8086

Microprocessor
Case Study: Intel
Slide 2
Processors
 Microproce
Fifth Generation Pentium

ssor Fourth Generation

During 1980s
Low power version of HMOS technology
(HCMOS)
Third Generation 32 bit processors
During 1978 Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb
HMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb
packing density Floating point hardware
16 bit processors  40/ 48/ 64 pins Supports increased number of addressing
Easier to program modes
Dynamically relatable programs
Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic Intel 80386
hardware
More powerful interrupt handling
capabilities Second Generation
Flexible I/O port addressing During 1973
NMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher
Intel 8086 (16 bit processor) density, Compatible with TTL
4 / 8/ 16 bit processors  40 pins
First Generation Ability to address large memory spaces
Between 1971 – 1973 and I/O ports
PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL Greater number of levels of subroutine
4 bit processors  16 pins nesting
8 and 16 bit processors  40 pins Better interrupt handling capabilities
Due to limitations of pins, signals are 3
multiplexed Intel 8085 (8 bit processor)
8086 Microprocessor
Overview

First 16- bit processor released by Addressable memory space is

INTEL in the year 1978 organized in to two banks of 512 kb
each; Even (or lower) bank and Odd (or
higher) bank. Address line A0 is used to
Originally HMOS, now manufactured select even bank and control signal 𝐁𝐇𝐄
using HMOS III technique is used to access odd bank

Uses a separate 16 bit address for I/O

Approximately 29, 000 transistors, 40 mapped devices  can generate 216 =
pin DIP, 5V supply 64 k addresses.

Operates in two modes: minimum mode

Does not have internal clock; external and maximum mode, decided by the
asymmetric clock source with 33% signal at MN and 𝐌𝐗 pins.
duty cycle

20-bit address to access memory  can

address up to 220 = 1 megabytes of
memory space.

4
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Common signals

AD0-AD15 (Bidirectional)

Address/Data bus

Low order address bus; these are

multiplexed with data.

When AD lines are used to transmit

memory address the symbol A is used
instead of AD, for example A0-A15.

When data are transmitted over AD lines

the symbol D is used in place of AD, for
example D0-D7, D8-D15 or D0-D15.

A16/S3, A17/S4, A18/S5, A19/S6

High order address bus. These are

multiplexed with status signals

5
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Common signals

BHE (Active Low)/S7 (Output)

Bus High Enable/Status

It is used to enable data onto the most

significant half of data bus, D8-D15. 8-bit
device connected to upper half of the
data bus use BHE (Active Low) signal. It
is multiplexed with status signal S7.

MN/ MX

MINIMUM / MAXIMUM

This pin signal indicates what mode the

processor is to operate in.

RD (Read) (Active Low)

The signal is used for read operation.

It is an output signal.
It is active when low.
6
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Common signals

TEST

𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 input is tested by the ‘WAIT’

instruction.

8086 will enter a wait state after

execution of the WAIT instruction and
will resume execution only when the
𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 is made low by an active hardware.

This is used to synchronize an external

activity to the processor internal
operation.

READY

This is the acknowledgement from the

slow device or memory that they have
completed the data transfer.

The signal made available by the devices

is synchronized by the 8284A clock
generator to provide ready input to the
8086.

The signal is active high. 7

8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Common signals

RESET (Input)

Causes the processor to immediately

terminate its present activity.

The signal must be active HIGH for at

least four clock cycles.

CLK

The clock input provides the basic timing

for processor operation and bus control
activity. Its an asymmetric square wave
with 33% duty cycle.

INTR Interrupt Request

This is a triggered input. This is sampled

during the last clock cycles of each
instruction to determine the availability
of the request. If any interrupt request is
pending, the processor enters the
interrupt acknowledge cycle.

This signal is active high and internally

synchronized. 8
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Min/ Max Pins

The 8086 microprocessor can work in two

modes of operations : Minimum mode and
Maximum mode.

In the minimum mode of operation the

microprocessor do not associate with any
co-processors and can not be used for
multiprocessor systems.

In the maximum mode the 8086 can work

in multi-processor or co-processor
configuration.

Minimum or maximum mode operations

are decided by the pin MN/ MX(Active low).

When this pin is high 8086 operates in

minimum mode otherwise it operates in
Maximum mode.

9
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Minimum mode signals

Pins 24 -31

For minimum mode operation, the MN/ 𝐌𝐗 is tied

to VCC (logic high)

8086 itself generates all the bus control signals

DT/𝐑
ഥ (Data Transmit/ Receive) Output signal from the
processor to control the direction of data flow
through the data transceivers

𝐃𝐄𝐍 (Data Enable) Output signal from the processor

used as out put enable for the transceivers

ALE (Address Latch Enable) Used to demultiplex the

address and data lines using external latches

M/𝐈𝐎 Used to differentiate memory access and I/O

access. For memory reference instructions, it is
high. For IN and OUT instructions, it is low.

𝐖𝐑 Write control signal; asserted low Whenever

processor writes data to memory or I/O port

𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐀 (Interrupt Acknowledge) When the interrupt

request is accepted by the processor, the output is
low on this line.
10
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Minimum mode signals

Pins 24 -31

For minimum mode operation, the MN/ 𝐌𝐗 is tied

to VCC (logic high)

8086 itself generates all the bus control signals

HOLD Input signal to the processor form the bus masters

as a request to grant the control of the bus.

Usually used by the DMA controller to get the

control of the bus.

HLDA (Hold Acknowledge) Acknowledge signal by the

processor to the bus master requesting the control
of the bus through HOLD.

The acknowledge is asserted high, when the

processor accepts HOLD.

11
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Maximum mode signals

During maximum mode operation, the MN/ 𝐌𝐗 is

grounded (logic low)

Pins 24 -31 are reassigned

𝑺𝟎 , 𝑺𝟏 , 𝑺𝟐 Status signals; used by the 8086 bus controller to

generate bus timing and control signals. These are
decoded as shown.

12
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Maximum mode signals

During maximum mode operation, the MN/ 𝐌𝐗 is

grounded (logic low)

Pins 24 -31 are reassigned

𝑸𝑺𝟎 , 𝑸𝑺𝟏 (Queue Status) The processor provides the status

of queue in these lines.

The queue status can be used by external device to

track the internal status of the queue in 8086.

The output on QS0 and QS1 can be interpreted as

shown in the table.

13
8086 Microprocessor
Pins and Signals Maximum mode signals

During maximum mode operation, the MN/ 𝐌𝐗 is

grounded (logic low)

Pins 24 -31 are reassigned

𝐑𝐐/𝐆𝐓𝟎, (Bus Request/ Bus Grant) These requests are used

𝐑𝐐/𝐆𝐓𝟏 by other local bus masters to force the processor
to release the local bus at the end of the
processor’s current bus cycle.

These pins are bidirectional.

The request on𝐆𝐓𝟎 will have higher priority than𝐆𝐓𝟏

𝐋𝐎𝐂𝐊 An output signal activated by the LOCK prefix

instruction.

Remains active until the completion of the

instruction prefixed by LOCK.

The 8086 output low on the 𝐋𝐎𝐂𝐊 pin while

executing an instruction prefixed by LOCK to
prevent other bus masters from gaining control of
the system bus.

