CHAPTER 11 : MACLAURIN THEOREM & MACLAURIN SERIES

1. MACLAURIN THEOREM eg 2
5
Find Maclaurin’s series for y = sin x, up to and including the term in x .
2
Let f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x + a3x + a4x + a5x + . . .
3 4 5
: f(0) = a0  a0 = f(0) y ’ = cos x , y ’’ = –sin x , y ’’’ = –cos x , y
(4)
= sin x , y
(5)
= cos x
f ' (0 ) (4) (5)
2
f ’ (x) = 1a1 + 2a2x + 3a3x + 4a4x + 5a5x + . . .
3 4
: f ’ (0) = 1!.a1  a1 = x = 0 : y = 0 , y ’ = 1 , y ’’ = 0 , y ’’’ = –1 , y =0, y =1
1!
1 0 2 (1) 3 0 4 1 5
f ' ' (0 )  y=0+ x+ x + x + x + x +...
f ’’ (x) = 1.2a2 + 2.3a3x + 3.4a4x + 4.5a5x + . . .
2 3
: f ’’ (0) = 2!.a2  a2 = 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
2! 1 3 1 5
 sin x = x – x + x –...
f ' ' ' (0 ) 3! 5!
f ’’’ (x) = 1.2.3a3 + 2.3.4a4x + 3.4.5a5x + . . .
2
: f ’’’ (0) = 3!.a3  a3 =
3!

f (4) (0 )
f
(4)
(x) = 1.2.3.4a4 + 2.3.4.5a5x + . . . : f
(4)
(0) = 4!.a4  a4 = eg 3
4! 5
Find Maclaurin’s series for y = cos x, up to and including the term in x .
(4) (n)
f ' (0 ) f ' ' (0 ) 2 f ' ' ' ( 0 ) 3 f (0 ) 4 f (0 ) n
 f(x) = f(0) + x+ x + x + x +...+ x +...
y ’ = –sin x , y ’’ = –cos x , y ’’’ = sin x , y
(4)
= cos x , y
(5)
= –sin x
1! 2! 3! 4! n!
(4) (5)
x = 0 : y = 1 , y ’ = 0 , y ’’ = –1 , y ’’’ = 0 , y =1, y =0
for –1 < x < 1.
0 (1) 2 0 3 1 4 0 5
Alternative :  y=1+ x+ x + x + x + x +...
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 2 1 4
x x2 x3 (4) x4 (n) xn  cos x = 1 – x + x –...
f(x) = f(0) + f ’ (0). x + f ’’ (0). + f ’’’ (0). +f (0). +...+f (0). +... 2! 4!
1! 2! 3! 4! n!

eg 1 eg 4
x 4 4
Find Maclaurin’s series for y = e , up to and including the term in x . Find Maclaurin’s series for y = ln (1 + x), up to and including the term in x .

x
Let f(x) = e : f ’ (x) = e
x x
, f ’’ (x) = e , f ’’’ (x) = e
x
, f
(4)
(x ) = e
x 1 1 ( 1)( 2) (4) ( 1)( 2)( 3 )
y’ = , y ’’ = , y ’’’ = , y =
(4)
1 x (1  x )2 (1  x )3 (1  x ) 4
x = 0 : f(0) = 1 , f ’ (0) = 1 , f ’’ (0) = 1 , f ’’’ (0) = 1 , f (0) = 1
(4)
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
x = 0 : y = 0 , y ’ = 1 , y ’’ = –1 , y ’’’ = 2 , y = –6

x
e =1+ x+ x + x + x +...
1! 2! 3! 4! 1 (1) 2 2 3 (6) 4
1 2 1 3 1 4
 y=0+ x+ x + x + x +...

x 1! 2! 3! 4!
e =1+x+ x + x + x +...
2 6 24 1 2 1 3 1 4
 ln (1 + x) = x – x + x – x + . . .
2 3 4

