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First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

SUMMARY

FINAL REVISION 1
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 1
Statitiscs Helps us to make intelligent judgments and informed decisions in the presence of uncertainty and variation.
We Can Say that Statistics is a Science that:-
1- Collecting
2- Organizing
3- Presenting
4- Analyzing
5- Interpret Data to make effective decision
Descriptive Statistics:
1. Basic tools for summarizing and presenting numerical data ( It is not a branch of statistics).
2. We can’t draw any concluding about the population directly from the descriptive statistics.
Inferential Statistics:
1. Drawing conclusions from data (sample) can be generalized to the population.

Population: A well-defined collection of Objects (Elements or Units) that contain information about one or more
characteristics of interest. Its Characteristics ‫ صفاتها‬Called Parameters.
Prameters: • Characteristics of population • Never Exactly Known • Examples, Population Mean µ and Population Variance ơ2

Sample: A subset (portion) form the Population It Characteristics Called Statistics/Estimators.


Statistics Estimators • Characteristics of Sample • Used to Estimate the unknown Parameters ̅ and S2
• Example , 𝑿

• How to Collect Data • Types of Samples


Census Sampling Random Sample Non
Random Sample
From :- All Elements of Some Elements of
Population Population (Sample) Every Element has Yes No
Equal Chance?
Good results when
Results Accurate and have representative Representative? Yes No
:- Actual sample
Can the results be
Yes No
Disadvantage:  Advantage: ♥ Generalized on Population?
1-Time, Effort & 1-Saves time and effort
1. Simple (r.s.) 1. Model instance sample.
Money 2-Not to destroy
2- Usually
2. Stratified r.s. 2. Expert s.
Population
Impractical
Examples:- 3. Cluster r.s 3. Quota s.
4. Systematic r.s 4. Heterogeneity s.
5. Multi-stage r.s 5. Snow ball s.

Expermintal Unit: The individual or object on


which a variable is measured (E.U.
Variable: A characteristic that changes over time
and/or changes for different individuals under
consideration

FINAL REVISION 2
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 2

Disadvantage of Histogram Advantage of Stem and Leaf

FINAL REVISION 3
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 3

Measures of Central Tendancy (locations) : is a measures along the horizontal axis of the data distribution
that locates the center of the distribution.
Mode is the Most Frequent Observation.
Mode is The Median of the Longest Row (in stem and leaf only) .
Median: Is the value that lies in the middle position, when the data are ordered from the smallest to largest.
𝒏+𝟏
Rank(M) =
𝟐
[ 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌(𝑴) ] +𝟏
First Quartile (Q1): Is the value that 25% of the observations lie below it. Rank(Q1) =
𝟐
Third Quartile(Q3): Is the value that 75% of the observations lie below it. Rank(Q3) = 𝒏 − 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌(𝑸𝟏) + 𝟏

Notes:
• Mean is Called Average or Expected Value. • Median is Called Second Quartile (Q2)
• Median splits the data into two half, 50% of the data after and 50% of the data before.
• In Frequency Distribution Table: Mode are can be change according to Classes' width and number.
• Measures that don't affected by Outliers are Called "Robust ‫ "متينة‬like Median and Mode.
Very Important Note : Sum of Deviation from mean must be equal Zero , ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅) = 0

FINAL REVISION 4
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 4

Q3 – Q1

Used to
compare
Homogeneity
of two
Groups

FINAL REVISION 5
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 5
Used to
compare
position of
two
Observation

FINAL REVISION 6
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

QUESTIONS

FINAL REVISION 12
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 1
1

9
10
11

FINAL REVISION 13
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

12 Age, gender & speed are qualitative characteristics while weight & math grads are both quantitative ( )

13 Population is collection of all elements contain information about we interest. ( )

14 Sample is a part of a population. ( )

15 Sampling is enumeration of all characteristics. ( )

16 Which of the following is not a random sample


a) Stratified sample.
b) Systematic sample
c) Quota sample
d) Cluster sample
17 Which of the following is a random sample
a) Stratified sample
b) Systematic sample
c) Multi-stage sample
d) All of the above
18 Which of the following is a random samples
a) Expert sample
b) Quota sample
c) Snow ball sample
d) None of the above
19 Descriptive statistics is
a) Tools for describe the population
b) Tools to summaries and present data
c) A branch of the science of statistics
d) Cluster sample

20 In descriptive statistics our main objective is to


a) Describe the population
b) Describe the data we collected
c) Inter something about the population
d) Compute an average

21 The science of statistics includes which of the following :


a) Organize data
b) Presenting data
c) Interpreting data
d) All of the above
22 The population parameters are
a) Calculated from the sample
b) Known if the sample size is very large
c) Can be estimated from the non-random samples
d) Always unknown

FINAL REVISION 14
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

23 The main purpose of descriptive statistics is to:

A) Summarize data in a useful and informative manner.