14
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture

15
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture

Execution Unit (EU) Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

EU executes instructions that have BIU fetches instructions, reads data

already been fetched by the BIU. from memory and I/O ports, writes
data to memory and I/ O ports.
BIU and EU functions separately.
16
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Dedicated Adder to generate

20 bit address

Four 16-bit segment

registers

Code Segment (CS)

Data Segment (DS)
Stack Segment (SS)
Extra Segment (ES)

Segment Registers >> 17

8086 Microprocessor
Architecture

8086 registers
categorized 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

into 4 groups OF DF IF TF SF ZF AF PF CF

Sl.No. Type Register width Name of register

1 General purpose register 16 bit AX, BX, CX, DX

8 bit AL, AH, BL, BH, CL, CH, DL, DH

2 Pointer register 16 bit SP, BP

3 Index register 16 bit SI, DI

4 Instruction Pointer 16 bit IP

5 Segment register 16 bit CS, DS, SS, ES

6 Flag (PSW) 16 bit Flag register

18
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Registers and Special Functions

Register Name of the Register Special Function

AX 16-bit Accumulator Stores the 16-bit results of arithmetic and logic

operations

AL 8-bit Accumulator Stores the 8-bit results of arithmetic and logic

operations

BX Base register Used to hold base value in base addressing mode

to access memory data

CX Count Register Used to hold the count value in SHIFT, ROTATE

and LOOP instructions

DX Data Register Used to hold data for multiplication and division

operations

SP Stack Pointer Used to hold the offset address of top stack

memory

BP Base Pointer Used to hold the base value in base addressing

using SS register to access data from stack
memory

SI Source Index Used to hold index value of source operand (data)

for string instructions

DI Data Index Used to hold the index value of destination

operand (data) for string operations 19
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment
Registers

8086’s 1-megabyte The 8086 can directly Programs obtain access

memory is divided address four segments to code and data in the
into segments of up (256 K bytes within the 1 segments by changing
to 64K bytes each. M byte of memory) at a the segment register
particular time. content to point to the
desired segments.

20
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment Code Segment Register

Registers
16-bit

CS contains the base or start of the current code segment;

IP contains the distance or offset from this address to the
next instruction byte to be fetched.

BIU computes the 20-bit physical address by logically

shifting the contents of CS 4-bits to the left and then
adding the 16-bit contents of IP.

That is, all instructions of a program are relative to the

contents of the CS register multiplied by 16 and then offset
is added provided by the IP.

21
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment Data Segment Register

Registers
16-bit

Points to the current data segment; operands for most

instructions are fetched from this segment.

The 16-bit contents of the Source Index (SI) or

Destination Index (DI) or a 16-bit displacement are used
as offset for computing the 20-bit physical address.

22
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment Stack Segment Register

Registers
16-bit

Points to the current stack.

The 20-bit physical stack address is calculated from the

Stack Segment (SS) and the Stack Pointer (SP) for stack
instructions such as PUSH and POP.

In based addressing mode, the 20-bit physical stack

address is calculated from the Stack segment (SS) and the
Base Pointer (BP).

23
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment Extra Segment Register

Registers
16-bit

Points to the extra segment in which data (in excess of

64K pointed to by the DS) is stored.

String instructions use the ES and DI to determine the 20-

bit physical address for the destination.

24
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Segment Instruction Pointer

Registers
16-bit

Always points to the next instruction to be executed within

the currently executing code segment.

So, this register contains the 16-bit offset address pointing

to the next instruction code within the 64Kb of the code
segment area.

Its content is automatically incremented as the execution

of the next instruction takes place.

25
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Instruction queue

A group of First-In-First-
Out (FIFO) in which up to
6 bytes of instruction
code are pre fetched
from the memory ahead
of time.

This is done in order to

speed up the execution
by overlapping
instruction fetch with
execution.

This mechanism is known

as pipelining.

26
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU decodes and
executes instructions.

A decoder in the EU
control system
translates instructions.

16-bit ALU for

performing arithmetic
and logic operation

Four general purpose

registers(AX, BX, CX, DX);

Pointer registers (Stack

Pointer, Base Pointer);

and
Some of the 16 bit registers can be
Index registers (Source used as two 8 bit registers as :
Index, Destination Index)
each of 16-bits AX can be used as AH and AL
BX can be used as BH and BL
CX can be used as CH and CL 27
DX can be used as DH and DL
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Accumulator Register (AX)

Registers
Consists of two 8-bit registers AL and AH, which can be
combined together and used as a 16-bit register AX.

AL in this case contains the low order byte of the word,

and AH contains the high-order byte.

The I/O instructions use the AX or AL for inputting /

outputting 16 or 8 bit data to or from an I/O port.

Multiplication and Division instructions also use the AX or

AL.

28
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Base Register (BX)

Registers
Consists of two 8-bit registers BL and BH, which can be
combined together and used as a 16-bit register BX.

BL in this case contains the low-order byte of the word,

and BH contains the high-order byte.

This is the only general purpose register whose contents

can be used for addressing the 8086 memory.

All memory references utilizing this register content for

addressing use DS as the default segment register.

29
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Counter Register (CX)

Registers
Consists of two 8-bit registers CL and CH, which can be
combined together and used as a 16-bit register CX.

When combined, CL register contains the low order byte of

the word, and CH contains the high-order byte.

Instructions such as SHIFT, ROTATE and LOOP use the

contents of CX as a counter.

Example:

The instruction LOOP START automatically decrements

CX by 1 without affecting flags and will check if [CX] =
0.

If it is zero, 8086 executes the next instruction;

otherwise the 8086 branches to the label START.

30
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Data Register (DX)

Registers
Consists of two 8-bit registers DL and DH, which can be
combined together and used as a 16-bit register DX.

When combined, DL register contains the low order byte of

the word, and DH contains the high-order byte.

Used to hold the high 16-bit result (data) in 16 X 16

multiplication or the high 16-bit dividend (data) before a
32 ÷ 16 division and the 16-bit reminder after division.

31
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Stack Pointer (SP) and Base Pointer (BP)

Registers
SP and BP are used to access data in the stack segment.

SP is used as an offset from the current SS during

execution of instructions that involve the stack segment in
the external memory.

SP contents are automatically updated (incremented/

decremented) due to execution of a POP or PUSH
instruction.

BP contains an offset address in the current SS, which is

used by instructions utilizing the based addressing mode.

32
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Source Index (SI) and Destination Index (DI)

Registers
Used in indexed addressing.

Instructions that process data strings use the SI and DI

registers together with DS and ES respectively in order to
distinguish between the source and destination addresses.

33
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)

EU Source Index (SI) and Destination Index (DI)

Registers
Used in indexed addressing.

Instructions that process data strings use the SI and DI

registers together with DS and ES respectively in order to
distinguish between the source and destination addresses.

34
8086 Microprocessor
Architecture Execution Unit (EU)
Auxiliary Carry Flag
Carry Flag
Flag Register This is set, if there is a carry from the
This flag is set, when there is
lowest nibble, i.e, bit three during
addition, or borrow for the lowest a carry out of MSB in case of
nibble, i.e, bit three, during addition or a borrow in case
subtraction. of subtraction.

