Quiz HT103

Shape Factors
Lucas Montogue

█ Problems

▐ Problem 1 (Kreith et al., 2011, w/ permission)

Determine the rate of heat transfer per meter length from a 5-cm-OD pipe at
o
150 C placed eccentrically within a larger cylinder of 85% magnesia wool (k = 0.06 W/mK)
as shown in the sketch. The outside diameter of the larger cylinder is 15 cm and the
surface temperature is 50oC.

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 17.8 W
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 28.9 W
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 39.2 W
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 46.5 W

▐ Problem 2 (Kreith et al., 2011, w/ permission)

A 2.5-cm-OD hot steam line at 100oC runs parallel to a 5.0-cm-OD cold water
line at 15oC. The pipes are 5 cm apart (center to center) and deeply buried in concrete
with a thermal conductivity of 1.1 W/mK. What is the heat transfer rate per meter of
pipe between the two pipes?

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 198.7 W
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 254.9 W
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 300.8 W
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 351.6 W

1
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
▐ Problem 3
Water at 0.1 kg/s and a mean temperature of 80oC flows in a 50-mm wide, 50-
mm high, and 5-m long rectangular stainless steel (k = 15 W/mK) block with a 10-mm
diameter passage. The temperature of the surroundings is 20oC, and the heat transfer
coefficient is 40 W/m2K. Assuming that the surface heat transfer coefficient in the inner
surface is very large, determine the heat transfer rate.

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 2100 W
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 3000 W
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 3800 W
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 4500 W
■ Problem 4A (Kreith et al., 2011, w/ permission)
A 30-cm-OD pipe with a surface temperature of 90oC carries steam over a
distance of 100 m. The pipe is buried with its centerline at a depth of 1 m, the ground
surface is −6oC, and the mean thermal conductivity of the soil is 0.7 W/mK. Calculate
the heat transfer rate.

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 6.91 kW
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 10.6 kW
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 16.3 kW
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 20.8 kW

■ Problem 4B
Considering the configuration in the previous problem, determine the
thickness of 85% magnesia insulation (k = 0.06 W/mK) necessary to achieve the same
insulation provided by the soil with a total heat transfer coefficient of 23 W/m2K on the
outside of the pipe.
A) 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 1.5 cm
B) 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 3.4 cm
C) 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 5.1 cm
D) 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 6.0 cm

2
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
▐ Problem 5 (Kreith et al., 2011, w/ permission)
A 15-cm-OD pipe is buried with its centerline 1.25 m below the surface of the
ground (k of soil is 0.35 W/mK). An oil having a density of 800 kg/m3 and a specific heat
of 2.1 kJ/kg∙K flows in the pipe at 5.6 liters/s. Assuming a ground surface temperature
of 5OC and a pipe wall temperature of 95oC, estimate the length of pipe in which the
soil temperature decreases by 5.5oC.
A) L = 319.5 m
B) L = 530.2 m
C) L = 725.1 m
D) L = 917.6 m

▐ Problem 6 (Kreith et al., 2011, w/ permission)

A long, 1-cm-diameter electric copper cable is embedded in the center of a 25-
cm-square concrete block (k = 0.128 W/mK). If the outside temperature of the concrete
is 25oC and the rate of electrical energy dissipation in the cable is 150 W per meter length,
determine the temperature at the surface of the cable.
A) 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 443.2oC
B) 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 638.5oC
C) 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 803.4oC
D) 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = 906.4oC

▐ Problem 7 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

A double-glazed window consists of two sheets of glass (k = 1.4 W/mK)
separated by a L = 0.2-mm-thick gap. The gap is evacuated, eliminating conduction and
convection across the gap. Small cylindrical pillars, each L = 0.2 mm long and D = 0.15
mm in diameter, are inserted between the glass sheets to ensure that the glass does
not break due to stresses imposed by the pressure difference across each glass sheet.
A contact resistance of 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑐
′′
= 1.5 × 10-6 m2K/W exists between the pillar and the sheet.
For nominal glass temperatures of T1 = 20oC and T2 = −10oC, determine the conduction
heat transfer through an individual stainless steel pillar (k = 15 W/mK).
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 5.28 mW
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 12.6 mW
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 20.3 mW
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 27.4 mW

