Senior High School

Biology I
Quarter 1 – Module 2.1
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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 Senior High School

Biology I
Quarter 1 – Module 2.1
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Biology I Self-Learning Module on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Biology I Self-Learning Module on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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This module has the following parts:

Activity : This will bring understanding to what you already know

and experience to what you should learn further.

Analysis : In this phase, you will process and classify what is valid
and not for a more in-depth understanding.

Abstraction : This part leads you in reinforcing what you know and
should know more. Exercises are presented for
independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.

Application : This stage brings you to a more practical way that you are
going to use what you have learned and think new ways
on how it can be improved further.

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 CONTENTS OF THE MODULE
Page
Content Standard 1
Performance Standard 1
Learning Competency 1
Learning Objectives 1

DAILY LEARNING TASK:

Day Learning Task

1 Introduction 1-5
Pre-Test
Review of the Previous Module
Presentation of the New Module
2 Activity 5-7
Analysis
3 Abstraction 7-14
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Application
References 15

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LESSON 1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner should be able to construct a 3D model of a plant/animal/bacterial cell
using recyclable materials.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features.
(STEM_BIO11/12-la-c-3)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. explain the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
2. recognize the importance of structures and its function in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells;
3. compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

INTRODUCTION

Grab a moment and take a look at yourself. How many are you seeing
organisms? Maybe your first impression is that there's only one: yourself. If you were
to look closely, though, at the surface of your skin or within your digestive tract, you'd
see that many organisms still live there.

This means that it is an environment for your body. It also means that you
consist of each of the main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You will
learn a lot about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and cell types in this module. The
differences lie primarily in the existence of internal compartmentalization needed for
more specific functions of the cell.

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PRE-TEST

Directions: Read the questions carefully and identify what is asked. Write the letter
of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the purpose of the mitochondria in both plant and animal cells?
A. Provides protection
B. Packages and transports protein.
C. Stores water, food, and waste.
D. They act as the powerhouse of the cell and releases energy.

2. Prokaryotic organisms have the following structures:

A. Cell membrane, lysosome, ribosome
B. Plasma membrane, nucleoid, cell wall, pili
C. Ribosome, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast
D. Cell wall, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane

3. Which of the following statement is not true?

A. Tissues ensure the division of labor.
B. Most of the plant tissues are the supportive type.
C. Organ systems are far more complex in animals than in plants.
D. Sedentary existence contributes to the organ system design in animals.

4. Which statement is correct?

A. All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
B. All algae have cellulose in their cell walls.
C. All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.
D. All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

5. What statement accurately describes this cell?

A. It is a plant cell because it has
nucleus and mitochondria.
B. It is an animal cell because it has a
nucleus and central vacuole.
C. It is a plant cell because it has a
chloroplast and a cell wall.
D. It is an animal cell because it has both
a cell membrane and a cell wall.

6. Which of the following is the major difference between plant and animal cells?
A. Only animal cells have a nucleus.
B. Plant cells have a cell wall and animal cells do not.
C. Animal cells have much larger vacuoles than plant cells.
D. Animal cells have a cell membrane and plant cells do not.

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7. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of cells?
A. All plants, animals and fungi, and protists are made up of
eukaryotic cells.
B. Prokaryotic cells are the world’s smallest cells and probably were
the first cells on Earth.
C. Eukaryotic cells have many membrane-covered organelles,
allowing many different processes to occur at the same time.
D. All of the above.

8. Which of the following organelles do plant and animal have in common?

A. nucleus, chloroplast, nucleus
B. Golgi bodies, vacuoles, chloroplast
C. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast
D. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies

9. Which of the following statement is true?

A. Both animal and plant cell contain identical structures.
B. Animal cells contain chloroplasts that store food, water and wastes.
C. The activities of both plant and animal cells are controlled by a nucleus.
D. Plant cells have a thick membrane that supports and protects the
plants.

10. What is wrong with this diagram of a plant cell?

A. Plant cells do not contain mitochondria.
B. The cell wall and the nucleus have been
incorrectly labelled.
C. The nucleus and the chloroplast have
been labelled the wrong way around.
D. All of the above.

11. How is collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue similar?

A. They both provide support.
B. They provide protection for the plant.
C. They both provide energy for the plant.
D. The transport material throughout the plant.

12. Flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in _____________.

A. microtubular organization and function
B. location in cell and mode of functioning
C. types of movement and placement in cell
D. microtubular organization and type of movement

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 13. What type of epithelial tissue is this?
A. Simple cuboidal epithelium ?
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium.
D. Stratified squamous epithelium

14. The diagram below shows a cell. Which of the following is correct?
A. The cell is an animal cell, structure 1 is cell membrane and structure 2
is vacuole.
B. The cell is a plant cell, structure 1 is the cell wall and structure 2 is the
chloroplast.
C. The cell is a fungal cell, structure 1 is the cell wall and structure 2 is a
mitochondrion.
D. The cell is a bacterial cell, structure 1 is the cell wall and structure 2 is a
mitochondrion.