Sign Flag Zero Flag Parity Flag

This flag is set, when the This flag is set, if the result of This flag is set to 1, if the lower
result of any computation the computation or comparison byte of the result contains even
is negative performed by an instruction is number of 1’s ; for odd number
zero of 1’s set to zero.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OF DF IF TF SF ZF AF PF CF

Tarp Flag
Over flow Flag If this flag is set, the processor
This flag is set, if an overflow occurs, i.e, if the result of a signed enters the single step execution
operation is large enough to accommodate in a destination
mode by generating internal
register. The result is of more than 7-bits in size in case of 8-bit
signed operation and more than 15-bits in size in case of 16-bit interrupts after the execution of
sign operations, then the overflow will be set. each instruction
Direction Flag Interrupt Flag
This is used by string manipulation instructions. If this flag bit
is ‘0’, the string is processed beginning from the lowest Causes the 8086 to recognize
address to the highest address, i.e., auto incrementing mode. external mask interrupts; clearing IF
Otherwise, the string is processed from the highest address disables these interrupts.
towards the lowest address, i.e., auto incrementing mode. 35
ADDRESSING MODES
&
Instruction set
8086 Microprocessor
Introduction

Program
A set of instructions written to solve
a problem.

Instruction
Directions which a microprocessor
follows to execute a task or part of a
task.

Computer language

High Level Low Level

Machine Language Assembly Language

 Binary bits  English Alphabets

 ‘Mnemonics’
 Assembler
Mnemonics  Machine
Language 37
ADDRESSING MODES
8086 Microprocessor
Addressing Modes

Every instruction of a program has to operate on a data.

The different ways in which a source operand is denoted
in an instruction are known as addressing modes.

1. Register Addressing
Group I : Addressing modes for
2. Immediate Addressing register and immediate data

3. Direct Addressing

4. Register Indirect Addressing

5. Based Addressing
Group II : Addressing modes for
6. Indexed Addressing memory data
7. Based Index Addressing

8. String Addressing

9. Direct I/O port Addressing

Group III : Addressing modes for
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing I/O ports

11. Relative Addressing Group IV : Relative Addressing mode

12. Implied Addressing Group V : Implied Addressing mode

40
8086 Microprocessor Group I : Addressing modes for
Addressing Modes register and immediate data

1. Register Addressing The instruction will specify the name of the

register which holds the data to be operated by
2. Immediate Addressing the instruction.
3. Direct Addressing Example:
4. Register Indirect Addressing
MOV CL, DH
5. Based Addressing
The content of 8-bit register DH is moved to
6. Indexed Addressing another 8-bit register CL

7. Based Index Addressing (CL)  (DH)

8. String Addressing

9. Direct I/O port Addressing

10. Indirect I/O port Addressing

11. Relative Addressing

12. Implied Addressing

41
8086 Microprocessor Group I : Addressing modes for
Addressing Modes register and immediate data

1. Register Addressing
In immediate addressing mode, an 8-bit or 16-bit
2. Immediate Addressing data is specified as part of the instruction
3. Direct Addressing
Example:
4. Register Indirect Addressing
MOV DL, 08H
5. Based Addressing
The 8-bit data (08H) given in the instruction is
6. Indexed Addressing moved to DL

7. Based Index Addressing (DL)  08H

8. String Addressing
MOV AX, 0A9FH
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
The 16-bit data (0A9FH) given in the instruction is
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing
moved to AX register
11. Relative Addressing
(AX)  0A9FH
12. Implied Addressing

42
8086 Microprocessor
Addressing Modes : Memory Access

20 Address lines  8086 can address up to

220 = 1M bytes of memory

However, the largest register is only 16 bits

Physical Address will have to be calculated

Physical Address : Actual address of a byte in
memory. i.e. the value which goes out onto the
address bus.

Memory Address represented in the form –

Seg : Offset (Eg - 89AB:F012)

Each time the processor wants to access

memory, it takes the contents of a segment
register, shifts it one hexadecimal place to the
16 bytes of
left (same as multiplying by 1610), then add the contiguous memory
required offset to form the 20- bit address

89AB : F012  89AB  89AB0 (Paragraph to byte  89AB x 10 = 89AB0)

F012  0F012 (Offset is already in byte unit)
+ -------
98AC2 (The absolute address)
44
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing

2. Immediate Addressing
Here, the effective address of the memory
3. Direct Addressing
location at which the data operand is stored is
4. Register Indirect Addressing given in the instruction.

5. Based Addressing The effective address is just a 16-bit number

written directly in the instruction.
6. Indexed Addressing
Example:
7. Based Index Addressing
MOV BX, [1354H]
8. String Addressing MOV BL, [0400H]
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
The square brackets around the 1354H denotes
the contents of the memory location. When
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing
executed, this instruction will copy the contents of
11. Relative Addressing the memory location into BX register.

12. Implied Addressing This addressing mode is called direct because the
displacement of the operand from the segment
base is specified directly in the instruction.

46
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing In Register indirect addressing, name of the

register which holds the effective address (EA)
2. Immediate Addressing will be specified in the instruction.

3. Direct Addressing Registers used to hold EA are any of the following

registers:
4. Register Indirect Addressing
BX, BP, DI and SI.
5. Based Addressing
Content of the DS register is used for base
6. Indexed Addressing
address calculation.
7. Based Index Addressing
Example:
Note : Register/ memory
8. String Addressing enclosed in brackets refer
MOV CX, [BX]
to content of register/
9. Direct I/O port Addressing memory
Operations:
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing
EA = (BX)
11. Relative Addressing BA = (DS) x 1610
MA = BA + EA
12. Implied Addressing
(CX)  (MA) or,

(CL)  (MA)
(CH)  (MA +1)
47
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing In Based Addressing, BX or BP is used to hold the

base value for effective address and a signed 8-bit
2. Immediate Addressing or unsigned 16-bit displacement will be specified
in the instruction.
3. Direct Addressing
In case of 8-bit displacement, it is sign extended
4. Register Indirect Addressing to 16-bit before adding to the base value.

5. Based Addressing When BX holds the base value of EA, 20-bit

physical address is calculated from BX and DS.
6. Indexed Addressing
When BP holds the base value of EA, BP and SS is
7. Based Index Addressing
used.
8. String Addressing
Example:
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
MOV AX, [BX + 08H]
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing
Operations:
11. Relative Addressing
0008H  08H (Sign extended)
12. Implied Addressing EA = (BX) + 0008H
BA = (DS) x 1610
MA = BA + EA

(AX)  (MA) or,

(AL)  (MA)
48
(AH)  (MA + 1)
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing SI or DI register is used to hold an index value for

memory data and a signed 8-bit or unsigned 16-
2. Immediate Addressing bit displacement will be specified in the
instruction.
3. Direct Addressing
Displacement is added to the index value in SI or
4. Register Indirect Addressing DI register to obtain the EA.

