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Assignment 2

This document contains 10 problems related to solving differential equations. The problems cover finding general solutions to homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations, using a change of variables to transform equations into Cauchy-Euler form, discussing linear independence of solutions, and using the method of variation of parameters.

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Chinthareddy Aman Reddy ae22b103
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27 views

Assignment 2

This document contains 10 problems related to solving differential equations. The problems cover finding general solutions to homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations, using a change of variables to transform equations into Cauchy-Euler form, discussing linear independence of solutions, and using the method of variation of parameters.

Uploaded by

Chinthareddy Aman Reddy ae22b103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA2020 - Differential Equations

Assignment - 2

1. Find the general solution of each of the following equations. One solution of the
homogeneous equation is shown alongside.
(i) x2 y 00 − xy 0 + y = 0; y1 = x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x ln x.
(ii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 − 4y = 0; y1 = x2
Ans. y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x−2 .
(iii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0; y1 (x) = x−1/2 sin x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x−1/2 sin x + c2 x−1/2 cos x.
(iii)(1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0; y1 (x) = x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x2 ln 1+x
  
1−x
−1 .
(iv) xy 00 − (2x + 1)y 0 + (x + 1)y = 0; y1 (x) = exp(x).
Ans. y(x) = c1 exp(x) + c2 x2 exp(x).

2. Suppose that y1 is a solution of y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0. Show that, the general


solution of the differential equation is given by
Z  Z 
1
y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y1 (x) exp − P (x)dx dx.
y12 (x)

3. Show that each of the functions y1 (x) = sin x − sin33x and y2 (x) = sin3 x is a solution
of the differential equation

y 00 + (tan x − 2 cot x)y 0 = 0.

But show that y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 is not the general solution of the differential equation.

4. Find the general solution of each of the following equations.


(i)y 00 + 2y 0 = 0
Ans. y(x) = c1 + c2 exp(−2x).
(ii)y 00 − 2ay 0 + a2 y = 0, a is a constant
Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x) exp(ax).

1
(iii)y 00 − 2y 0 + 5y = 0
Ans. y(x) = exp(x)(c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x).
(iv)y 000 + y 00 − 6y 0 = 0
Ans. y(x) = c1 + c2 exp(2x) + c3 exp(−3x).
(v)y 000 − 6y 00 + 12y 0 − 8y = 0
Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 ) exp(2x).
(vi)y 000 + 8y = 0
√ √
Ans. y(x) = c1 exp(−2x) + exp(x)[c2 cos( 3x) + c3 sin( 3x)].
(vii)y (4) + 4y 00 + 4y = 0
√ √
Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x) cos( 2x) + (c3 + c4 x) sin( 2x).

5. Find the general solution of the following differential equations.


(i) x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 + 10y = 0.
Ans.y = x−1 [c1 cos(ln x3 ) + c2 sin(ln x3 )] .
(ii)2x2 y 00 + 10xy 0 + 8y = 0.
Ans. y = c1 x−2 + c2 x−2 ln x.
(iii)x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 − 12y = 0.
Ans. y = c1 x3 + c2 x−4 .

6. Solve the following IVP.


(i)x2 y 00 + xy 0 + y = 0; y(1) = 1, y 0 (1) = 1.
Ans. y = cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)
(ii)4x2 y 00 + 12xy 0 + 3y = 0; y(1) = 1, y 0 (1) = 32 .
3
Ans. y = x 2

7. Show that the change of variable t = ax + b trasforms the equation

b0 (ax + b)2 y 00 + b1 (ax + b)y 0 + b2 y = 0

into a Cauchy -Euler equation, Use this result to find the general solution of the
differential equation

(x − 3)2 y 00 + 3(x − 3)y 0 + y = 0, x > 3.

2
Ans. y = [c1 + c2 ln(x − 3)](x − 3)−1 .

8. Find a second order homogeneous linear ODE for which the given functions are
solutions. Show linear independence by the Wronskian. Solve the IVP.
(i)x2 , x2 ln x; y(1) = 4, y 0 (1) = 6
Ans. x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 4y = 0
(ii) e−kx cos πx, e−kx sin πx, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −k − π
Ans. y 00 + 2ky 0 + (k 2 + π 2 )y = 0
(iii) 1, e−2x ; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1
Ans. y 00 + 2y 0 = 0

9. Consider the differential equation y 00 + 2xy 0 + (exp(x) sin x)y = 0. Let y1 and y2 be
solutions of the differential equation satisfying

y1 (0) = 2, y2 (0) = −3, y10 (0) = 1, y20 (0) = 2.

(a)Obtain the Wronskian of two functions y1 and y2 .


(b) Discuss the linear independence of the functions y1 and y2 .
Ans. (a) W (y1 , y2 ; x) = 7 exp(−x2 ); (b) independent.

10. Use the method of variation of parameters to find the general solution of each of
the following equations.
(i)y 00 + y = sec x
Ans. y(x) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + x sin x + cos x ln cos x.
(ii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 − y = x2 exp(−x)
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x−1 + exp(−x)(1 + x−1 ).
(iii)(x − 3)2 y 00 + (x − 3)y 0 + y = x
x
Ans. y(x) = c1 cos[ln(x − 3)] + c2 sin[ln(x − 3)] + 2
+ 32 .

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