▐ Problem 8 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

A cubical glass melting furnace has exterior dimension of width w = 5 m on a
side and is constructed from refractory brick of thickness L = 0.35 m and thermal
conductivity k = 1.4 W/mK. The sides and top of the furnace are exposed to ambient air
at 25oC with free convection characterized by an average heat transfer coefficient of h
= 5 W/m²K. The bottom of the furnace rests on a framed platform for which much of
the surface is exposed to the ambient air, and a convection coefficient of h = 5 W/m²K
may be assumed as a first approximation. Under operating conditions for which
combustion gases maintain the inner surfaces of the furnace at 1100oC, what is the
heat loss from the furnace?

3
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
A) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 108.4 kW
B) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 201.1 kW
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 316.2 kW
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ = 400.2 mW

▐ Problem 9 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

A small water droplet of diameter D = 100 μm and temperature 𝑇𝑇mp = 0oC falls
on a nonwetting metal surface that is at temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = −15oC. Determine how long
it will take for the droplet to freeze completely. The thermal conductivity of air is 0.024
W/mK and the latent heat of fusion of water is hsf = 334 kJ/kg.

A) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 0.39 s
B) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 0.48 s
C) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 0.57 s
D) Δ𝑡𝑡 = 0.66 s

▐ Problem 10 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

An aluminum heat sink (k = 240 W/mK), used to cool an array of electronic
chips, consists of a square channel of inner width w = 25 mm, through which liquid flow
may be assumed to maintain a uniform surface temperature of T1 = 20oC. The outer
width and length of the channel are w = 40 mm and L = 160 mm, respectively. If N = 120
chips attached to the outer surfaces of the heat sink maintain an approximately
uniform surface temperature of T2 = 50oC and all of the heat dissipated by the chips is
assumed to be transferred to the coolant, determine the heat dissipation per chip. If
the contact resistance between each chip and the heat sink is 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,c = 0.2 K/W, also
determine the chip temperature.

A) 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 156.3 W and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 72.1oC

B) 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 156.3 W and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 81.3oC
C) 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 194.4 W and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 72.1oC
D) 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑐𝑐 = 194.4 W and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = 81.3oC

▐ Problem 11 (Bergman et al., 2011, w/ permission)

An igloo is built in the shape of a hemisphere, with an inner radius of 1.8 m
and walls of compacted snow that are 0.5 m thick. On the inside of the igloo, the
surface heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m²K; on the outside, under normal wind
conditions, it is 15 W/m²K. The thermal conductivity of compacted snow is 0.15 W/mK.
The temperature of the ice cap in which the igloo sits is −20oC and has the same
thermal conductivity as the compacted snow. Assuming that the occupants’ body heat
provides a continuous source of 320 W within the igloo, calculate the inside air
temperature when the outside is at 𝑇𝑇∞ = −40oC. Be sure to consider heat losses
through the floor of the igloo.

4
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
A) 𝑇𝑇∞,𝑖𝑖 = −17.4OC
B) 𝑇𝑇∞,𝑖𝑖 = 1.2OC
C) 𝑇𝑇∞,𝑖𝑖 = 5.1OC
D) 𝑇𝑇∞,𝑖𝑖 = 8.2OC

█ Additional Information
Table 1 Shape factors for different geometries

5
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
Table 1 Shape factors for different geometries (continued)

6
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 █ Solutions
P.1▐ Solution
The shape factor per unit length for an eccentric circular cylinder of length L in
a cylinder of equal length is calculated as (Case 7 in Table 1)

2π
S=
 D2 + d 2 − 4z 2 
cosh −1  
 2 Dd 
Note that we have omitted the length L because we are assessing heat transfer
on a unit-length basis. Substituting D = 0.15 m, d = 0.05 m, and z = 0.025 m, we obtain

2π 2π
=S = = 6.53
−1  D + d − 4 z 
2 2 2
−1  0.15 + 0.05 − 4 × 0.025 
2 2 2
cosh   cosh  
 2 Dd   2 × 0.15 × 0.05 
The heat transfer rate follows as

q = kS ∆T = 0.06 × 6.53 × (150 − 50 ) = 39.2 W

♦ The correct answer is C.