5. Based Addressing In case of 8-bit displacement, it is sign extended

to 16-bit before adding to the base value.
6. Indexed Addressing

7. Based Index Addressing

Example:
8. String Addressing
MOV CX, [SI + 0A2H]
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
Operations:
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing
FFA2H  A2H (Sign extended)
11. Relative Addressing
EA = (SI) + FFA2H
12. Implied Addressing BA = (DS) x 1610
MA = BA + EA

(CX)  (MA) or,

(CL)  (MA)
(CH)  (MA + 1)
49
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing In Based Index Addressing, the effective address

is computed from the sum of a base register (BX
2. Immediate Addressing or BP), an index register (SI or DI) and a
displacement.
3. Direct Addressing
Example:
4. Register Indirect Addressing
MOV DX, [BX + SI + 0AH]
5. Based Addressing
Operations:
6. Indexed Addressing
000AH  0AH (Sign extended)
7. Based Index Addressing

8. String Addressing EA = (BX) + (SI) + 000AH

BA = (DS) x 1610
9. Direct I/O port Addressing MA = BA + EA

10. Indirect I/O port Addressing (DX)  (MA) or,

11. Relative Addressing (DL)  (MA)

(DH)  (MA + 1)
12. Implied Addressing

50
8086 Microprocessor Group II : Addressing modes
Addressing Modes for memory data

1. Register Addressing Employed in string operations to operate on string

data.
2. Immediate Addressing
The effective address (EA) of source data is stored
3. Direct Addressing in SI register and the EA of destination is stored in
DI register.
4. Register Indirect Addressing
Segment register for calculating base address of
5. Based Addressing source data is DS and that of the destination data
is ES
6. Indexed Addressing

7. Based Index Addressing

Example: MOVS BYTE
8. String Addressing
Operations:
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
Calculation of source memory location:
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing EA = (SI) BA = (DS) x 1610 MA = BA + EA

11. Relative Addressing Calculation of destination memory location:

EAE = (DI) BAE = (ES) x 1610 MAE = BAE + EAE
12. Implied Addressing

Note : Effective address of (MAE)  (MA)

the Extra segment register
If DF = 1, then (SI)  (SI) – 1 and (DI) = (DI) - 1
If DF = 0, then (SI)  (SI) +1 and (DI) = (DI)51+ 1
8086 Microprocessor Group III : Addressing
Addressing Modes modes for I/O ports

1. Register Addressing These addressing modes are used to access data

from standard I/O mapped devices or ports.
2. Immediate Addressing
In direct port addressing mode, an 8-bit port
3. Direct Addressing address is directly specified in the instruction.

4. Register Indirect Addressing Example: IN AL, [09H]

5. Based Addressing Operations: PORTaddr = 09H

(AL)  (PORT)
6. Indexed Addressing
Content of port with address 09H is
7. Based Index Addressing
moved to AL register
8. String Addressing
In indirect port addressing mode, the instruction
9. Direct I/O port Addressing will specify the name of the register which holds
the port address. In 8086, the 16-bit port address
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing is stored in the DX register.

11. Relative Addressing Example: OUT [DX], AX

12. Implied Addressing Operations: PORTaddr = (DX)

(PORT)  (AX)

Content of AX is moved to port

whose address is specified by DX
register. 52
8086 Microprocessor Group IV : Relative
Addressing Modes Addressing mode

1. Register Addressing

2. Immediate Addressing

3. Direct Addressing In this addressing mode, the effective address of

a program instruction is specified relative to
4. Register Indirect Addressing Instruction Pointer (IP) by an 8-bit signed
displacement.
5. Based Addressing
Example: JZ 0AH
6. Indexed Addressing
Operations:
7. Based Index Addressing

8. String Addressing 000AH  0AH (sign extend)

9. Direct I/O port Addressing If ZF = 1, then

10. Indirect I/O port Addressing EA = (IP) + 000AH

BA = (CS) x 1610
11. Relative Addressing MA = BA + EA

12. Implied Addressing If ZF = 1, then the program control jumps to

new address calculated above.

If ZF = 0, then next instruction of the

program is executed.
53
8086 Microprocessor Group IV : Implied
Addressing Modes Addressing mode

1. Register Addressing

2. Immediate Addressing

3. Direct Addressing

4. Register Indirect Addressing

5. Based Addressing

6. Indexed Addressing
Instructions using this mode have no operands.
The instruction itself will specify the data to be
7. Based Index Addressing
operated by the instruction.
8. String Addressing
Example: CLC
9. Direct I/O port Addressing
This clears the carry flag to zero.
10. Indirect I/O port Addressing

11. Relative Addressing

12. Implied Addressing

54
INSTRUCTION SET
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

8086 supports 6 types of instructions.

1. Data Transfer Instructions

2. Arithmetic Instructions

3. Logical Instructions

4. String manipulation Instructions

5. Process Control Instructions

6. Control Transfer Instructions

56
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

1. Data Transfer Instructions

Instructions that are used to transfer data/ address in to

registers, memory locations and I/O ports.

Generally involve two operands: Source operand and

Destination operand of the same size.

Source: Register or a memory location or an immediate data

Destination : Register or a memory location.

The size should be a either a byte or a word.

A 8-bit data can only be moved to 8-bit register/ memory

and a 16-bit data can be moved to 16-bit register/ memory.

57
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

1. Data Transfer Instructions

Mnemonics: MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT …

MOV reg2/ mem, reg1/ mem

MOV reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1)

MOV mem, reg1 (mem)  (reg1)
MOV reg2, mem (reg2)  (mem)

MOV reg/ mem, data

MOV reg, data (reg)  data

MOV mem, data (mem)  data

XCHG reg2/ mem, reg1

XCHG reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1)

XCHG mem, reg1 (mem)  (reg1)

58
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

1. Data Transfer Instructions

Mnemonics: MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT …

PUSH reg16/ mem

PUSH reg16 (SP)  (SP) – 2

MA S = (SS) x 1610 + SP
(MA S ; MA S + 1)  (reg16)

PUSH mem (SP)  (SP) – 2

MA S = (SS) x 1610 + SP
(MA S ; MA S + 1)  (mem)

POP reg16/ mem

POP reg16 MA S = (SS) x 1610 + SP

(reg16)  (MA S ; MA S + 1)
(SP)  (SP) + 2

POP mem MA S = (SS) x 1610 + SP

(mem)  (MA S ; MA S + 1)
(SP)  (SP) + 2
59
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

1. Data Transfer Instructions

Mnemonics: MOV, XCHG, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT …

IN A, [DX] OUT [DX], A

IN AL, [DX] PORTaddr = (DX) OUT [DX], AL PORTaddr = (DX)

(AL)  (PORT) (PORT)  (AL)

IN AX, [DX] PORTaddr = (DX) OUT [DX], AX PORTaddr = (DX)

(AX)  (PORT) (PORT)  (AX)

IN A, addr8 OUT addr8, A

IN AL, addr8 (AL)  (addr8) OUT addr8, AL (addr8)  (AL)

IN AX, addr8 (AX)  (addr8) OUT addr8, AX (addr8)  (AX)

60
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

ADD reg2/ mem, reg1/mem

ADC reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1) + (reg2)

ADC reg2, mem (reg2)  (reg2) + (mem)
ADC mem, reg1 (mem)  (mem)+(reg1)

ADD reg/mem, data

ADD reg, data (reg)  (reg)+ data

ADD mem, data (mem)  (mem)+data

ADD A, data

ADD AL, data8 (AL)  (AL) + data8

ADD AX, data16 (AX)  (AX) +data16

61
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

ADC reg2/ mem, reg1/mem

ADC reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1) + (reg2)+CF

ADC reg2, mem (reg2)  (reg2) + (mem)+CF
ADC mem, reg1 (mem)  (mem)+(reg1)+CF

ADC reg/mem, data

ADC reg, data (reg)  (reg)+ data+CF

ADC mem, data (mem)  (mem)+data+CF

ADDC A, data

ADD AL, data8 (AL)  (AL) + data8+CF

ADD AX, data16 (AX)  (AX) +data16+CF

62
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

SUB reg2/ mem, reg1/mem

SUB reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1) - (reg2)

SUB reg2, mem (reg2)  (reg2) - (mem)
SUB mem, reg1 (mem)  (mem) - (reg1)