B) Make inferences about a population.

C) Determine if the data adequately represents the population.

D) Gather or collect data

24 Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

A) Family income

B) Number of students in a statistics class

C) Zip codes of shoppers

D) Rankings of baseball teams in a league

E) None of the above

25 Which word is NOT part of the definition of descriptive statistics?

A) Organizing

B) Analyzing

C) Presenting

D) Predicting

E) None of the above

Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
C A D C B C A B A A C F T T F C D D B B D D A A D

FINAL REVISION 15
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 2 & 3
1

10
11
12
13
14

FINAL REVISION 16
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

15
16
17

18 The sample mean is the best estimator if the distribution is


a) Skewed to the right.
b) Negatively skewed.
c) Symmetric.
d) Symmetric with no outliers.
If n=31, the rank of the first quartile is
19 a) 16
b) 8
c) 8.5
d) 7
If the rank of the median is 10, then the sample size was
20 a) 20
b) 21
c) Even
d) Odd
For the quantitative data, we can calculate
21 a) Mean and median only
b) Mean and mode only
c) Mean , median, and mode
d) None
In a set of observations, which measure of central tendency reports the value that occurs most often?
22 a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Median
d) The first quartile
Which of the following measures of central location is affected most by outliers?
23 a) Median
b) Mode
c) Mean
d) Third quartile
Suppose you compare the mean of raw data and the mean of the same raw data grouped into a frequency distribution.
24 These two means will be
a) Exactly equal.
b) The same as the median.
c) The same as the mode.
d) Approximately equal.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
D D A B C B C C C F F T F F F F D D C D C B C D

FINAL REVISION 17
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

25

ii

iii

iiii

26 I

Ii

Iii

Iiii

27 Experiment unit is the individual only on which a variable is measured. (…)

FINAL REVISION 18
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

28 Census is enumeration of some elements for all variables in a population. (…)

29 If we have a non random sample we can generalize the results of the sample on the population. (…)

30 The parameter is a numerical characteristic of the population and it is never exactly known. (…)

31 The mean is the best measure of central tendency if the distribution is symmetric only. (…)

32 25% of the observations between Q1 and the minimum value. (…)

In a set of 10 observations the mean is 20 and the median is 15. There are 2 values that are 6, and all other values are
33 different. What is the mode?
a) 15
b) 20
c) 6
d) None of the above
** For a stem-and-leaf display
34 a) Arrange the leaf values from smallest to largest.
b) Make sure the stem value is only one digit.
c) Do not allow stems with no leaf values.
d) All of the above.
The percentage of observations between the third and the first quartile is
35 a) 100%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 75%
Stem and leaf may lead to loss real Data (…)
36
If Rank M is 10 then the sample size is even (…)
37
A set of data if the sum of the diviation from 55 is zero, then simply 55 is Median (...)
38

Answers
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
i-48.5 ii- iii- iiii- i- ii- iii- iiii- V- F F F T F T C A C F F F
51 54 42 & 50 10 4 3 6 3&4

FINAL REVISION 19
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
18

19

FINAL REVISION 20
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

20

21

22

23

24

50

25

26

27

28

ANSWER

1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28-
T F F T T F T F F T F T T F T T F B B D C D A D C C D A
FINAL REVISION 21
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

PART 5
1
2

3
4

5
6
7 (sometimes yeah)

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T T T F F T T F T C C A B B B

FINAL REVISION 22
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

16

17

(because has Outliers)

18

FINAL REVISION 23
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

19

20

FINAL REVISION 24
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

21

22

FINAL REVISION 25
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

23

FINAL REVISION 26
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

24

FINAL REVISION 27
First Year 2019-20 Descriptive Statistics - Probability

♥ ‫تم بحمد هللا‬

FINAL REVISION 43

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