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WK 4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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92 views26 pages

WK 4 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Uploaded by

Arman Hassan 213-15-4282
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System Analysis Design

Week-4-Lesson-1
Data Flow Diagram(DFD)
Learning Goals
 What are Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)?
 Why they are useful?
 How are they developed?
 How to level DFDs?
 Good style conventions in developing DFDs
 Difference between Logical and Physical
DFDs
 Tools available to draw DFDs
Flow-Oriented Modeling
Represents how data objects are transformed at they
move through the system.
Data flow diagram (DFD) is the diagrammatic
form that is used.
By drawing a Data Flow Diagram, you can tell the
information provided by and delivered to someone
who takes part in system processes, the information
needed to complete the processes and the information
needed to be stored and accessed.

3
The Flow Model
Every computer-based system is an
information transform ....

computer
input based output
system

4
Data Flow Diagrams
WHAT ARE DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS?
 DFDs models the system by depicting
 External entities from which the data flows and
where results terminate
 Processes which transform data flows
 Data stores from which the data are read or into
which data are written by the processes.
Flow Modeling Notation
External Entity

Process

Data flow

Data store

6
External Entity
A producer or consumer of data

Examples: a person, a device, a sensor


Another example: computer-based system

Data must always originate somewhere


and must always be sent to something

7
Process
A data transformer (changes input
to output)

Examples: compute taxes, determine


area, format report, display graph

Data must always be processed in some


way to achieve system function
8
Data Flow
Data flows through a system, beginning
as input and transformed into output.
base
compute
triangle area

height area

9
Data Stores
Data is often stored for later use.

sensor #
sensor #, type,
look-up location, age
sensor
report required data
type,
location, age
sensor number

sensor data

10
DFD Rules and Tips
 Each process should have at least one input
and an output.
 Each data store should have at least one data
flow in and one data flow out.
 Data stored in a system must go through a
process.
 All processes in a DFD go to another process
or a data store.
DFD levels and layers:
From context diagrams to pseudocode

 A data flow diagram can dive into


progressively more detail by using levels and
layers, zeroing in on a particular piece.
 DFD levels are numbered 0, 1 or 2, and
occasionally go to even Level 3 or beyond.
DFD 0
 DFD Level 0 is also called a Context Diagram. It’s
a basic overview of the whole system or process
being analyzed or modeled.
 It’s designed to be an at-a-glance view, showing the
system as a single high-level process, with its
relationship to external entities.
DFD 0
DFD-1

 DFD Level 1 provides a more detailed


breakout of pieces of the Context Level
Diagram.
 You will highlight the main functions carried
out by the system, as you break down the
high-level process of the Context Diagram
into its sub-processes.
DFD-1
DFD-2

DFD Level 2 then goes one step


deeper into parts of Level 1.
It may require more text to reach the
necessary level of detail about the
system’s functioning.
DFD-2
DFD 3, 4
 Progression to Levels 3, 4 and beyond is
possible, but going beyond Level 3 is
uncommon.
 Doing so can create complexity that
makes it difficult to communicate,
compare or model effectively.
Logical DFD vs. Physical DFD
 A Logical DFD visualizes the data flow that is
essential for a business to operate. It focuses on the
business and the information needed, not on how the
system works or is proposed to work.
 A Physical DFD shows how the system is actually
implemented now, or how it will be. For example, in a
Logical DFD, the processes would be business
activities, while in a Physical DFD, the processes
would be programs and manual procedures.
Physical and Logical DFD: Example 1

- Physical DFD
specifies actual
flow of physical
documentation,
while logical DFD
only focus on the
information flow
in business term.
Example-1
An advertisement is issued giving essential qualifications for the course , the last date for
receipt of application, and the fee to be enclosed with the application. A clerk in the
Registrar’s office checks the received applications to see if mark sheet and fee are
enclosed and sends valid applications to the concerned academic department. The
department checks the application in details and decides the applications to be admitted,
those to be put in the waiting list, and those rejected. Appropriate letters are sent to the
Registrar’s office which intimates the applicant.
Example-2
A magazine is published monthly and is sent by post to its subscribers. Two months
before the expiry of subscriptions, a reminder is sent to the subscribers. If subscription is
not received within a month, another reminder is send. If renewal subscription is not
received up to two weeks before the expiry of the subscriptions, the subscribers name is
removed from the mailing list and the subscriber informed.
Example-3
A list of employees with their basic pay is sent to a clerk. He calculates the gross pay
using standard allowances which are known for each pay slab. Deduction statements such
as loan payment subscription to association etc. are also sent to another clerk who
matches these slips with the slips of gross pay and calculates net pay. This slip is used by
another clerk to write out pay cheques for each employee and sent to respective
employees. The total pay bills paid are also computed.
Example-4
A list of teachers with their class schedule is sent to the concerned teachers. He calculates
the total teacher load using the practice of the department. Projects that are supervised by
the teachers are also sent to Registrar. He matches the class schedule and projects and
calculates total load per week for each teacher. This slip is used by the VC to justify total
class load for each teacher and sent to the respective teachers. The complete routines are
also generated.
References
1. System Analysis and Design, by Elias M. Awad
2. Systems Analysis and Design, Kendall and Kendall,
Fifth Edition
3. Management Information Systems: Managing the
Digital Firm (11th edition), Pearson/Prentice-Hall
4. https://www.visual-paradigm.com/tutorials/data-flow-
diagram-example-supermarket-app.jsp

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