SUB reg/mem, data

SUB reg, data (reg)  (reg) - data

SUB mem, data (mem)  (mem) - data

SUB A, data

SUB AL, data8 (AL)  (AL) - data8

SUB AX, data16 (AX)  (AX) - data16

63
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

SBB reg2/ mem, reg1/mem

SBB reg2, reg1 (reg2)  (reg1) - (reg2) - CF

SBB reg2, mem (reg2)  (reg2) - (mem)- CF
SBB mem, reg1 (mem)  (mem) - (reg1) –CF

SBB reg/mem, data

SBB reg, data (reg)  (reg) – data - CF

SBB mem, data (mem)  (mem) - data - CF

SBB A, data

SBB AL, data8 (AL)  (AL) - data8 - CF

SBB AX, data16 (AX)  (AX) - data16 - CF

64
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

INC reg/ mem

INC reg8 (reg8)  (reg8) + 1

INC reg16 (reg16)  (reg16) + 1

INC mem (mem)  (mem) + 1

DEC reg/ mem

DEC reg8 (reg8)  (reg8) - 1

DEC reg16 (reg16)  (reg16) - 1

DEC mem (mem)  (mem) - 1

65
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

MUL reg/ mem

MUL reg For byte : (AX)  (AL) x (reg8)

For word : (DX)(AX)  (AX) x (reg16)

MUL mem For byte : (AX)  (AL) x (mem8)

For word : (DX)(AX)  (AX) x (mem16)

IMUL reg/ mem

IMUL reg For byte : (AX)  (AL) x (reg8)

For word : (DX)(AX)  (AX) x (reg16)

IMUL mem For byte : (AX)  (AX) x (mem8)

For word : (DX)(AX)  (AX) x (mem16)

66
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

DIV reg/ mem

DIV reg For 16-bit :- 8-bit :

(AL)  (AX) :- (reg8) Quotient
(AH)  (AX) MOD(reg8) Remainder

For 32-bit :- 16-bit :

(AX)  (DX)(AX) :- (reg16) Quotient
(DX)  (DX)(AX) MOD(reg16) Remainder

DIV mem For 16-bit :- 8-bit :

(AL)  (AX) :- (mem8) Quotient
(AH)  (AX) MOD(mem8) Remainder

For 32-bit :- 16-bit :

(AX)  (DX)(AX) :- (mem16) Quotient
(DX)  (DX)(AX) MOD(mem16) Remainder

67
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

IDIV reg/ mem

IDIV reg For 16-bit :- 8-bit :

(AL)  (AX) :- (reg8) Quotient
(AH)  (AX) MOD(reg8) Remainder

For 32-bit :- 16-bit :

(AX)  (DX)(AX) :- (reg16) Quotient
(DX)  (DX)(AX) MOD(reg16) Remainder

IDIV mem For 16-bit :- 8-bit :

(AL)  (AX) :- (mem8) Quotient
(AH)  (AX) MOD(mem8) Remainder

For 32-bit :- 16-bit :

(AX)  (DX)(AX) :- (mem16) Quotient
(DX)  (DX)(AX) MOD(mem16) Remainder

68
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

CMP reg2/mem, reg1/ mem

CMP reg2, reg1 Modify flags  (reg2) – (reg1)

If (reg2) > (reg1) then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (reg2) < (reg1) then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (reg2) = (reg1) then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

CMP reg2, mem Modify flags  (reg2) – (mem)

If (reg2) > (mem) then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (reg2) < (mem) then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (reg2) = (mem) then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

CMP mem, reg1 Modify flags  (mem) – (reg1)

If (mem) > (reg1) then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (mem) < (reg1) then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (mem) = (reg1) then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

69
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

CMP reg/mem, data

CMP reg, data Modify flags  (reg) – (data)

If (reg) > data then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (reg) < data then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (reg) = data then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

CMP mem, data Modify flags  (mem) – (mem)

If (mem) > data then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (mem) < data then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (mem) = data then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

70
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

2. Arithmetic Instructions
Mnemonics: ADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, CMP…

CMP A, data

CMP AL, data8 Modify flags  (AL) – data8

If (AL) > data8 then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (AL) < data8 then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (AL) = data8 then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

CMP AX, data16 Modify flags  (AX) – data16

If (AX) > data16 then CF=0, ZF=0, SF=0

If (mem) < data16 then CF=1, ZF=0, SF=1
If (mem) = data16 then CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0

71
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

72
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

73
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

74
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

75
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

76
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

77
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

78
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

3. Logical Instructions
Mnemonics: AND, OR, XOR, TEST, SHR, SHL, RCR, RCL …

79
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

 String : Sequence of bytes or words

 8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement, comparison,

scan, load and store.

 REP instruction prefix : used to repeat execution of string instructions

 String instructions end with S or SB or SW.

S represents string, SB string byte and SW string word.

 Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and

that of the destination operand is stored in DI register.

 Depending on the status of DF, SI and DI registers are automatically

updated.

 DF = 0  SI and DI are incremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

 DF = 1  SI and DI are decremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

80
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS

REP

REPZ/ REPE While CX  0 and ZF = 1, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS until (CX)  (CX) – 1
ZF = 0)

REPNZ/ REPNE While CX  0 and ZF = 0, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS until (CX)  (CX) - 1
ZF = 1)

81
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS

MOVS

MOVSB MA = (DS) x 1610 + (SI)

MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

(MAE)  (MA)

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 1; (SI)  (SI) + 1

If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) - 1; (SI)  (SI) - 1

MOVSW MA = (DS) x 1610 + (SI)

MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

(MAE ; MAE + 1)  (MA; MA + 1)

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 2; (SI)  (SI) + 2

If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) - 2; (SI)  (SI) - 2

82
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS

Compare two string byte or string word

CMPS

CMPSB MA = (DS) x 1610 + (SI)

MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

Modify flags  (MA) - (MAE)

If (MA) > (MAE), then CF = 0; ZF = 0; SF = 0

If (MA) < (MAE), then CF = 1; ZF = 0; SF = 1
CMPSW If (MA) = (MAE), then CF = 0; ZF = 1; SF = 0

For byte operation

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 1; (SI)  (SI) + 1
If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) - 1; (SI)  (SI) - 1

For word operation

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 2; (SI)  (SI) + 2
If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) - 2; (SI)  (SI) - 2

83
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS
Scan (compare) a string byte or word with accumulator
SCAS

SCASB MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

Modify flags  (AL) - (MAE)

If (AL) > (MAE), then CF = 0; ZF = 0; SF = 0

If (AL) < (MAE), then CF = 1; ZF = 0; SF = 1
If (AL) = (MAE), then CF = 0; ZF = 1; SF = 0

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 1

If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) – 1

SCASW MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

Modify flags  (AL) - (MAE)

If (AX) > (MAE ; MAE + 1), then CF = 0; ZF = 0; SF = 0

If (AX) < (MAE ; MAE + 1), then CF = 1; ZF = 0; SF = 1
If (AX) = (MAE ; MAE + 1), then CF = 0; ZF = 1; SF = 0

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 2

84
If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) – 2
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS

Load string byte in to AL or string word in to AX

LODS

LODSB MA = (DS) x 1610 + (SI)

(AL)  (MA)

If DF = 0, then (SI)  (SI) + 1

If DF = 1, then (SI)  (SI) – 1

LODSW MA = (DS) x 1610 + (SI)

(AX)  (MA ; MA + 1)

If DF = 0, then (SI)  (SI) + 2

If DF = 1, then (SI)  (SI) – 2

85
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

4. String Manipulation Instructions

Mnemonics: REP, MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS

Store byte from AL or word from AX in to string

STOS

STOSB MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

(MAE)  (AL)