11-1
 Find Maclaurin’s series for y = e1  cos x , up to and including the term in x .
4
7.
2. APPLICATIONS OF STANDARD MACLAURIN SERIES
– VARIATIONS & COMBINATIONS 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4
1 – cos x = 1 – (1 – x + x –...)= x – x +...
5
2! 4! 2 24
1. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = sin 2x, up to and including the term in x .
1 1 1
e1  cos x = 1 +
1 1 4 3 4 5 2 3
sin 2x = (2x) –
3
(2x) +
5
(2x) – . . . = 2x – x + x –... (1 – cos x) + (1 – cos x) + (1 – cos x) + . . .
3! 5! 3 15 1! 2! 3!
1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 4 2
5
=1+ ( x – x +...)+ ( x – x +...) +...
2. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = cos 2x, up to and including the term in x . 1! 2 24 2! 2 24
1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1 1 4
cos 2x = 1 –
2
(2x) +
4 2
(2x) – . . . = 1 – 2x + x – . . . = 1 +( x – x +...)+ ( x +...)+ ...
2! 4! 3 2 24 2 4
1 2 1 4
e1  cos x = 1 + x + x +...
Find Maclaurin’s series for y = e 2 x , up to and including the term in x .
4 2 12
3.
1 1 1 1
e 2 x = 1 +
2 3 4 x 4
(–2x) + (–2x) + (–2x) + (–2x) + . . . 8. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = cos (e – 1), up to and including the term in x .
1! 2! 3! 4!
4 3 2 4
e  2 x = 1 – 2x + 2x – x + x + . . .
2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3
3 3
x
e =1+x+ x + x +. . .  x
e –1=x+ x + x +. . .
2 6 2 6
4
4. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = ln (1 – 2x), up to and including the term in x . x 1 x 2 1 x 4
cos (e – 1) = 1 – (e – 1) + (e – 1) – . . .
1 2 1 3 1 4 2! 4!
ln (1 – 2x) = (–2x) – (–2x) + (–2x) – (–2x) + . . .
2 3 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 4
=1– (x + x + x + . . . ) + ( x + x + x +. . . ) – . . .
2 8 3 4 2! 2 6 4! 2 6
ln (1 – 2x) = –2x – 2x – x – 4x + . . .
3 1 2 3 7 4 1 4
= 1 – (x + x + x + ...)+ (x + ...)–...
2 12 4
2 4
5. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = ln (1 + x ), up to and including the term in x . x 1 2 1 3 1 4
cos (e – 1) = 1 – x – x – x + ...
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 4 2 2 12
ln (1 + x ) = (x ) – ( x ) + ( x ) + . . . = x – x + . . .
2 3 2
4
9. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = cos (x + sin x), up to and including the term in x .
3
6. Find Maclaurin’s series for y = ln (1 + sin x), up to and including the term in x .
1 3 1 5 1 3 1 5
1 2 1 3 sin x = x – x + x –...  x + sin x = 2x – x + x –...
ln (1 + sin x) = (sin x) – (sin x) + (sin x) – . . . 3! 5! 3! 5!
2 3
1 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 4
= (x – x +...)– (x– x +...) + (x– x +...) –... cos (x + sin x) = 1 – (x + sin x) + (x + sin x) – . . .
3! 2 3! 3 3! 2! 4!
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 4
= (x – x + . . . ) – (x + . . . ) + (x + . . . ) – . . . = 1– (2x – x +. . . ) + (2x – x + . . .) – . . .
6 2 3 2! 3! 4! 3!
1 2 1 3 1 2 2 4 1 4
ln (1 + sin x) = x – x + x + . . . = 1 – (4x – x + . . . ) + (16x + . . .) – . . .
2 6 2 3 24
2 4
cos (x + sin x) = 1 – 2x + x + . . .