15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

A. Ribosomes that synthesize protein
B. Membrane-bound cellular organelles
C. a semi-fluid region consisting of cytosol
D. Plasma membrane consisting of lipids and proteins

You made it. Are you ready to explore and understand about prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell? Let’s go!

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REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

The previous module is all about the structures and function of major and
subcellular organelles. Using the information that you learned yesterday, give the
functions of the following major organelles?

Cell Parts Description and Function

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

All living organisms have a cellular organization (bacteria, blue green algae,
plants and animals) and can contain one or more cells. Organisms with only one cell
in their body are considered unicellular organisms (bacteria, blue green algae, some
algae, protozoa, etc.). Multicellular organisms (fungi, most plants and animals) are
considered organisms with several cells in their body. Any living organism may contain
only one type of cell both prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.

ACTIVITY

Task 1

Directions: Choose which type of cell best fits each description. Write the letter of
each cell type in the blank provided at the left of the description.

P = Prokaryotic cell
E = Eukaryotic cell
B = Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

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_________ 1. Has a definite, well-defined nucleus

_________ 2. Type of cells in your body

_________ 3. Have DNA

_________ 4 Bacteria cells

_________ 5. Multicellular

_________ 6. Has cytoplasm

_________ 7. Can live as unicellular organisms ** Think about it **

_________ 8. Type of cells found in plants

_________ 9. Type of cells found in a goldfish

_________ 10. Carry out every activity associated with living things

Task 2: Picture Analysis

Directions: Study the picture below and answer the following guide questions. Write
your answer on the space provided. You can also watch the video to learn more about
these two types of cells. Just click this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-
SMCmWB1s.

Source: http://www.thinglink.com/scene/888798281428107264 Source: http://www.thinglink.com/scene/888798281428107264

Which type of cell is this? Which type of cell is this?

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ANALYSIS

Directions: Answer the following guide questions based on your understanding.

1. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

2. Which cell do you consider more complicated and why?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

ABSTRACTION

Cells are categorized into one of two broad: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. The
prokaryotic (pro=before; karyon=nucleus) is a single-celled organism of the domains
Archaea and Bacteria are. Eukaryotes are animal cells, plant cells, protists, and fungi.

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes, the earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth, are single-
celled organisms. Prokaryotes comprise bacteria and archaea’s, as arranged in the
three-domain scheme. Many prokaryotes are photosynthetic organisms, such as
cyanobacteria, and are capable of photosynthesis.

In different forms of extreme conditions, including hydrothermal vents, hot

springs, swamps, wetlands, and human and animal guts (Helicobacter pylori), many
prokaryotes are extremophiles and can survive and grow. It is possible to find
prokaryotic bacteria almost anywhere and they are part of the human microbiota. They
live on your skin, in your body, in your environment, and on everyday objects.

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Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Fig. 1. A typical prokaryotic cell, which makes the unicellular microscopic organisms,
consists of simpler cell parts. Source:https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/prokaryotic-cell-200274/

Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as eukaryotic cells. As the DNA is not
enclosed inside a membrane or isolated from the rest of the cell but is coiled up in an
area of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid, they have no real nucleus. Prokaryotic
species have cell types that differ. Spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral are the most
common bacteria shapes.

The following structures and organelles can be found in bacterial cells using
bacteria as our specimen prokaryote:

• Capsule: This external outer layer, present in certain bacterial cells, protects
the cell when it is surrounded by other species, helps to maintain moisture, and
helps the cell to bind to surfaces and nutrients.

• Cell Wall: The cell wall is an exterior cover that covers and gives form to the
bacterial cell.

• Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is a gel-like material consisting predominantly of water

containing enzymes, salts, components of cells, and other organic molecules
as well.

• Cell membrane or plasma membrane: The cell membrane covers the cytoplasm
of the cell and governs the passage of substances into the cell and out of it.

• Pili (Pilus-singular): Hair-like structures which attach to other bacterial cells on

the surface of the cell. Shorter fimbriae, called pili, help bacteria bind to
surfaces.

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 • Flagella: Long, whip-like protrusions are flagella that assist in cellular
locomotion.

• Ribosomes: Ribosomes are cell structures in charge of the synthesis of

proteins.

• Plasmids: Plasmids are gene-carrying structures of circular DNA which are not
involved in reproduction.

Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria,

endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complexes. According to the Endosymbiotic Theory,
eukaryotic organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in an
endosymbiotic relationship with one another.

Cell Size

Typical prokaryotic cells range in diameter from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers (μm)
and are slightly smaller than eukaryotic cells, generally ranging in diameter from 10 to
100 μm.