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 1

If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) – 1

STOSW MAE = (ES) x 1610 + (DI)

(MAE ; MAE + 1 )  (AX)

If DF = 0, then (DI)  (DI) + 2

If DF = 1, then (DI)  (DI) – 2

86
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

5. Processor Control Instructions

Mnemonics Explanation
STC Set CF  1

CLC Clear CF  0

CMC Complement carry CF  CF/

STD Set direction flag DF  1

CLD Clear direction flag DF  0

STI Set interrupt enable flag IF  1

CLI Clear interrupt enable flag IF  0

NOP No operation

HLT Halt after interrupt is set

WAIT Wait for TEST pin active

ESC opcode mem/ reg Used to pass instruction to a coprocessor

which shares the address and data bus
with the 8086

LOCK Lock bus during next instruction 87

8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

6. Control Transfer Instructions

Transfer the control to a specific destination or target instruction

Do not affect flags

 8086 Unconditional transfers

Mnemonics Explanation
CALL reg/ mem/ disp16 Call subroutine

RET Return from subroutine

JMP reg/ mem/ disp8/ disp16 Unconditional jump

88
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

6. Control Transfer Instructions

 8086 signed conditional  8086 unsigned conditional

branch instructions branch instructions

Checks flags

If conditions are true, the program control is

transferred to the new memory location in the same
segment by modifying the content of IP

89
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

6. Control Transfer Instructions

 8086 signed conditional  8086 unsigned conditional

branch instructions branch instructions

Name Alternate name Name Alternate name

JE disp8 JZ disp8 JE disp8 JZ disp8
Jump if equal Jump if result is 0 Jump if equal Jump if result is 0

JNE disp8 JNZ disp8 JNE disp8 JNZ disp8

Jump if not equal Jump if not zero Jump if not equal Jump if not zero
JG disp8 JNLE disp8 JA disp8 JNBE disp8
Jump if greater Jump if not less or Jump if above Jump if not below
equal or equal
JGE disp8 JNL disp8 JAE disp8 JNB disp8
Jump if greater Jump if not less Jump if above or Jump if not below
than or equal equal
JL disp8 JNGE disp8 JB disp8 JNAE disp8
Jump if less than Jump if not Jump if below Jump if not above
greater than or or equal
equal
JLE disp8 JNG disp8 JBE disp8 JNA disp8
Jump if less than Jump if not Jump if below or Jump if not above
or equal greater equal 90
8086 Microprocessor
Instruction Set

6. Control Transfer Instructions

 8086 conditional branch instructions affecting individual flags

Mnemonics Explanation

JC disp8 Jump if CF = 1

JNC disp8 Jump if CF = 0

JP disp8 Jump if PF = 1

JNP disp8 Jump if PF = 0

JO disp8 Jump if OF = 1

JNO disp8 Jump if OF = 0

JS disp8 Jump if SF = 1

JNS disp8 Jump if SF = 0

JZ disp8 Jump if result is zero, i.e, Z = 1

JNZ disp8 Jump if result is not zero, i.e, Z = 1

91
Assembler directives
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

Instructions to the Assembler regarding the program being

executed.

Control the generation of machine codes and organization of

the program; but no machine codes are generated for
assembler directives.

Also called ‘pseudo instructions’

Used to :
› specify the start and end of a program
› attach value to variables
› allocate storage locations to input/ output data
› define start and end of segments, procedures, macros etc..

93
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB Define Byte

DW Define a byte type (8-bit) variable

SEGMENT Reserves specific amount of memory

ENDS locations to each variable

ASSUME Range : 00H – FFH for unsigned value;

00H – 7FH for positive value and
ORG 80H – FFH for negative value
END
EVEN General form : variable DB value/ values
EQU

PROC
FAR Example:
NEAR LIST DB 7FH, 42H, 35H
ENDP
Three consecutive memory locations are reserved for
SHORT the variable LIST and each data specified in the
instruction are stored as initial value in the reserved
MACRO memory location
ENDM 94
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB Define Word

DW Define a word type (16-bit) variable

SEGMENT Reserves two consecutive memory locations

ENDS to each variable

ASSUME Range : 0000H – FFFFH for unsigned value;

0000H – 7FFFH for positive value and
ORG 8000H – FFFFH for negative value
END
EVEN General form : variable DW value/ values
EQU

PROC
FAR Example:
NEAR ALIST DW 6512H, 0F251H, 0CDE2H
ENDP
Six consecutive memory locations are reserved for
SHORT the variable ALIST and each 16-bit data specified in
the instruction is stored in two consecutive memory
MACRO location.
ENDM 95
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB SEGMENT : Used to indicate the beginning of

a code/ data/ stack segment
DW
ENDS : Used to indicate the end of a code/
SEGMENT data/ stack segment
ENDS
General form:
ASSUME

ORG
END Segnam SEGMENT
EVEN
…
EQU … Program code
… or
PROC … Data Defining Statements
…
FAR …
NEAR
ENDP Segnam ENDS

SHORT

MACRO User defined name of

the segment
ENDM 96
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB Informs the assembler the name of the

program/ data segment that should be used
DW for a specific segment.

SEGMENT General form:

ENDS
ASSUME segreg : segnam, .. , segreg : segnam
ASSUME

ORG
User defined name of
END Segment Register
the segment
EVEN
EQU

PROC Example:
FAR
NEAR ASSUME CS: ACODE, DS:ADATA Tells the compiler that the
ENDP instructions of the program are
stored in the segment ACODE and
data are stored in the segment
SHORT ADATA

MACRO
ENDM 97
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

ORG (Origin) is used to assign the starting address

DB
(Effective address) for a program/ data segment

DW END is used to terminate a program; statements

after END will be ignored
SEGMENT
ENDS EVEN : Informs the assembler to store program/
data segment starting from an even address
ASSUME
EQU (Equate) is used to attach a value to a variable

ORG
Examples:
END
EVEN ORG 1000H Informs the assembler that the statements
EQU following ORG 1000H should be stored in
memory starting with effective address
1000H
PROC
FAR
LOOP EQU 10FEH Value of variable LOOP is 10FEH
NEAR
ENDP
_SDATA SEGMENT In this data segment, effective address of
SHORT ORG 1200H memory location assigned to A will be 1200H
A DB 4CH and that of B will be 1202H and 1203H.
EVEN
MACRO B DW 1052H
ENDM _SDATA ENDS 98
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

PROC Indicates the beginning of a procedure

DB
ENDP End of procedure
DW
FAR Intersegment call
SEGMENT
ENDS NEAR Intrasegment call

General form
ASSUME

ORG
procname PROC[NEAR/ FAR]
END
EVEN …
… Program statements of the
EQU procedure
…

PROC RET Last statement of the

procedure
ENDP
FAR procname ENDP
NEAR

SHORT User defined name of

the procedure
MACRO
ENDM 99
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB
Examples:
DW

SEGMENT ADD64 PROC NEAR The subroutine/ procedure named ADD64 is

ENDS declared as NEAR and so the assembler will
… code the CALL and RET instructions involved
… in this procedure as near call and return
ASSUME …

RET
ORG
ADD64 ENDP
END
EVEN
EQU CONVERT PROC FAR The subroutine/ procedure named CONVERT
is declared as FAR and so the assembler will
… code the CALL and RET instructions involved
PROC … in this procedure as far call and return
ENDP …
FAR
RET
NEAR CONVERT ENDP

SHORT

MACRO
ENDM 100
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB Reserves one memory location for 8-bit

signed displacement in jump instructions
DW
Example:
SEGMENT
ENDS

ASSUME JMP SHORT The directive will reserve one

AHEAD memory location for 8-bit
ORG displacement named AHEAD
END
EVEN
EQU

PROC
ENDP
FAR
NEAR

SHORT

MACRO
ENDM 101
8086 Microprocessor
Assemble Directives

DB MACRO Indicate the beginning of a macro

DW ENDM End of a macro

SEGMENT General form:

ENDS

ASSUME macroname MACRO[Arg1, Arg2 ...]