11-2
3. MACLAURIN SERIES (BY THEOREM) & EXTENSIONS
–1 2 d2 y dy
1 3 2. If y = tan x, show that (1 + x ) 2
+ 2x = 0.
1. Find the Maclaurin series for up to the term in x . dx dx
(1  x )2 –1 5
Hence, find the Maclaurin expansion for tan x up to the term in x .
1 –2 –3 –4 –5 2
y= = (1 – x) : y’ = 2(1 – x) , y’’ = 6(1 – x) , y’’’ = 24(1 – x) –1 dy 1 2 dy 2 d y dy
(1  x ) 2 y = tan x : =  (1 + x ) = 1 , ( 1 + x ) 2 + 2x =0
dx 1  x2 dx dx dx
x=0: y = 1 , y’ = 2 , y’’ = 6 , y’’’= 24
[(1 + x2)y’’’+ 2xy’’] + [2xy’’+ 2y’] = 0  (1 + x2)y’’’+ 4xy’’+ 2y’ = 0
1 x2 x3 2 3
2
= 1 + (2)x + (6) + (24) + . . . = 1 + 2 x + 3 x + 4x + . . . [(1 + x2)y IV+ 2xy’’’] + [4xy’’’+ 4y’’] + 2y’’ = 0  (1 + x2)y IV+ 6xy’’’+ 6y’’ = 0
(1  x ) 2 ! 3 !
[(1 + x2)y V+ 2xy IV] + [6xy IV+ 6y’’’] + 6y’’’ = 0  (1 + x2)y V+ 8xy IV+ 12y’’’ = 0
IV V
ln (1  x ) x = 0 : y = 0, y’ = 1, y’’ = 0, y’’’ = –2, y = 0, y = 24
(a) find the Maclaurin series for and its interval of convergence,
(1  2 x )2 –1 3 5
x = 0 + (1)x + 0 + (–2) x + 0 + (24) x + . . . = x – 1 x + 1 x + . . .
3 5
tan
3! 5! 3 5
0.1
ln (1  x )
(b) deduce the approximate value of
 0 (1  2 x )2
dx correct to three
–1 1 –1  1  
significant figures. By using the identity tan   + tan   = , express  as a sum of two
 2 3 4
1 2 3 infinite series and hence, find the value of  correct to four decimal places.
2
= 1 + 2(2x) + 3(2x) + 4(2x) + . . .
(1  2 x )
–1  1 –1  1  
ln (1  x ) 1 tan   + tan   = :
(a) = ln (1 + x) .  
2   4
3
(1  2 x )2 (1  2 x )2
 3 5 3 5

x 2
x 3
7 2 31 3
= [ 21 – 31  21  +
1 1
  +... ] + [ 31 – 31  31  +
1 1
  +... ]
= [x – +
2
– . . .][ 1 + 4x + 12x + 32x + . . .] = x +
3
x + x +... 4   5 2   53
2 3 2 3 3 5 3 5
1 1 1 1 1
Interval of convergence : | x | < 1 and | 2x | < 1  = 4[ –   +   +...
2 3 2 5 2
] +4 [ 31 – 31  31  +
1 1
  +... ]
1 1 1 1   53
 { x | – < x < } or x  (– , )
2 2 2 2   = 3.1456 (4dp) or ≈ 3.1456
2 3 4
0.1
ln (1  x ) 0.1

 
x 7x 31x
(b) ≈ [x + 72 x2 + 31 x ] dx ≈ [
3
+ + ] 0.1
0 (1  2 x ) 2
0 3 2 6 12 0

2 3
(0.1) 7(0.1) 31(0.1)4
≈[ + + ] – 0 ≈ 0.00643 or = 0.00643 (3 sf)
2 6 12

11-3
 2
1 2  dy  2
dy 2 5. Show that y = e sin x – 1 satisfies the differential equation (1 – x )   = (y + 1) .
3. If y = tan x, show that
dx
=1+y .  dx 
3
Obtain the Maclaurin series for tan x up to the term in x . 2 d2 y dy 4
2 d y d3 y d2 y
Deduce that (1 – x ) –x = y + 1 and (1 – x ) – 5 x – 5 = 0.
dx 2 dx dx 4 dx 3 dx 2
2 2 2
y = tan x : y’ = sec x = 1 + tan x = 1 + y or
–1 1 2 1
tan y=x  . y’ = 1 , y’ = 1 + y Find the Maclaurin series for e sin x – 1 in ascending powers of x up to the
1 y2 4
term in x .
y’’ = 2 y.y’ , y’’’ = 2(y.y’’ + y’.y’)
x = 0 : y = 0 , y’ = 1 , y’’ = 0 , y’’’ = 2 2
 dy   y  1 
2 2
 (1 – x2) 
dy 1 1  dy  2
x 2
1 3 x 3 = e sin x .    =  = (y + 1)
tan x = (0) + (1)x + (0) + (2) +...=x+ x +... dx
1 x 2  dx   1 x 2 
  dx 
2! 3! 3
2 2 2
(1 – x ).2y’ y’’ – 2x(y’ ) = 2(y + 1) y’  (1 – x ) y’’ – xy’= y + 1
Hence, find the first three non-zero terms of the series expansion of e 2 x tan x.

