Farhan bin Mohamed farhan@utm.

my

SCSV 4233 - Data

Visualisation
Dr. Farhan bin Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohd Shafry Bin Mohd Rahim

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 How much data did we produce?*
In 2013, 5 exabytes of content were created each day.

In 2014, every minute:

• Facebook users share nearly 2.5 million pieces of content.
• Twitter users tweet nearly 300,000 times.
• Instagram users post nearly 220,000 new photos.
• YouTube users upload 72 hours of new video content.
• Apple users download nearly 50,000 apps.
• Email users send over 200 million messages.
• Amazon generates over $80,000 in online sales.

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 Do you know your big numbers?
• 1,000 bytes = one kilobyte (kB)
• 1,000 kB = one megabyte (MB)
• 1,000 MB = one gigabyte (GB)
• 1,000 GB = one terabyte (TB)
• 1,000 TB = one petabyte (PB)
• 1,000 PB = one exabyte (EB)
• 1,000 EB = one zettabyte (ZB)
• 1,000 ZB = one yottabyte (YB)

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Data explosion – Dawn of IoT

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How much data we create every
minute?

DOMO, January 2019

 Short description [100 words]
• What is data visualization?
• What is information visualization?
• What is infographics?

• Who use …?
• Where/when can we apply …?

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 What is visualisation?
including interface of the application

• “Transformation of the symbolic into the geometric”

[McCormick et al. 1987]

• “... finding the artificial memory that best supports our

natural means of perception.” [Bertin 1967]

• “The use of computer-generated, interactive, visual

representations of data to amplify cognition.”
[Card, Mackinlay, & Shneiderman 1999]

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- size
- distance

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A classroom

A classroom (Charles E. Martin, The New Yorker)

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 Watch at your own time
• The Fallen of World War II
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwKPFT-
RioU

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 Introduction to Data
Visualisation (Part 1)
An Introduction

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 About Visualisation
• “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers”
[Richard W. Hamming. 1962]
• Visualisation:
– A tool that allows user to gain insight into data.
– To form a mental vision, image, or picture of (something
not visible or present to the sight, or of an abstraction);
To make visible to the mind or imagination [Oxford English
Dictionary, 1989]
– Computer Graphics,
The non-fiction version of computer graphics

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 Visualisation - Background
Background:
• Visualisation is very old
• Often an intuitive step to make
something clearer (e.g., graph and
chart)
• Data set sizes are ever-increasing
Çatalhöyük Map
making a graphical approach
necessary
• Classical (easy) approaches known
from business graphics (excel, etc.)
• Visualisation = its own scientific
discipline since ~ 1987
• First visualisation conference 1990

Farhan bin Mohamed 1999 IEEE vis 16

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 Visualisation – Major Subtopics
• Visualisation of ...
– Medical Data → Volume
Visualisation
– Vector Data → Flow Visualisation
– Abstract Data → Information
Visualisation
– GIS Data
– Historical data (Archaeology)
– Microscopic and Macroscopic data
(e.g., Molecular physics and
Astronomy)
– Extremely large (multi-dimensional)
data sets, e.g., simulation data
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 Visualisation – Example(s)
Medical Data

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 Visualisation – Example(s)
Vector Data

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 Visualisation – Example(s)
Abstract Data

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 Visualisation – Three Goals
• Visualisation in order to:
▪ Explore
No a-priori knowledge about the data.
Visualisation serves to explore the data.
▪ Analyse
There is a hypothesis.
Visualisation serves to Confirm/Refute Finding
(Disprove).
New Insight(s)
▪ Present
The data characteristics are well known.
Visualisation serves to communicate the
results.

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Case study – Space Shuttle Challenger
• On January 28, 1986, the NASA shuttle orbiter mission
STS-51-L and the tenth flight of Space Shuttle
Challenger (OV-99) broke apart 73 seconds into its
flight, killing all seven crew members, which consisted
of five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists.

• The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean,

off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39 a.m.
EST (16:39 UTC). The disintegration of the vehicle
began after a joint in its right solid rocket booster
(SRB) failed at liftoff (O-ring).