Program
… statements in
ORG … the macro
END …
EVEN
EQU macroname ENDM

PROC
ENDP
FAR User defined name of
NEAR the macro

SHORT

MACRO
ENDM 102
103
Interfacing memory and i/o ports
8086 Microprocessor
Memory

Processor Memory
 Registers inside a microcomputer
 Store data and results temporarily
 No speed disparity
 Cost 

Primary or Main Memory

 Storage area which can be directly
Memory accessed by microprocessor
 Store programs and data prior to
Store
execution
Programs
 Should not have speed disparity with
and Data
processor  Semi Conductor
memories using CMOS technology
 ROM, EPROM, Static RAM, DRAM

Secondary Memory
 Storage media comprising of slow
devices such as magnetic tapes and
disks
 Hold large data files and programs:
Operating system, compilers,
databases, permanent programs etc. 105
8086 Microprocessor
Memory organization in 8086

Memory IC’s : Byte oriented

8086 : 16-bit

Word : Stored by two

consecutive memory locations;
for LSB and MSB

Address of word : Address of

LSB

Bank 0 : A0 = 0  Even
addressed memory bank

Bank 1 : 𝑩𝑯𝑬 = 0  Odd

addressed memory bank

106
8086 Microprocessor
Memory organization in 8086

Operation 𝑩𝑯𝑬 A0 Data Lines Used

1 Read/ Write byte at an even address 1 0 D7 – D0

2 Read/ Write byte at an odd address 0 1 D15 – D8

3 Read/ Write word at an even address 0 0 D15 – D0

4 Read/ Write word at an odd address 0 1 D15 – D0 in first operation

byte from odd bank is
transferred
1 0 D7 – D0 in first operation
byte from odd bank is
transferred 107
8086 Microprocessor
Memory organization in 8086

Available memory space = EPROM + RAM

Allot equal address space in odd and even

bank for both EPROM and RAM

Can be implemented in two IC’s (one for

even and other for odd) or in multiple IC’s

108
8086 Microprocessor
Interfacing SRAM and EPROM

Memory interface  Read from and write in

to a set of semiconductor memory IC chip

EPROM  Read operations

RAM  Read and Write

In order to perform read/ write operations,

Memory access time  read / write time of

the processor

Chip Select (CS) signal has to be generated

Control signals for read / write operations

Allot address for each memory location

109
8086 Microprocessor
Interfacing SRAM and EPROM

Typical Semiconductor IC Chip

No of Memory capacity Range of

Address address in
pins hexa
In Decimal In kilo In hexa

20 220= 10,48,576 1024 k = 1M 100000 00000

to
FFFFF

110
8086 Microprocessor
Interfacing SRAM and EPROM

Memory map of 8086

EPROM’s are mapped at FFFFFH

 Facilitate automatic execution of monitor programs
and creation of interrupt vector table

RAM are mapped at the beginning; 00000H is allotted to RAM

111
8086 Microprocessor
Interfacing SRAM and EPROM

Monitor Programs
 Programing 8279 for keyboard scanning and display
refreshing

 Programming peripheral IC’s 8259, 8257, 8255,

8251, 8254 etc

 Initialization of stack

 Display a message on display (output)

 Initializing interrupt vector table

Note : 8279 Programmable keyboard/ display controller

8257 DMA controller

8259 Programmable interrupt controller

8255 Programmable peripheral interface

112
8086 Microprocessor
Interfacing I/O and peripheral devices

I/O devices
 For communication between microprocessor and
outside world

 Keyboards, CRT displays, Printers, Compact Discs

etc.


Ports / Buffer IC’s
Microprocessor I/ O devices
(interface circuitry)

 Data transfer types

Memory mapped
Programmed I/ O
Data transfer is accomplished I/O mapped
through an I/O port
controlled by software

Interrupt driven I/ O
I/O device interrupts the
processor and initiate data
transfer
Direct memory access
Data transfer is achieved by 113
bypassing the microprocessor
8086 Microprocessor
8086 and 8088 comparison

Memory mapping I/O mapping

20 bit address are provided for I/O 8-bit or 16-bit addresses are
devices provided for I/O devices

The I/O ports or peripherals can be Only IN and OUT instructions can be
treated like memory locations and used for data transfer between I/O
so all instructions related to device and processor
memory can be used for data
transmission between I/O device
and processor

Data can be moved from any Data transfer takes place only
register to ports and vice versa between accumulator and ports
When memory mapping is used for Full memory space can be used for
I/O devices, full memory address addressing memory.
space cannot be used for
addressing memory.  Suitable for systems which
require large memory capacity
 Useful only for small systems
where memory requirement is less
For accessing the memory mapped For accessing the I/O mapped
devices, the processor executes devices, the processor executes I/O
memory read or write cycle. read or write cycle.

 M / 𝐈𝐎 is asserted high  M / 𝐈𝐎 is asserted low 114

DEPT & SEM : EEE & III/II SEM

SUBJECT NAME: DIGITAL COMPUTE PLATFORMS

COURSE CODE : 19A02601T

UNIT : II

PREPARED BY : Mrs C. MUNIKANTHA

 OVER VIEW
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING & I/O INTERFACE
Assembler directives
macros –
simple programs involving logical
branch instructions
sorting
evaluating arithmetic expressions
string manipulations
8255 PPI
various modes of operation
A/D - D/A converter interfacing
Memory interfacing to 8086
interrupt structure of 8086
vector interrupt table
interrupt service routine
interfacing interrupt controller 8259
Need of DMA
serial communication standards
serial data transfer schemes
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
Assembler directives are non executable instructions which are pseudo
instructions which helps assembler to execute a program.
Few Examples for assembler directives are as follows
Org 2000h
Start:
End start
Assume DS: Data
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

The SEGMENT directive is used to indicate the start of a logical segment.

Preceding the SEGMENT directive is the name you want to give the segment.
For example, the statement CODE SEGMENT indicates to the assembler the
start of a logical segment called CODE. The SEGMENT and ENDS directive are
used to “bracket” a logical segment containing code of data.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

Additional terms are often added to a SEGMENT directive statement to indicate

some special way in which we want the assembler to treat the segment. The
statement CODE SEGMENT WORD tells the assembler that we want the content of
this segment located on the next available word (even address) when segments
are combined and given absolute addresses.
Without this WORD addition, the segment will be located on the next available
paragraph (16-byte) address, which might waste as much as 15 bytes of memory.
The statement CODE SEGMENT PUBLIC tells the assembler that the segment may
be put together with other segments named CODE from other assembly modules
when the modules are linked together.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
ENDS (End Segment)
This directive is used with the name of a segment to indicate the end of that
logical segment.

