check local regulations concerning acceptable disposal methods before disposing of any
electronic equipment.
The SDS contains valuable information:

● Name of the material

● Physical properties of the material
● Hazardous ingredients contained in the material
● Reactivity data, such as fire and explosion data
● Procedures for spills and leaks
● Special precautions
● Health hazards
● Special protection requirements

In the European Union, the regulation Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of
Chemicals (REACH) came into effect on June 1, 2007, replacing various directives and
regulations with a single system.
Equipment Disposal

The proper disposal or recycling of hazardous computer components is a global issue. Make sure
to follow regulations that govern how to dispose of specific items. Organizations that violate

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these regulations can be fined or face expensive legal battles. Regulations for the disposal of the
items on this page vary from state to state and from country to country. Check your local
environmental regulation agency.
Batteries

Batteries often contain rare earth metals that can be harmful to the environment. Batteries from
portable computer systems can contain lead, cadmium, lithium, alkaline manganese, and
mercury. These metals do not decay and remain in the environment for many years. Mercury is
commonly used in the manufacturing of batteries and is extremely toxic and harmful to humans.
Recycling batteries should be a standard practice. All batteries, including lithium-ion, nickel-
cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid, are subject to disposal procedures that comply
with local environmental regulations.
Monitors

Handle CRT monitors with care. Extremely high voltage can be stored in CRT monitors, even
after being disconnected from a power source.
Monitors contain glass, metal, plastics, lead, barium, and rare earth metals. According to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), monitors can contain approximately 4 pounds (1.8 kg)
of lead. Monitors must be disposed of in compliance with environmental regulations.
Toner Kits, Cartridges, and Developers

Used printer toner kits and printer cartridges must be disposed of properly in compliance with
environmental regulations. They can also be recycled. Some toner cartridge suppliers and
manufacturers take empty cartridges for refilling. Some companies specialize in refilling empty
cartridges. Kits to refill inkjet printer cartridges are available but are not recommended, because
the ink might leak into the printer, causing irreparable damage. Using refilled inkjet cartridges
might also void the inkjet printer warranty.
Chemical Solvents and Aerosol Cans

Contact the local sanitation company to learn how and where to dispose of the chemicals and
solvents used to clean computers. Never dump chemicals or solvents down a sink or dispose of
them in a drain that connects to public sewers.
The cans or bottles that contain solvents and other cleaning supplies must be handled carefully.
Make sure that they are identified and treated as special hazardous waste. For example, some
aerosol cans explode when exposed to heat if the contents are not completely used.

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Figure 1.3 Hazardous Computer Components

1.3 Lab Tasks

Q1. How many types of network components?

Q2. What is the difference between a switch and a router?

Q3. What is TCP/IP?

Q4. Explain at least 5 Protocol

Q5: What precautions should be measure in the LAB environment?

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Q6: What is the purpose of VLAN?

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