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 Explore - Challenger

2 of 13 pages of material faxed to NASA by Morton Thiokol [from Tufte 1997]

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Explore - Challenger

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 Explore - Challenger

Visualizations drawn by Tufte show how low temperatures damage O-rings [Tufte 97]

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 Space Shuttle Challenger - Conclusion
• The failure was caused by the failure of O-ring seals used in the
joint that were not designed to handle the unusually cold
conditions that existed at this launch.

• The seals' failure caused a breach in the SRB joint, allowing

pressurized burning gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach
the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB aft field joint
attachment hardware and external fuel tank.

• This led to the separation of the right-hand SRB's aft field joint
attachment and the structural failure of the external tank.
Aerodynamic forces broke up the orbiter.

• Reference on Challenger Disaster:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster

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 We have reached this far

The SpaceX Starship system is a fully-

reusable, two-stage-to-orbit, super heavy- lift
launch vehicle under development by SpaceX
since 2012
Explore – Star Map

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Explore – Star Map

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Analyse – The most powerful brain

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Analyse – The most powerful brain

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Analyse – The most powerful brain

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Analyse – Nike+ Running Map

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Analyse – Running Map

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Analyse – Activity Map
Present – Scientific Information

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Present - Constellation

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Present - Constellation
Quoting Hartner on the once a year appearance of Heliacal
Rising (HR) constellation:

“The triumphant Lion, standing at

zenith and displaying thereby its
maximum power, kills and destroys
the Bull trying to escape below the
horizon, which during the subsequent
days disappears in the Sun’s rays to
remain invisible for a period of forty
days, after which it is reborn, rising
again for the first time (HR on March
21) to announce Spring equinox and
the advent of the light part of the
year.”

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 Present Constellation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Totm3FdOjw4

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 Present – Medical Data

Health & Medicine

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 Visualisation: 3 Foci
• Three main sub-fields:
▪ Scientific visualisation
• (1) Volume Visualisation
• (2) Flow Visualisation Inherent Geometry
3D

Usually NO inherent Geometry

▪ (3) Information Visualisation n-D

▪ (4) Infographics
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 You should expect to:
1. Evaluate and critique visualization designs
2. Implement interactive data visualizations
3. Gain an overview of research & techniques
4. Develop a substantial visualization project

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 Infographics Assignment
• Choose an infographic and explain

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 Requirements
• Class participation
• Assignments
• Interactive Visualization Software
• FP: Final Project

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 The Visualisation Pipeline
Standard processing stages in Visualisation

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 Vis. Pipeline – Overview
Data Acquisition

Data is produced or acquired

Data Enhancement

Data is prepared (or “pre-processed”)

Visualisation Mapping

Data is mapped to geometric primitives

Rendering (3D ↔ 2D / nD)

Data is transformed to images
VISUALISATION

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 Vis. Pipeline – Stage 1
Data Acquisition

Data is produced or acquired

Data acquisition = Data produced

• Measurement (e.g., CT, MRI).
• Simulation (e.g., Computational Fluid Dynamics
Simulation (CFD)).
• Modelling (e.g., Computational Aided Design (CAD),
Dynamic systems).
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 Vis. Pipeline – Stage 2
Data is produced or acquired

Data Enhancement

Data is prepared (or “pre-processed”)

Data enhancement = Data preparation/pre

processing
• Filtering (e.g., smoothing (noise filtering))
• Resampling = modify grid representation
• Derive new data (e.g., gradients)
• Data interpolation
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 Vis. Pipeline – Stage 3
Data is prepared (or “pre-processed”)

Visualisation Mapping

Data is mapped to geometric primitives

Visualisation mapping = Data is now visible

• Compute isosurface
• Compute graph layout
• Compute glyphs and or icons
• Compute voxel (primitive) attributes: colour, transparency, ...
• Geometric primitives: points, lines, triangles, cubes,
tetrahedra, etc.

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 Vis. Pipeline – Stage 4
Data is mapped to geometric primitives

Rendering (3D ↔ 2D / nD)

Data is transformed to images

VISUALISATION

Rendering = Presentation with Computer Graphics (CG)

• Visibility calculation
• Shading
• Compositing (accumulate transparency and colour values)
• Animation

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 Acknowledgements
• We thank the following people for the
composition/materials in this lecture is based on
lectures/materials/text of:
▪ Min Chen
▪ Robert S. Laramee
▪ M. Eduard Gröller
▪ Helwig Hauser

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