Start of logical segment containing code

CODE SEGMENT instruction statements

CODE ENDS End of segment named CODE

END (End Procedure)

The END directive is put after the last statement of a program to tell the assembler
that this is the end of the program module. The assembler will ignore any
statements after an END directive, so you should make sure to use only one END
directive at the very end of your program module. A carriage return is required after
the END directive
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

ASSUME
The ASSUME directive is used tell the assembler the name of the logical
segment it should use for a specified segment. The statement ASSUME CS: CODE,
for example, tells the assembler that the instructions for a program are in a
logical segment named CODE.
The statement ASSUME DS: DATA tells the assembler that for any program
instruction, which refers to the data segment, it should use the logical segment
called DATA.
DB (Define Byte)
The DB directive is used to declare a byte type variable, or a set aside one or
more storage locations of type byte in memory
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

PRICES DB 49H, 98H, 29H Declare array of 3 bytes named PRICE and initialize
them with specified values.

NAMES DB “THOMAS” Declare array of 6 bytes and initialize with ASCII

codes for the letters in THOMAS.

RESULT DB 100 DUP (?) Set aside 100 bytes of storage in memory and give
it the name RESULT. But leave the 100 bytes un-initialized.

PRESSURE DB 20H DUP (0) Set aside 20H bytes of storage in memory, give it
the name PRESSURE and put 0 in all 20H locations.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
DD (Define Double Word)
The DD directive is used to declare a variable of type double word or to reserve
memory locations, which can be accessed as type double word.

The statement ARRAY DD 25629261H, for example, will define a double word named
ARRAY and initialize the double word with the specified value when the program is loaded
into memory to be run. The low word, 9261H, will be put in memory at a lower address
than the high word.

DQ (Define Quadword)
The DQ directive is used to tell the assembler to declare a variable 4 words in length
or to reserve 4 words of storage in memory. The statement BIG_NUMBER DQ
243598740192A92BH, for example, will declare a variable named BIG_NUMBER and
initialize the 4 words set aside with the specified number when the program is loaded into
memory to be run.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

DT (Define Ten Bytes)

The DT directive is used to tell the assembler to declare a variable, which
is 10 bytes in length or to reserve 10 bytes of storage in memory. The
statement PACKED_BCD DT 11223344556677889900 will declare an array
named PACKED_BCD, which is 10 bytes in length. It will initialize the 10 bytes
with the values 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, and 00 when the program is
loaded into memory to be run. The statement RESULT DT 20H DUP (0) will
declare an array of 20H blocks of 10 bytes each and initialize all 320 bytes to 00
when the program is loaded into memory to be run.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
DW (Define Word)
The DW directive is used to tell the assembler to define a variable of type
word or to reserve storage locations of type word in memory. The statement
MULTIPLIER DW 437AH, for example, declares a variable of type word named
MULTIPLIER, and initialized with the value 437AH when the program is loaded into
memory to be run.
WORDS DW 1234H, 3456H Declare an array of 2 words and initialize them
with the specified values.
STORAGE DW 100 DUP (0) Reserve an array of 100 words of memory and
initialize all 100 words with 0000. Array is named as STORAGE.
STORAGE DW 100 DUP (?) Reserve 100 word of storage in memory and give it
the name STORAGE, but leave the words un-
initialized.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
EQU (Equate)
EQU is used to give a name to some value or symbol. Each time the assembler finds the
given name in the program, it replaces the name with the value or symbol you equated
with that name. Suppose, for example, you write the statement
FACTOR EQU 03H at the start of your program, and later in the program you write the
instruction statement ADD AL, FACTOR. When the assembler codes this instruction
statement, it will code it as if you had written the instruction ADD AL, 03H.
CONTROL EQU 11000110 B MOV AL, CONTROL
DECIMAL_ADJUST EQU DAA ADD AL, BL DECIMAL_ADJUST
Replacement
Assignment
Create clearer mnemonic for DAA Add BCD numbers
Keep result in BCD format
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:

OFFSET
OFFSET is an operator, which tells the assembler to determine the offset
or displacement of a named data item (variable), a procedure from the start of
the segment, which contains it. When the assembler reads the statement MOV
BX, OFFSET PRICES, for example, it will determine the offset of the variable
PRICES from the start of the segment in which PRICES is defined and will
load this value into BX.
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
PTR (POINTER)
The PTR operator is used to assign a specific type to a variable or a label. It is
necessary to do this in any instruction where the type of the operand is not clear. When the
assembler reads the instruction INC [BX], for example, it will not know whether to
increment the byte pointed to by BX. We use the PTR operator to clarify how we want the
assembler to code the instruction. The statement INC BYTE PTR [BX] tells the assembler
that we want to increment the byte pointed to by BX. The statement INC WORD PTR [BX]
tells the assembler that we want to increment the word pointed to by BX. The PTR operator
assigns the type specified before PTR to the variable specified after PTR.
We can also use the PTR operator to clarify our intentions when we use indirect Jump
instructions. The statement JMP [BX], for example, does not tell the assembler whether to
code the instruction for a near jump. If we want to do a near jump, we write the instruction
as JMP WORD PTR [BX]. If we want to do a far jump, we write the instruction as JMP
DWORD PTR [BX].
 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE:
EVEN (Align On Even Memory Address)
As an assembler assembles a section of data declaration or instruction statements,
it uses a location counter to keep track of how many bytes it is from the start of a
segment at any time. The EVEN directive tells the assembler to increment the location
counter to the next even address, if it is not already at an even address. A NOP
instruction will be inserted in the location incremented over.

DATA SEGMENT
SALES DB 9 DUP (?) Location counter will point to 0009 after this instruction.
EVEN Increment location counter to 000AH
INVENTORY DW 100 DUP (0) Array of 100 words starting on even address for
quicker read DATA ENDS
 Procedure

PROC (Procedure)
The PROC directive is used to identify the start of a procedure. The PROC
directive follows a name you give the procedure. After the PROC directive, the
term near or the term far is used to specify the type of the procedure. The
statement DIVIDE PROC FAR, for example, identifies the start of a procedure
named DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far (in a segment
with different name from the one that contains the instructions which calls the
procedure). The PROC directive is used with the ENDP directive to “bracket”

ENDP (End Procedure)

The directive is used along with the name of the procedure to indicate the end
of a procedure to the assembler. The directive, together with the procedure
directive, PROC, is used to “bracket” a procedure
 Procedure

SQUARE_ROOT PROC Start of procedure.

SQUARE_ROOT ENDP End of procedure.

 Macros
A Macro is a set of instructions grouped under a single unit
The Macro is different from the Procedure in a way that unlike calling and
returning the control as in procedures, the processor generates the code in
the program every time whenever and wherever a call to the Macro is made.
A Macro can be defined in a program using the following assembler
directives: MACRO and ENDM.
All the instructions that belong to the Macro lie within these two assembler
directives. The following is the syntax for defining a Macro in the 8086
Microprocessor

Macro_name MACRO [ list of parameters ]

Instruction 1
Instruction 2
-- - - - - - - - - -
-----------
-------------
Instruction n
ENDM
 Macros

A Macro is a set of instructions grouped under a single unit

The Macro is different from the Procedure in a way that unlike calling and
returning the control as in procedures, the processor generates the code in
the program every time whenever and wherever a call to the Macro is made.

A Macro can be defined in a program using the following assembler

directives: MACRO and ENDM.
. All the instructions that belong to the Macro lie within these two assembler
directives. The following is the syntax for defining a Macro in the 8086
Microprocessor

Macro_name MACRO [ list of parameters ]

Instruction 1
Instruction 2
-- - - - - -
-- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
Instruction n
ENDM