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AI Key Terms Glossary Definition

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. AI has progressed from early attempts at programming human-like behavior to modern machine learning techniques that allow systems to learn from large amounts of data. Key concepts discussed include supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning using neural networks, reinforcement learning, narrow and general AI, and the goal of developing human-centered AI that augments human abilities.

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22 views1 page

AI Key Terms Glossary Definition

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. AI has progressed from early attempts at programming human-like behavior to modern machine learning techniques that allow systems to learn from large amounts of data. Key concepts discussed include supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning using neural networks, reinforcement learning, narrow and general AI, and the goal of developing human-centered AI that augments human abilities.

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manuel.briceno.t
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Artificial

Intelligence
Definitions

Intelligence might be defined as the ability to learn continuous (real number) representations, similar to
and perform a range of techniques to solve problems the hierarchically organized neurons in human brains. It
and achieve goals—techniques that are appropriate to is successfully employed for all types of ML, with better
the context in an uncertain, ever-varying world. A fully generalization from small data and better scaling to
pre-programmed factory robot is flexible, accurate, and big data and compute budgets. A recent breakthrough
consistent, but not intelligent. is the transformer, a neural net architecture which
flexibly incorporates context via an attention mechanism,
Artificial intelligence (AI), is a term coined in 1955 allowing powerful and computationally efficient
by John McCarthy, Stanford’s first faculty member in AI, analysis and generation of sequences, such as words in a
who defined it as “the science and engineering of making paragraph.
intelligent machines.” Much research has human program
software agents with the knowledge to behave in a Foundation models are an emerging class of
particular way, like playing chess, but today, we emphasize models, often transformers trained by self-supervision
agents that can learn, just as human beings navigating our on large-scale broad data, that can be easily adapted
changing world. to perform a wide range of downstream tasks. The
best-known examples are large pretrained language
Autonomous systems can independently plan and models like GPT-3, but the term extends to models for all
decide sequences of steps to achieve a specified goal modalities of data and knowledge.
without being micromanaged. A hospital delivery robot
must autonomously navigate busy corridors to succeed in An algorithm is a precise list of steps to take, such as
its task. In AI, autonomy doesn’t have the sense of being a computer program. AI systems contain algorithms,
self-governing common in politics or biology. but typically just for a few parts like a learning or
reward calculation method. Much of their behavior
Machine Learning (ML) is the part of AI that studies emerges via learning from data or experience, a
how computer systems can improve their perception, fundamental shift in system design that Stanford
knowledge, decisions, or actions based on experience or alumnus Andrej Karpathy dubbed software 2.0.
data. For this, ML draws from computer science, statistics,
psychology, neuroscience, economics, and control theory. Narrow AI is intelligent systems for particular tasks,
e.g., speech or facial recognition. Human-
In supervised learning, a computer learns to predict level AI, or artificial general intelligence
human-given labels, such as particular dog breeds based (AGI), seeks broadly intelligent, context-aware
on labeled dog pictures. Unsupervised learning machines. It is needed for effective, adaptable social
does not require labels, but sometimes adopts self- chatbots or human-robot interaction.
supervised learning, constructing its own prediction
tasks such as trying to predict each successive word Human-centered artificial intelligence is
in a sentence. Reinforcement learning enables AI that seeks to augment the abilities of, address the
autonomy by allowing an agent to learn action sequences societal needs of, and draw inspiration from human
that optimize its total rewards, such as winning games, beings. It researches and builds effective partners and
without explicit examples of good techniques. tools for people, such as a robot helper and companion
for the elderly.
Deep learning is the use of large multi-layer Text by Professor Christopher Manning, v 1.2, April 2022
(artificial) neural networks that compute with Learn more at hai.stanford.edu

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