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Experiment No2

The document discusses reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio in transmission lines. It defines reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Standing wave ratio is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage or current on a transmission line with reflections. Impedance mismatches between the transmission line and load can cause reflections, which are characterized by these parameters.

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Efaz Afnan
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23 views3 pages

Experiment No2

The document discusses reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio in transmission lines. It defines reflection coefficient as the ratio of reflected to incident voltage or current. Standing wave ratio is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage or current on a transmission line with reflections. Impedance mismatches between the transmission line and load can cause reflections, which are characterized by these parameters.

Uploaded by

Efaz Afnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 356 Microwave and Antenna Engineering Sessional

Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Simulation of Reflection Coefficient and Standing wave ratio of a
transmission line.

Objectives:
1. To understand the concept of Reflection Coefficient and Standing wave ratio.
2. To observe the voltage and current waveform along the transmission line.
3. To analyze the effect of impedance mismatching on Reflection Coefficient and Standing wave
ratio of a transmission line.

Introduction:
When power is applied by the generator at input end to a transmission line of infinite length or to
a finite transmission line terminated by its characteristic impedance all the power is absorbed by
the load at far end and there exists no reflected wave. However, when the finite transmission line
is terminated by an impedance other than characteristic impedance, then only some of the power
is absorbed at the load end and rest power will be reflected back to generator end and thus reflected
waves are set up. This incorrect termination gives rise to inefficiency and the inefficiency is larger,
if the difference between characteristic impedance and load impedance is large.
Thus, reflection of energy occurs whenever there is an impedance irregularity i.e. termination
impedance is not equal to characteristic impedance of the line or primary constants of the line are
not uniform along the line. Hence the phenomenon of setting up of a reflected wave at the load
due to improper termination or due to impedance irregularity in a line is known as reflection. The
reflections occur in all cases of travelling wave where discontinuity of medium is involved.
The reflections in transmissions line appear, because the ratio of the electric and magnetic fields
on the both sides of the terminal boundary (i.e. sending and receiving ends) must be the same in
all conditions. This condition can be satisfied by the addition of a reflected wave to the incident
wave. Although reflection is normally undesirable on the transmission line. Reflected wave may
appear as echo at sending end provided attenuation is not large. It may further be reflected from
the sending end and thus energy is oscillating back and forth on the line until die out in the line
losses. Reflection is extreme when the line is open or short circuited and it will be zero when
ZR=Zo.
Under open circuited condition when the incident wave approaches at the end, the magnetic field
collapses because the current is becoming zero there. This collapsing magnetic field produces an
electric field which is added to the existing electric field and thus, voltage at the open circuited
end is increased. This additional voltage gives rise to a wave which travels back to sending end.
Since there is nothing to absorb incident energy at the open end and hence the reflected wave too
EEE 356 Microwave and Antenna Engineering Sessional

has the same magnitude and phase what the incident wave has at the termination. Thus voltage
doubling action is said to occur with open circuited lines. Since reflected wave is in phase
opposition w.r.t. incident wave so the resultant of the two waves is zero.
Similarly, under short circuited condition, electric field collapses on the shorting strip, the charge
on. the line is reversed at the short circuit and a reflected wave is set up again. At the front of the
reflected wave current doubling is said to occur while voltage is zero.
Reflection Coefficient: Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the reflected voltage (or
current) to the incident voltage (or current) and is usually denoted by K or ρ or ℾ. Reflection
coefficient is a vector quantity having magnitude and direction as well. When dealing with voltage
ratio (rms values) it is called voltage reflection coefficient (V.R.C) and when dealing with current
ratio, it is called current reflection coefficient (C.R.C.). But the current reflection coefficient is
negative of voltage reflection coefficient because, reflected current is taken as negative since
reflected voltage if considered positive will circulate an opposite current to the previous one.
𝑽𝒓 𝑰𝒓
K = =−
𝑽𝒊 𝑰𝒊

Standing Wave Ratio: When reflections occur in an incorrectly terminated line, the voltage and
current vary in magnitude along its length. When the transmission line is not correctly terminated,
the travelling electromagnetic wave from generator at the sending end is reflected completely or
partially at the termination. The combination of incident and reflected waves give rise to
interference phenomenon and thus standing waves of current and voltage along the line, with
definite minima and maxima of current and voltage along the line. If the line loss is small, all the
voltage maxima or minima can be assumed to have equal amplitudes and under this condition the
standing wave ratio may be defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum current or voltage on a
line having standing waves and this ratio is abbreviated (SWR) and is generally denoted by a single
letter (S) while dealing with the voltage ratio only, the standing wave ratio is also abbreviated as
VSWR. Thus

S=Vmax/Vmin
EEE 356 Microwave and Antenna Engineering Sessional

FIGURE 2.1 Voltage and current standing wave patterns on a lossless line terminated
by a resistive load.

Questions and Answers:


1. Explain the concept of reflection coefficient and its significance in transmission line theory.
2. How does the load impedance affect the reflection coefficient and SWR in a transmission
line?
3. What factors contribute to impedance mismatches in practical transmission systems?

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