Fig. 2. Sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as other molecules and organisms on a logarithmic scale.
Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/a/prokaryotic-cells

Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Eukaryotic cells are cells that are surrounded by a plasma membrane and
comprise the nucleus and organelles. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals contain
species that have eukaryotic cells. These species are classified into Eukaryotes in the

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biological domain. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells,
which are present in the other two realms of life, Archaea, and Bacteria.

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

Several structures called organelles are found in eukaryotic cells, which

perform different functions inside the cell. Ribosomes that produce proteins, the
endoplasmic reticulum that sort and package the protein, and mitochondria that
produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are examples of
organelles. They still have a real nucleus, which is enclosed by a nuclear membrane
and contains the genetic material DNA. All organelles are stabilized via the
cytoskeleton, which is also involved in sending signals from one part of the cell to the
other, and physical support is provided. The cytoskeleton is primarily composed of
three types of filaments in eukaryotic cells: microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments. The cytosol is the gel-like material that covers all the organelles
in the cell.

Fig. 3. A typical eukaryotic cell of both plants and animals have common and distinct characteristics.
Shown here is a comparison of a plant cell and an animal cell.
Source: http://www.thinglink.com/scene/888798281428107264

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 Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cells

Among eukaryotic cells, plant cells are distinctive for many reasons. They have
reinforced, relatively dense cell walls, most of which are made of cellulose and help
sustain the plant's structural support. In the middle, each plant cell has a wide vacuole
that allows it to retain turgor pressure, which is pressure from getting a lot of water in
the cell and helps hold the plant upright. The organelles called chloroplasts containing
the molecule chlorophyll are also present in plant cells. In the photosynthesis process,
which is when a plant produces its energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water,
this essential molecule is used.

Fungal Cells

Fungal cells often have a cell wall like plant cells, but their cell wall is made of
chitin (the same material found in the exoskeletons of insects). Some fungi have septa,
holes that allow the passage of organelles and cytoplasm between them. This makes
the boundaries less evident between different cells.

Animal Cells

The cells of animals have no cell walls. They've just got a plasma membrane
instead. The absence of a cell wall allows animal cells to form several different shapes
and allows the "cell eating" phagocytosis and "cell drinking" pinocytosis processes to
take place. Animal cells are distinct from plant cells because, instead of a large central
vacuole, they do not have chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles.

Protozoa

Protozoa, which consists of a single cell, are eukaryotic organisms. They will
travel and eat around and digest food in their vacuoles. There are many cilia in some
protozoa, which are small "weapons" which allow them to move around. Some may
have a thin layer called a pellicle, providing the cell membrane with protection.

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Exercise 1

Watch the video to learn more about these two types of cells.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxujitlv8wc. Construct a Venn Diagram of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Venn Diagram

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Exercise 2

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct. If you believe otherwise, write False
and state your reason briefly.

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS TRUE OR FALSE

1. All prokaryotic organisms are

unicellular.
2. Prokaryotic cells are more
complicated than eukaryotic cells.
3. Only eukaryotic cells have
membrane-bound organelles.
4. Bacteria and fungi are made of
prokaryotic cells.
5. Prokaryotic cells have mitochondria.

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 6. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus.
7. Eukaryotic cells are larger than
prokaryotic cells.
8. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes.
9. Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA
called a plasmid.
10. Eukaryotic cells have DNA that floats
in the cytoplasm.

APPLICATION

Directions: In the following matrix, put a check in the box to show the organelle is
present in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, or both, and state the function of the
organelle.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: A Comparison of Structures

Prokaryote Eukaryote Both Cell Structures Functions

Cell Wall
Cell membrane
(plasma)
Nucleoid

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuoles
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (rough)
Chloroplast

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

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Processed Questions:

Directions: Answer the guide question below based on your understanding.

1. Antibiotics are medicines that are used to fight bacterial infections. These
medicines kill prokaryotic cells without harming human cells. What part or parts
of the bacterial cell do you think antibiotics target? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

REFLECT

You did it well! Congratulations on finishing the supplementary learning module!

You have just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the same
in the succeeding modules.

For the last time, share your final insights by completing the following sentence
prompts. It was such a wonderful learning experience with you.

Things I learned today…

3
Things I found interesting…
2
1 Question I still have…
1

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REFERENCES

Books:

Morales-Ramos, A.C; and Ramos, J. D; 2017. Exploring Life Through Science

Series General Biology 1. Phoenix Publishing House.

Basco-Tiamzon, M.A and Rabago, L.M. 2016. General Biology 1 Teacher’s

Manual. Published by Vibal Group, Inc.

Online Resources:

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs
prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/a/prokaryotic-cells

https://biologydictionary.net/eukaryotic-cell/

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biolog
y/Book%3A_Introductory_Biology_(CK12)/02%3A_Cell_Biology/2.03%3
A_Prokaryotic_and_Eukaryotic_Cells

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/tissues/permanent-tissue/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/tissues/meristematic-tissue/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

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