e 2 x tan x = [1 – 2x + 2x –
4 3 2 1 3
x + . . .][ x + x + . . .]
[(1 – x2) y’’’– 2x y’’] – [x y’’ + y’] = y’
3 3
2 3 1 2 7 3
[(1 – x2) y (4)– 2x y’’’] – 3[x y’’’ + y’’] = 2y’’
= x – 2x + x [ + 2] + . . . = x – 2x + x + . . .
3 3
 (1 – x2)y (4)– 5xy’’’– 5y’’ = 0
(4)
x=0: y=0 y’ = 1 y’’ = 1 y’’’ = 2 y =5
1 x2 x3 x4 1 2 1 3 5 4
e sin x – 1 = 0 + x + + (2) + (5) +...=x+ x + x + x +...
2! 3! 4! 2 3 24
2
–1 2 2  dy  1
4. If y = (cos x) , show that (1 – x )   = 4 y. e sin x  1
 dx  (a) determine lim ,
x 0 sin x
x) is  – x + x –  x + . . . .
–1 2 2 2 3
Show that the Maclaurin's series for (cos 0.1 1 x

4 6 (b) approximate the value of ( e sin – 1) dx, correct to five decimal places.
–1 2 dy –1 1 0
y = (cos x) : = 2(cos x).( )
dx 1 x2 x2 x3 5x4 x x2 5 x3
sin1 x x    ... 1    ...
e 1 2 3 24 2 3 24
2 (a) lim = lim = lim =1
 dy    2 cos 1 x 
2 2
2 dy  x 0 sin x x 0 x3 x 5 x 0 2 4
x x
  = 
 ( 1 – x )   = 4y x   ... 1   ...
 dx   1 x2   dx  3! 5! 3! 5!
2 2 2 0.1 1 x 0.1

  [ x + 21 x2 + 31 x3 + 24
(1 – x ).2y’(y’’) + (y’) .(–2x) = 4y’ (1 – x ).y’’ – xy’ = 2 5 4
(b) ( e sin – 1) dx = x + . . . ] dx
[(1 – x ).y’’’ + y’’.(–2x)] – [x.y’’ + y’.(1)] = 0  (1 – x2).y’’’ – 3x.y’’ – y’ = 0
2 0 0

1 2 1 0.1
x = 0 : y = (cos
–1
 , y’ = 2(  )(–1) = –, y’’ = 2, y’’’ = –
0) =
2  x2 x3 x 4 x5   (0.1)2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4 (0.1)5 
4 2 =      . . . =      . . . – 0
 2 6 12 24   2 6 12 24 
–1 2 1 2 3 1 2  3 0
(cos x) = 2 + (–)x + (2) x + (–) x + . . . = 2 – x + x – x + . . .
4 2! 3! 4 6 = 0.00518 (5 dp) or  0.00518