P.2▐ Solution
The system is illustrated below.

The shape factor for conduction between two cylinders of length L in an infinite
medium is, per unit length, (Case 4 in Table 1)

2π
S=
 4 w2 − D12 − D22 
cosh −1  
 2 D1 D2 
Substituting w = 0.05 m, D1 = 0.05 m, and D2 = 0.025 m, we obtain

2π
=S = 3.76
−1  4 × 0.05 − 0.05 − 0.025 
2 2 2
cosh  
 2 × 0.05 × 0.025 
Accordingly, the rate of heat transfer per unit length is

q = kS ∆T = 1.1 × 3.76 × (100 − 15 ) = 351.6 W

♦ The correct answer is D.

P.3▐ Solution
The heat transfer rate can be computed with the thermal circuit shown below.

7
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 The conduction resistance is found through the appropriate conduction shape
factor and added to the resistance associated with the inner surface. Referring to the
circuit, we can write

Ti − T∞
q =
1 1
+
Sk h0 A0

The shape factor S is obtained with the relation (Case 6 in Table 1)

2π L
S=
ln ( 0.54 w R )

Substituting L = 5 m, w = 0.05 m and R = 0.005 m gives

2π × 5
=S = 18.63 m
 0.54 × 0.05 
ln  
 0.005 
Backsubstituting in the first equation, we obtain

Ti − T∞ 80 − 20
=q = = 2100 W
1 1 1 1
+ +
Sk h0 A0 18.63 × 15 40 × ( 4 × 0.05 × 5 )

♦ The correct answer is A.

P.4▐ Solution
Part A: The shape factor, in this case, has the form (Case 2 in Table 1)

2π L
S=
 2z 
cosh −1  
D
and applies so long as the length L is substantially greater than the diameter D.
Substituting L = 100 m, z = 1 m and D = 0.3 m gives

2π × 100
=S = 243.1m
 2 ×1 
cosh −1  
 0.3 
The rate of heat transfer follows as

q = kS ∆T = 0.7 × 243.1× 90 − ( −6 )  = 16.3 kW

♦ The correct answer is C.

Part B: The thermal circuit for the pipe covered with insulation is shown below.

The rate of heat loss from the pipe is then

2π L (Ts − Tg ) 2π ×100 × 90 − ( −6 ) 

=16,300 =
1  ro  1 1  r  1
ln   + ln  o  +
ki  ri  ro hc 0.06  0.15  23ro

This equation can be solved by trial-and-error to yield 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 0.184 m.

Accordingly, the insulation thickness is r0 = 0.184 – 0.15 = 0.034 = 3.4 cm.

♦ The correct answer is B.

8
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
P.5▐ Solution
The shape factor is, per unit length (Case 2 in Table 1),

2π
=S = 1.79
 2 ×1.25 
cosh −1  
 0.15 
The rate of heat transfer per unit length is given by

q = kS ∆T = 0.35 × 1.79 × ( 95 − 5 ) = 56.39 W

The total heat loss required to decrease the oil temperature by 5.5oC is

q=  p ∆T= ( 5.6 ×10−3 ) × 800  × 2100 × 5.5= 51, 744 W

mC
t  
We can estimate the length of pipe in which the oil temperature drops by 5.5oC
by assuming the rate of heat loss from the pipe to be constant. Thus,

qt 51, 744

L
= = = 917.6 m
q 56.39
♦ The correct answer is D.

P.6▐ Solution
The shape factor for this geometry is, per unit length (Case 6 in Table 1),

2π
=S = 1.91
 1.08 × 0.25 
ln  
 0.01 
The rate of heat flow per unit length is given by

Q G
= kS ∆T = kS (Ts − To )
L
Q L 150
∴Ts = To + G = 25 + = 638.5o C
kS 0.128 ×1.91
♦ The correct answer is B.

P.7▐ Solution
The system in question is illustrated below.

