DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV

12448:1997

Paper —
Printing and business
paper —
Determination of the
coefficient of static
friction

ICS 35.260. 20;85.080

DD ENV 12448:1997

Committees responsible for this Draft

for Development
The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted to Technical
Committee PAI/24, Business forms, upon which the following bodies were
represented:

British Printing Industries Federation

British Telecommunications plc
Local Authority Organizations
Loss Prevention Council
Paper Federation of Great Britain
Pira International

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Materials and Chemicals, was
published under the authority of
the Standards Board and comes
into effect on
Amendments issued since publication
1 5 February 1 997
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 03- 1 999

The following BSI reference

relates to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference PAI/24

ISBN 0 580 27105 6

 DD ENV 12448:1997

Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of ENV 1 2448 3
List of references Inside back cover

© BSI 03- 1 999 i

DD ENV 12448:1997

National foreword
This Draft for Development has been prepared by Technical Committee PAI/24
and is the English language version of ENV 1 2448:1 996 Paper — Printing and
business paper — Determination of the coefficient of static friction, published as a
European Prestandard by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
ENV 1 2448: 1 996 was produced as a result of international discussions in which
the United Kingdom took an active part.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a
provisional nature because it is considered that further experience is required in
its application before it is converted into a standard. It should be applied on this
provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application
may be obtained for reporting to the CEN committee responsible for converting
the prestandard into a European Standard.
A review of the prestandard will be carried out 2 years after its publication.
Submission of comments from users of this publication is requested. According to
the replies received, the responsible BSI Committee will j udge whether to support
the conversion into a European Standard.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Technical Committee,
PAI/24 at BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document
reference (DD ENV 1 2448:1 997), the relevant clause number and proposing,
where possible, an appropriate revision of the text.
NOTE International and European Standards, as well as overseas standards, are available from
Customer Services, BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.

Cross-references
Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard
EN ISO 1 86 BS EN ISO 1 86:1 996 Paper and board — Sampling to
determine average quality
EN 201 87 BS EN 20187:1 993 Paper, board and pulps —
Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and
procedure for monitoring the atmosphere and
conditioning of samples

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

© BSI 03- 1 999

ii
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1 2448
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
October 1 996
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS 35.260.20; 85.080

Descriptors: Paper, printing paper, photocopying, tests, determination, friction factor

English version

Paper — Printing and business paper —

Determination of the coefficient of static friction

Papier — Papier d’impression et de bureau — Papier — Druck — und Büropapiere —

Détermination du coefficient de frottement Bestimmung des statischen
statique Reibungskoeffizienten

This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1 996-1 0-05 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into an European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existance of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1 996 Copyright reserved to CEN members
Ref. No. ENV 1 2448:1 996 E
ENV 12448:1996

Foreword Contents
This European Prestandard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 1 72 “Pulp, paper and Foreword 2
board”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Introduction 3
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
1 Scope 3
Regulations, the national standards organisations
of the following countries are bound to announce 2 Normative references 3
this European Prestandard: Austria, Belgium, 3 Definitions 3
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, 4 Principle 3
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
5 Apparatus 3
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom. 6 Conditioning 5
7 Preparation of test pieces 6
8 Procedure 6
9 Calculation 6
10 Precision 7
11 Test report 7
Figure 1 — General lay out of the friction tester 4
Figure 2 — Force-time curve 5

© BSI 03-1 999

2
 ENV 12448:1996

Introduction
This European Prestandard specifies the determination of the coefficient of static friction by the horizontal
plane method.
The condition of a paper surface depends on the characteristic properties of the paper. Its frictional
properties are largely determined by its coefficient of static friction, È s , which is measured when a sheet of
paper slides over another identical sheet of paper in the horizontal plane with a perpendicular force applied
between the sheets. It relates to the force required to initiate movement between the two paper surfaces.
The coefficient of friction is an empirical property of a particular material under specified testing
conditions. It describes the condition of the surfaces at the moment of test. This may or may not relate to
the condition of the surfaces in a specific end-use situation.
Nevertheless the test results are useful in determining the combined properties of the surfaces tested.
The coefficient of static friction of machine made paper can be different when measured in the machine
direction (MD) or in the cross direction (CD). In the machine direction there can also be a difference
between the manufacturing direction (MD +) and the counter-manufacturing direction (MD –). Often there
is a difference between the two sides of the paper.

1 Scope
This European Prestandard specifies a test method for the determination of the coefficient of friction using
the horizontal plane method. This European Prestandard is applicable to cut-size printing and business
papers.