11-4
 1 x d2 y dy 1 3 1 1x 3 1x
x ) + e 2 .(– 3 )sin ( 3 x ) ]
2
6. If y = ecos , show that (1 – x ) 2
–x – y = 0, for –1 < x < 1. g’’(x) = – g’(x) + [ – e 2 .cos (
dx dx 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x 1 1 1 3
Hence, find the Maclaurin series for ecos
4
up to and including the term in x . g’’(x) = – g’(x) – [g’(x) + g(x)] – g(x)  g’’(x) + g’(x) + g(x) = 0
2 2 2 4
1 1 1 x
y = ecos x : y ’ = – ecos  y ’ . 1  x 2 = –y Alternative
2
1 x 1x 1x 1
3 1 x
x 2 e2 g(x) = sin ( x )  e2 .g’(x) + e 2 .g(x) = 3 cos ( 3 x )
– .y ’ + y ’’. 1  x 2 = – y ’  (1 – x )y ’’ – xy ’ = – y 1  x 2 = y 2 2 2 2
1 x 2 1x 1
1 2x 1 1x 1
1 2x
2
(1 – x )y ’’ – xy ’ – y = 0 [ e2 .g’’(x) +
2
e [ .g’(x) + 2 .g(x)] = 23 [ – 23 sin ( 23 x
.g’(x)] + e2 e )]
2
Alternative 1x 1x
1 1x 3 1x
1 –1 1 1 e 2 .g’’(x) + e 2 .g’(x) + e 2 .g(x) = – e 2 .g(x)
y = ecos x : ln y = cos x  .y ’ = , y ’. 1  x 2 = – y 4 4
y 1 x 2
1 3
2 2 2 2 2 g’’(x) + g’(x) + g(x) = – g(x)  g’’(x) + g’(x) + g(x) = 0
(1 – x )(y ’) = y  (1 – x ).2(y ’)(y ’’) + (–2x).(y ’) = 2y.y ’ 4 4
2
(1 – x )y ’’ – xy ’ – y = 0
(4) (5) (4)
g’’’(x) + g’’(x) + g’(x) = 0 , g (x) + g’’’(x) + g’’(x) = 0 , g (x) + g (x) + g’’’(x) = 0
[(1 – x2)y ’’’ – 2xy ’’] – [xy ’’+ y ’] – y ’ = 0  (1 – x2)y ’’’ – 3xy ’’ – 2y ’ = 0 g(0) = 0, g’(0) =
3
, g’’(0) = –
3 (4)
, g’’’(0) = 0, g (0) =
3
, [g(5)(0) = – 3
]
2 2 2 2
[(1 – x2)y IV – 2xy ’’’] – 3[xy ’’’+ y’’] – 2y’’ = 0 3 2 3 4 5
     g(x) = (0) + (
2
)x + (– 23 ) x2! + (0) x + (
3!
3
2
) x4! + [(–
3
2
) x5! ] + . . .
IV
x = 0 : y = e 2 0, y’ = – e 2 , y’’ = e 2 , y’’’ = –2 e 2 , y = 5e 2
3
cos 1 x
  2    4 g(x) = x – 3 x2 + 3 x4 – . . .
e = e 2 + (– e )x + ( e ) x + (–2 e 2 )
2 2 x 3 + (5 e 2 ) x +... 2 4 48
2! 3! 4!
1 x  g( x ) 3
1 2 (a) find the expression of in ascending powers of x up to the term in x ,
= e 2 (1 – x + x – 1 x + 5 x + . . . )
3 4
ecos 1 2 x
2 3 24
lim g( x )
(b) find the value of .
1x x0 x
3
7. The function g is defined by g(x) = e 2 sin ( x ), for all values of x.
2 (a) 1 = [1 + (–2x) + (–2x)2 + . . . ]
Show that g’’(x) + g’(x) + g(x) = 0. 1 2x
g( x ) 3
Hence, show that the Maclaurin series for g(x) is
3
x – 3 x2 + 3 x4 – . . . = [1 – 2x + 4x + . . . ][
2
x – 3 x2 + . . . ]
2 4 48 1 2 x 2 4

1  21 x 1x 3
x + [– 3 – 3 ]x2 + [ 3 + 2 3 ]x3 + . . . = 3 x – 5 3 x2 + 5 3 + . . .
g’(x) = – e .sin ( 3 x ) + e 2 . 3 cos ( 3 x ) =
2 4 2 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
1x g( x ) lim 1
1
g’(x) = – g(x) +
3 2
e

.cos ( 3 x ) (b) lim
x 0 x
=
x 0 x
[ 23 x – 43 x 2 + 483 x 4 – . . . ]
2 2 2
3 3
= lim [ – x + 3 x3 – . . . ]= 3
–0+0–...=
3
x 0 2 4 48 2 2

11-5