COADE Pipe Stress Analysis Seminar Notes v \"y Tes ‘Wall Penetration Figure 3-103 Gap restraints have two states — closed and active or open and inactive. Analysis of these restraints require an iterative solution similar to that of one-way restraints: the analysis is, initially done without the restraint. The pipe’s movement at that location is checked — if itis insufficient (or in the wrong direction) to close the gap, the analysis is complete. Ifitis, sufficient to close the gap, an imposed displacement is put on the pipe to close the gap, the restraint is reinserted into the model, and the analysis is redone. The results are then rechecked — if the load on the restraint is in the right direction (tending to further close the closed gap), the analysis is complete. If't is in the direction where it is trying to reopen the gap, the imposed displacement and the restraint are removed and the system is reanalyzed. ‘This process is repeated until the status of all gaps converge. Gap restraints may be entered with friction, which further complicates the non-linear solution (since the friction will act at the gap restraint once the gap at the closes and the restraint begins to work, but not otherwise). In the event that gaps are unequal on either side of the pipe (as in the penetration in Figure 3-103), the gap restraints may be entered as multiple one-way restraints, each with unique gaps. 3.5.2.4 Large Rotation Restraints: Alarge rotation restraintis a restraint which rotates away from its original line of action due to a pipe movement in a direction orthogonal to the original line of action. This may occur when the restraint is provided by a rod or a strut and the orthogonal displacement is large. Since the length of the rod must remain constant, the rotation from the original line of action is: 0 = simt(a/L) 3-105COADE Pipe Stress Analysis Seminar Notes Where: @ = _ angle of rotation from original line of action A = orthogonal displacement of pipe, in L = length of rod, in Since the length of the rod must remain constant, the pipe will be forced to travel through the are defined by the rod rotating about its point of attachment to the structure. This is illustrated in Figure 3-104. Note that the effect of the swing is much more pronounced when using short rods. — Thermal y Line of action of the restraint has changed. Elevation change T forced on the pipe. Figure 3-104 3-106COADE Pipe Stress Analysis Seminar Notes These types of restraints are solved by initially doing the analysis with the restraints acting along their as-installed line of action. After the analysis is complete, the movement of the pipe at that location is noted. Based upon the movement of the pipe orthogonal to the line of action of the restraint, a new position on the arc of the restraint is calculated. The component of that position representing forced displacement along the line of action of the pipe is then used as an imposed displacement for the next analysis. After this analysis, the position of the pipe is checked again, the new position on the are is recalculated, and the process is repeated, until the line of action of the restraint (and the position of the pipe) is ‘unchanged (within a tolerance, which can be set by the user) from one analysis to the next. Large rotation restraints are entered in CAESAR II through the use of the term XROD, YROD, or ZROD. The direction in which the rod runs from the pipe is designated by the sign (+or-, where no sign is taken to be the same as +). This type of support can be used to model supports where load bearing is sensitive to the angle of the line of action. 3.5.2.5 Bi lear Stiffnesses Restraints with bi-linearstiffnesses maintain a constant stiffness up until a specified loading is achieved, at which point the stiffness changes. These can be used to represent bottomed- out springs (through the normal range of the spring the stiffness is the spring constant, but once the spring compresses completely, the support essentially becomes a rigid hanger); soil supports (clay normally has constant stiffness until its ultimate load bearing capacity is reached, at which point the clay liquefies and offers virtually no resistance); and plastic hinges (a model where pipe or restraint yields throughout the cross-section). An example of apipe in asoil trench, along with a graphic representation of the restraint response is shown in Figure 3-105, PIPE IN A TRENCH: timate Lateral Load = 120,000 fo timate Vertical Load = 240,000 Ib Esimated Lateral Stfiness = 60,000 Ibvin, Estimated Vertical Sitness = 533,939 b.n Lateral linear sol pring mode! ‘Vertical near sil spring model timate f Fore load] Kt a Y ki timate Load timate {2800 4 (280,000) Figure 3-105 3-107