2 Normative references
This European Prestandard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of
these publications apply to this European Prestandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN ISO 1 86, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality (ISO 186:1994).
EN 20187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples (ISO 187:1990).
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Prestandard the following definitions apply:

3.1
static friction
force that resists initial movement of one surface sliding over another surface

3.2
coefficient of friction
ratio of the static friction to the load applied normally to the surface tested

4 Principle
Test pieces of the paper under test are mounted upon a sled and table friction test apparatus. A load is
normally applied in a direction parallel to the interface between the test pieces. The force required to
initiate sliding is measured.

5 Apparatus
5.1 Friction tester
Friction tester (see Figure 1 ) comprises essentially of a horizontal Table (1) and a sled (5). Test pieces of
the material to be tested are fixed to the underside of the sled (5) and to the top of the horizontal
Table (1 ).

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ENV 12448:1996

The force, parallel to the plane of contact which is required to initiate movement of the sled (5) over the
horizontal Table (1) is measured. The force F can be applied by using a drive mechanism (2) on either the
sled (5) or the horizontal Table (1).
Designs having two drive mechanisms (2) are also permitted. The force F may then be applied to either the
sled (5) or to the horizontal Table (1). It shall however be kept parallel with the plane of contract between
the materials under test. The friction tester has the following parts as described in Figure 1 :

1 horizontal table ( 5.2 )

2 driving mechanism for the sled or, alternatively, the horizontal table ( 5.7 );
3 load cell ( 5.7 );
4 connection between the sled and the load cell ( 5.6 );
5 sled ( 5.3 );
6 elavator for the sled ( 5.4 );
7 backings of foam rubber ( 5.9 );
8 test pieces for the sled and the horizontal table;
Z elasiticity in the connection between the load cell and the sled;
h distance between the horizontal table and the plane of action of the force F.
Figure 1 — General lay out of the friction tester
5.2 Horizontal table
A horizontal Table (1 ) with a flat top surface of imcompressible material (metal, hard wood, glass, etc.) wide
enough to accomodate the sled (5) with a margin of at least 5 mm on each side. The horizontal Table (1)
shall be provided with means for mounting the test piece (8) firmly so that there is no slippage between the
test piece (8) and the horizontal Table (1 ) during the test.

5.3 Sled
A sled (5) shall have of total mass (900 ± 1 00) g. The underside, where the test piece (8) is mounted, is
flat, 60 mm square and made of an incompressible material.
The sled (5) shall be provided with means for mounting the test piece (8) firmly so that there is no slippage
between the test piece (8) and the sled (5) during the test.
NOTE 1 Preferably these means should be such that the test pieces (8) can be mounted without bending or folding it.

The orientation of the sled (5) shall remain parallel to that of the horizontal Table (1) during the entire test.
NOTE 2 Excessive rotational motion of the sled (5) in the plane of the horizontal Table (1 ) before the rectilinear motion starts can
cause low results. It has been shown that rotational motion within the tolerance specified has no measurable effect.

5.4 Elevator
An elevator (6) for lowering and lifting the sled (5) with respect to the horizontal Table (1 ). When lowering
the elevator, the entire area of the two surfaces shall meet simultaneously. There shall be no sliding of the
sled (5) as it makes contact with the horizontal Table (1 ), before the force F is applied.
It is important for the result of the test that there is no repositioning of the sled (5) once the surfaces have
met. Even the slightest motion may influence the result. The sled (5) must neither be placed on to, nor lifted
from the horizontal Table (1) by hand.

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 ENV 12448:1996

NOTE The purpose of the elevator (6) is to avoid the influence of the person performing the test. The test can be carried out without
the elevator (6) , providing that the necessary measures are taken to avoid any motion. If the test is made without the elevator (6) it
shall be noted in the test report.

5.5 Load cell

The load cell (3) shall measure the force F applied to the sled (5) [or the horizontal Table (1)] by the driving
mechanism (2) with an accuracy of 2 % of the scale reading. Means to record and display a force-time curve
shall be provided. The recording means shall have a response capability adequate to accurately portray the
dynamic force-time curve (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 — Force-time curve

5.6 Means for connecting the load cell to the sled
A variety of means may be used to communicate the force F between the sled (5) and load cell (3). The
resultant force shall be aplied centrally with respect to the square test area. The displacement h
(see Figure 1 ) of the resultant force above or below the plane of contact between the test pieces (8) is not
critical but shall not exceed 5 mm. The direction of the resultant force shall be parallel to the surface of the
horizontal Table (1).
NOTE Some instruments may employ a variable degree of elasticity Z for the purpose of altering the time from initial application
of the pulling force to the moment at which the sliding begins (see ramp time, Figure 2). In other instruments the degree of elasticity
is not a variable.