Conduction through the pillar results in a depression of the glass temperature

adjacent to the pillar. This is associated with a constriction resistance within each glass
sheet. Therefore, the resistance network consists of two constriction resistances, two
contact resistances, and a conduction resistance through the pillar, as illustrated in
continuation.

From Case 10 of Table 1, the shape factor is S = 2D = 2 × (0.15 ×10-3) = 0.3 × 10-
3
m. The thermal resistances are given by

9
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 1 1
R
= = = 2381 K/W
t ,cons
Skglass ( 0.3 ×10−3 ) ×1.4
Rt′′,c 1.5 ×10−6
R= = = 84.9 K/W
Ap π × ( 0.15 ×10−3 )2
t ,c

4
L 0.2 ×10−3
Rt ,cond
= = = 754.5 K/W
ksteel Ap  π × ( 0.15 ×10−3 )2 
15 ×  
 4 
 
Referring to the thermal circuit, the total resistance is determined as

Rtot = 2 × Rt,cons + 2 × Rt,c + Rt,cond = 2 × 2381 + 2 × 84.9 + 754.5 = 5686 K/W

The rate of conduction heat transfer for an individual pillar is then

q =
(T1 − T2 ) =  20 − ( −10 ) = 5.28 ×10−3 = 5.28 mW
Rtot 5686

♦ The correct answer is A.

P.8▐ Solution
Consider the following schematic.

From the thermal circuit illustrated above, the heat loss is

Ts ,i − T∞
q =
Rcond + Rconv

where Rconv = 1/hA0 = 1/(5 × 6 × 52) = 0.00133 K/W. (A factor of 6 was included to
account for the six faces of the furnace.) The two-dimensional conduction resistance, in
turn, is given by Rcond(2D) = 1/Sk. The shape factor S must include the effects of
conduction through the 8 corners (Case 9 in Table 1) and the 12 edges (Case 8 in Table
1). We must also consider the 6 plane walls. In mathematical terms,

S =8 × 0.15L + 12 × 0.54 ( w − 2 L ) + 6 As ,i / L

where As,I = (w – 2L)2 = (5 – 2 × 0.35)2 = 18.5 m2. Substituting the appropriate geometric
quantities, we obtain

=S 8 ( 0.15 × 0.35 ) + 12 × 0.54 ( 5 − 2 × 0.35 ) + 6 × 18.5 / 0.35

= 345.4 m

The resistance to conduction in the furnace is

= 1/ (345.4 × 1.4)
Rcond = 0.00207 K/W

Finally, the heat loss in the furnace is

(1100 − 25)
=q = 316.2 kW
0.00207 + 0.00133
Since the heat loss is quite high, measures should be taken to insulate the
furnace.
♦ The correct answer is C.

10
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
P.9▐ Solution
Consider the following schematic of the problem.

An energy balance on the droplet yields

qcond ∆t =∆E
∴ Sk (Tmp − Ts ) ∆
=t mh=
sf V ρ w hsf
V ρ w hsf
∴∆t =
Sk (Tmp − Ts )

The shape factor to use, in this case, is (Case 1 in Table 1)

2π D
S=
1 − D 4z

Substituting z = D/2 gives

2π D 2π D 2π D
=S = = = 4π D
D D 1
1− 1−
D 2D 2
4 
2
Substituting this result and the expression for volume of a sphere (= 4𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅3 ⁄3 =
𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 ⁄6), the result is
3

(π D3 6) ρ w hsf D 2 hsf ρ w
=∆t =
(4π D)k (Tmp − Ts ) 24k (Tmp − Ts )

Notice that the time required for the droplet to freeze completely is sensibly
proportional to its diameter and inversely proportional to the thermal conductivity.
Substituting the pertaining variables, the time required to freeze the droplet is
computed as

D 2 hsf ρ w (10−4 ) 2 × ( 334 ×103 ) ×1000

=∆t = = 0.39s
24k (Tmp − Ts ) 24 × 0.024 × 0 − ( −15 ) 

It should be noted that, among the problems of this exercise set, this situation
is probably the least realistic. For one, the solidification process might initiate in the
lower region of the droplet, and the ice that forms would pose an additional resistance
between the cold metal surface and the liquid water. Also, the air thermal conductivity
in the vicinity of the contact point may be reduced by nanoscale effects.

