AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO 2

Lab Title:
Student Name: Reg. No:

Objective:

LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows the
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
 EXPERIMENT 02

Single-Phase Transformers

PART 2.1: Voltage and Current Ratios

Objectives

● To determine the voltage and current characteristics of a single phase transformer.

● To use the transformer turns ratio to predict the voltage and current.

Equipment required

● EMS Workstation
● Resistive Load
● Single Phase Transformer Module
● Power Supply
● Connection Leads and Accessories
● Data Acquisition Module

Discussion
The windings of a standard single-phase transformer are called the primary winding and the secondary
winding, as shown in Figure 1. of the Unit Discussion. The primary winding is the power input winding
and this is the side that is connected to the ac power source. The secondary winding is connected to the load
and is physically and electrically isolated from the primary. The voltage and current that flow in the
secondary are related to the primary voltage and current by the transformer turns ratio N1 / N2 (or NP / NS)
through a very simple relationship. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage equals N1 / N2, while
the ratio of primary to secondary current is equal to the inverse of the turns ratio, N2 / N1. This results in
the following,
 Figure 1. Single Phase Transformer Connected to a Resistive Load.

which gives:

and

which gives:

Transformers are designed with fixed ratios between primary and secondary voltages, and are widely used
to step-up (increase) or step-down (decrease) load voltages and currents. The Single-Phase Transformer
module used in these exercises has its nominal ratings silk-screened on the front panel, and most
transformers have markings to indicate their nominal characteristics. Also, many transformers have
intermediate taps, or connection terminals on the secondary side, so that different voltage ratios can be
obtained using a single transformer.

Determining a transformer's voltage ratio is a relatively simple matter. With no load connected to the
secondary winding, only the small exciting current necessary to create the magnetic flux inside the
transformer flows in the primary winding. Transformer losses are minimum and the ratio of primary to
secondary voltage equals the turns ratio. The turns ratio can be found by measuring the unloaded secondary
voltage with nominal voltage applied to the primary. The current ratio can be evaluated by measuring the
short-circuit secondary current with a small ac voltage applied to the primary. The voltage applied to the
primary must be low enough to ensure that the nominal current in the primary winding is not exceeded.
Otherwise, the windings may overheat and be damaged.

The exciting current, which is directly related to the alternating

magnetic flux, increases in direct proportion to the applied voltage
until core saturation sets in. This occurs when the applied voltage
exceeds the rated value of the primary, and then the linear
relationship between the primary voltage and the exciting current
breaks down. The curve of primary voltage versus exciting current
flattens and smaller increases in primary voltage lead to larger
increases in exciting current as shown in Figure 2. The exciting
current is only a few milliamperes in the EMS Single-Phase
Transformer module, and generally its value is a small percentage of
the nominal current of a transformer.
Figure 2. Saturation Curve of a Transformer.

Procedure
Caution!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana
jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified!

1. Install the Power Supply, data acquisition module, and Single-Phase Transformer module in the EMS
Workstation.

2. Make sure that the main switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position, and the voltage
control knob is turned fully ccw. Set the voltmeter select switch to the 4-N position, and then ensure
 the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase wall receptacle.

3. Ensure that the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module is connected to the main Power Supply,
and ensure the USB port cable from the computer is connected to the data acquisition module. Set the
24 V - AC power switch to the I (ON) position. Display the Metering application.

4. Set up the transformer circuit shown in Figure 3. Connect meter inputs E1 and I1 as shown and use E2
to measure the different secondary voltages.

Figure 3. Single-Phase Transformer Measurements.

5. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage control for the value of ES given in Figure 3. Measure the
transformer primary current and the different voltages across the various terminals of the transformer
secondary windings, listed below. Change the connections of input E2 to measure each secondary
voltage, making sure to turn off the Power Supply before modifying the connections of input E2. After
recording the measurements, rotate the voltage control fully ccw and then turn off the power.

IS = IPRI = A ES = E1-2 = V E5-6 = V

E3-4 = V E3-7 = V E7-8 = V

E8-4 = V E5-9 = V E9-6 = V

6. Do the secondary voltages compare well with the rated values written on the front panel? 󠄁󠄁 Yes
󠄁 No
7. The transformer windings between terminals 1 and 2, and between terminals 5 and 6, each have 500
turns of wire. The number of turns in the winding between terminals 3 and 4 is 865. Calculate the turns
ratios between the primary and secondary windings for each case.

8. Using the measured values in step 5, compare these transformer turns ratios with the corresponding
voltage ratios. Are they approximately the same? 󠄁 Yes 󠄁 No

9. Connect meter input I2 as shown in Figure 4 and note that it short-circuits secondary winding 5-6. Turn
on the power and slowly adjust the voltage control to obtain the value of current IS given in Figure 4.

10. Record the values of primary voltage and current, and the value of the short- circuit secondary current
in winding 5-6.

ES = EPRI = V IPRI = A ISEC = A

 Figure 4. Determining The Ratio of Primary Current to Secondary Current.

11. Return the voltage control to zero and turn off the power. Calculate the ratio of primary current to
secondary current.

12. Is the ratio approximately equal to N2 / N1? 󠄁 Yes 󠄁 No

13. Connect meter input I2 so that it now short-circuits secondary terminals 3-4. Turn on the Power Supply
and slowly adjust the voltage control knob for the same value of current used in step 9. Once again,
record the values of primary voltage and current, and the secondary winding current.

EPRI = V IPRI = A ISEC = A

14. Return the voltage control to zero and turn off the power. Again, calculate the ratio of primary current
to secondary current. Is it equal to N2 / N1? 󠄁 Yes 󠄁 No

CONCLUSION
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