5.7 Drive mechanism

To impart a vibration free incremental force to the sled (5) which will subsequently move the sled (5) in
relation to the horizontal Table (1 ) as specified herein. As long as the driving force F is kept parallel to the
plane of contact between the test pieces (8) either the sled (5) or the horizontal Table (1) may be driven.
The rate of force increase shall be such that the ramp time is between 1 s and 5 s. (Hatching in Figure 2
indicates the range of acceptable ramp times. )
Since the intention is to determine only the first coefficient of static friction, there is no specific requirement
for relative motion between the sled and horizontal table test pieces beyond the point at which slinding
begins.

5.8 Backing
Backing (7) to ensure a uniform pressure distribution. At least one of the test pieces (8) shall be backed by
a compressible backing made from a sheet of medium density sponge rubber with a hardness of 40 IRHD
to 60 IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degrees). It shall have a uniform thickness of
between 1 ,5 mm and 2, 5 mm.
NOTE Replace the backing if its edges are worn or the surface damaged.

6 Conditioning
Condition the test pieces at standard atmosphere 23/50 in accordance with EN 201 87 and keep them in the
conditioning room during the entire test.

© BSI 03- 1 999 5

ENV 12448:1996

7 Preparation of test pieces

The size of the test pieces depends on the design of the friction tester. Prepare a number of test pieces
sufficient to perform five tests for each configuration to be applied. Mark each test piece (or its envelope)
so that it can be clearly identified.

8 Procedure
8.1 General
Friction test results are extremely sensitive to contamination of the surfaces to be tested. These surfaces
shall not be touched by hands and shall not come into contact with unknown surfaces in any of the
preparation stages.
NOTE 1 Friction tests are extremely sensitive to very slight abrasion of test pieces. Neither the test pieces nor the bulk samples
should be allowed to rub against each other at any stage in the procedure.

From the bulk samples remove two consecutive sheets which shall be tested against each other. Keep the
sheets together and ensure that the surfaces are not allowed to rub.
Alternatively, test pieces may be taken in accordance with EN ISO 1 86. Mark or identify the machine
direction and/or the manufacturing direction.
If it is not possible to identify the manufacturing direction then arbitrarily mark one of the sheet
dimensions as the + direction. Take care not to mix sheets with differing grain orientations.
Three different configurations shall be considered for the test:

— Machine (+) against machine (+): marked M +;

— Machine (–) against machine (–): marked M –;

— Cross against cross: marked C.

NOTE 2 By taking the two sheets used in a slide from consecutive sheets in the ream, top and wire sides will always be tested against
each other.

8.2 Performance of sliding test

Fasten test pieces (8) to the horizontal Table (1 ) and to the sled (5) so that the direction of both test
pieces (8) are parallel to the pulling direction. Make sure that top side is tested against wire side.
Lower the sled (5) on to the horizontal Table (1 ) slowly using the elevator (6) so that the entire area of the
two surfaces meet simultaneously.
Do not move or reposition the sled (5) even slightly once the two test pieces (5) have been in contact. Allow
the sled (5) to rest for 1 s to 3 s before initiating the linear increase of force ( 5.7 ).
Start the driving mechanism (2) and check that force reading increases so that the sliding starts in
between 1 s and 5 s. Record the force F required to initiate the motion.
Repeat the test 5 times for each surface configuration.

9 Calculation
For each configuration, calculate the coefficient of static friction from the formula:

µs =
F (1 )
m g⋅

where:

Ès is the coefficient of static friction (dimensionless);

F is the mean force (from five valid results) required to initiate motion, in newtons;

m is the mass of the sled, in kilograms;

g is 9,81 m/s .
2

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 ENV 12448:1996

10 Precision
10.1 Repeatability
Results from repeated measurements using test pieces from the same sample showed a coefficient of
variation in the order of 3 % to 5 %.

10.2 Reproducibility
In an interlaboratory study involving 3 laboratories a coefficient of variation of 1 6,7 % was obtained.

11 Test report
The test report shall refer to this European Prestandard and state:
a) date and place of testing;
b) identification of the test piece;
c) conditioning atmosphere used;
d) for each configuration tested, the mean result and the corresponding coefficient of variation;
e) if tests in the machine direction have been made, a statement that the manufacturing direction (M +)
has been identified or assigned arbitrarily;
f) any departure from this European Prestandard together with any other circumstance which may have
affected the test results.

© BSI 03- 1 999 7

8 blank
 DD ENV 12448:1997

List of references
See national foreword.

© BSI 03- 1 999

DD ENV
12448:1997
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