♦ The correct answer is A.

P.10▐ Solution
The system in question is illustrated below.

11
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 The total heat rate, given by 𝑞𝑞 = (𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 )⁄𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,cond, is determined by the two-
dimensional conduction resistance of the channel wall, with the resistance governed by
Case 11 of Table 1. Since W/w = 1.6 > 1.4, the shape factor is given by the relation

2π L
S=
0.930 ln (W w ) − 0.050

and the thermal resistance is, accordingly,

0.93ln (W w ) − 0.05 0.93ln (1.6 ) − 0.05

=Rt,cond = = 0.0016 K/W
2π Lk 2π × 0.16 × 240
The heat rate per chip, N being the total number of chips, is

T2 − T1 (50 − 20)
=qc = = 156.3 W
N × Rt,cond 120 × 0.0016

and, with 𝑞𝑞𝑐𝑐 = (𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 − 𝑇𝑇2 )/𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,cond, the chip temperature follows as

(Tc − T2 )
qc = → Tc = T2 + Rt ,cond qc
Rt,c

∴Tc = 50 + 0.2 ×156.3 = 81.3ºC

♦ The correct answer is B.

P.11▐ Solution
Consider the following schematic for the present system and the thermal
circuit that describes it.

The heat loss is given by the expression

T∞ ,i − T∞ ,o T∞ ,i − Tic
=q +
Rcv,c + Rwall + Rcv,o Rcv,f + Rcap

where the resistances are: the resistance to convection on the ceiling,

2 2
=Rcv,c = = 0.0082 K/W
hi ( 4π ri ) 6 × ( 4 × π ×1.82 )
2

The resistance to convection in the outside,

2 2
=Rcv,o = = 0.0020 K/W
ho ( 4π ro ) 15 × ( 4 × π × 2.32 )
2

The resistance to convection on the floor,

1 1
Rcv,f
= = = 0.0164 K/W
hi (π ri ) 6 × (π ×1.82 )
2

12
© 2019 Montogue Quiz
 The resistance to conduction on the wall,

 1  1 1   1  1 1 
R
=wall 2   −=  2   − =   0.1281W/K
 4π k  ri ro    4π × 0.15  1.8 2.3  

And the resistance to conduction in the ice cap that underlies the igloo, where
the shape factor S = 2D = 4ri is taken from Case 10 in Table 1,

1 1 1
Rcap
= = = = 0.926 W/K
kS 4kri 4 × 0.15 × 1.8

Substituting these resistances along with 𝑇𝑇ic = −20oC, 𝑇𝑇∞,𝑜𝑜 = −40oC, and 𝑞𝑞̇ =
320 W, we can solve the ensuing equation for the inside air temperature, 𝑇𝑇∞,i,

T∞ ,i − (−40) T∞ ,i − (−20)
q 320
= = +
0.0082 + 0.1281 + 0.002 0.0164 + 0.926
1.2o C
∴ T∞ ,i =

Note the significance of the resistance presented by the floor of the igloo: were
the resistance due to the disk-shaped surface to be omitted from the equation we
began with, the temperature obtained for the inside of the igloo would have been
−17.4oC. This is more than 18 degrees lower than the true solution (and one of the
wrong alternatives).

♦ The correct answer is B.

█ Answer Summary

Problem 1 C
Problem 2 D
Problem 3 A
4A C
Problem 4
4B B
Problem 5 D
Problem 6 B
Problem 7 A
Problem 8 C
Problem 9 A
Problem 10 B
Problem 11 B

█ References
 BERGMAN, T., LAVINE, A., INCROPERA, F., and DEWITT, D. (2011). Fundamentals
of Heat and Mass Transfer. 7th edition. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
 KREITH, F., MANGLIK, R., and BOHN, M. (2011). Principles of Heat Transfer. 7th
edition. Stamford: Cengage Learning.

Got any questions related to this quiz? We can help!

Send a message to [email protected] and we’ll
answer your question as soon as possible.

13
© 2019 Montogue Quiz