Problem 1 Problem 2

Which of the following statements is false?

Solution
Solution 1
If we group consecutive terms together, we
get , and since there are 49 pairs of terms the
answer is . Solution
Solution 2 An equilateral triangle is isosceles, and we find that if we use
the property of isosceles triangles that if two sides of a triangle are equal then the
( Similar to Solution 1 ) If we rearranged the terms, we opposite angles are equal. Thus equilateral triangles are equiangular, and is
get then , and since true.
there are 49 pairs of terms and the in the beginning the answer
is . Regular polygons are both equilateral and equiangular, and so are equilateral
triangles are both equilateral (by definition) and equiangular (by the above
Solution 3 argument). Thus equilateral triangles are regular polygons and is true.
Let . Since all of the angles in an equilateral triangle are congruent, all equilateral
triangles are similar by AAA similarity. Thus, is true.
Therefore,
Since and , . Since no
We add: other angles are above , all equilateral triangles are convex. Thus, is true.

This just leaves choice . This is clearly false: an equilateral triangle with
side is not congruent to an equilateral triangle with side .
Solution 4
We proceed with addition, 1 -2 + 3 -4.... Once done we find
Problem 3 Problem 4
Find the sum of all prime numbers between and that are The number halfway between and is
simultaneously greater than a multiple of and less than a multiple
of .

Solutions
Solution
Solution 1
Numbers that are less than a multiple of all end in or .
No prime number ends in , since all numbers that end in are divisible
by . Thus, we are only looking for numbers that end in . To find the number halfway between and , simply take the arithmetic
mean, which is
Writing down the ten numbers that so far qualify, we
get .
Crossing off multiples of gives .
Crossing off numbers that are not more than a multiple of (in other Thus the answer is choice
words, numbers that are less than a multiple of , since all numbers
Solution 2
are odd), we get:

Note that and . Thus, the answer must be greater

Noting that is not prime, we have only and , which give a sum
of , so the answer is . than .

Answers , , and are all less than , so they can be eliminated.

Answer is equivalent to , which is away from , and is
away from . These distances are not equal, eliminating .

Thus, must be the answer. Computing as a check, we

see that it is away from , and similarly it

is away from .
Problem 5 Problem 6
The marked price of a book was 30% less than the suggested retail price. What is the sum of the digits of the decimal form of the product ?
Alice purchased the book for half the marked price at a Fiftieth
Anniversary sale. What percent of the suggested retail price did Alice
pay?
Solution
, a number with the digits "25"
Solution followed by 1999 zeros. The sum of the digits in the decimal form would
be , thus making the answer .
Without loss of generality, let's assume that the retail price was USD.
The marked price of the book is off of which is equal
to
Half of that marked price is
Therefore the percent Alice payed of the suggested retail price

is
Problem 7 Problem 8
What is the largest number of acute angles that a convex hexagon can At the end of , Walter was half as old as his grandmother. The sum of the
have? years in which they were born was . How old will Walter be at the end
of ?

Solution
Solution
The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon is degrees. In a convex Problem 10
polygon, each angle must be strictly less than degrees. In , if Water is years old, then Walter's grandmother is years old.
A sealed envelope contains a card with a single digit on it. Three of the
Six acute angles can only sum to less than degrees, so six This means
following that Walter
statements are was
true,born in other is false.
and the , and Walter's grandmother was
acute angles could not form a hexagon. born in .
I. The digit is 1. II. The digit is not 2. III. The digit is 3. IV. The digit is not 4.
Five acute angles and one obtuse angle can only sum to less The sum of those years is , so we have:
than degrees, so these angles could not form a Which one of the following must necessarily be correct?
hexagon.
Four acute angles and two obtuse angles can only sum to less
than degrees. This is a strict inequality, so these Solution
angles could not form a hexagon. (The limiting figure would be four right Three of the statements are correct, and only one digit is on the card. Thus, one
If Walter is years old in , then he will be years old in , thus giving
angles and two straight angles, which would really be a square with two of I and III are false. Therefore, II and IV must both be true. The answer is
"extra" points on two sides to form the straight angles.) answer
Three acute angles and three obtuse angles work. For example, if you therefore .
pick three acute angles of degrees, the three obtuse angles would
be degrees and give a sum of degrees,

which is a genuine hexagon. Thus, the answer is

Problem 9
Before Ashley started a three-hour drive, her car's odometer reading was
29792, a palindrome. (A palindrome is a number that reads the same way
from left to right as it does from right to left). At her destination, the
odometer reading was another palindrome. If Ashley never exceeded the
speed limit of 75 miles per hour, which of the following was her greatest
possible average speed?

Problem 12
Solution
What is the maximum number of points of intersection of the graphs of two
Ashley could have traveled at most miles.
different fourth degree polynomial functions and , each with
Each -digit palindrome is uniquely determined by its first three digits. The leading coefficient 1?
next palindromes are 29892, 29992, 30003, and 30103. We may note
that , so this number and all larger ones
are too large.
Solution
On the other hand, , thus this is the
The intersections of the two polynomials, and , are precisely the roots
of the equation . Since the leading
number on the odometer, and the average speed is .
coefficients of both polynomials are , the degree of is at
most three, and the maximum point of intersection is three, because a third
degree polynomial can have at most three roots. Thus, the answer is .
Problem 11
The student locker numbers at Olympic High are numbered consecutively
beginning with locker number . The plastic digits used to number the
lockers cost two cents apiece. Thus, it costs two cents to label locker
number and four centers to label locker number . If it costs $137.94 to
label all the lockers, how many lockers are there at the school?

Solution
its A Problem 14
Solution 2 Four girls — Mary, Alina, Tina, and Hanna — sang songs in a concert as trios,
with one girl sitting out each time. Hanna sang songs, which was more than
Since all answers are over , work backwards and find the cost of the any other girl, and Mary sang songs, which was fewer than any other girl.
first lockers. The first lockers cost dollars, while the next How many songs did these trios sing?
lockers cost . Lockers through
cost , and lockers through inclusive
cost .
Solution
This gives a total cost of . There
are dollars left over, which is enough for Alina and Tina must sing more than , but less than , songs. Therefore, Alina
digits, or more four digit lockers. These lockers are and , sang or songs, and Tina sang or songs, with possible combinations.

leading to answer .
However, since every song is a trio, if you add up all the numbers of songs a
person sang for all four singers, it must be divisible by . Thus,
must be divisible by , and must be divisible by .

Since by the bounds of , we

have . Because the middle number must be a multiple of ,
we set , leading to and .

So, the four girls sang and songs in trios. That means there

were songs sung, and the answer is .

Problem 13
Define a sequence of real numbers , , ,
by and for all . Then equals

Solution
Problem 16
We rearrange to get . Thus we get What is the radius of a circle inscribed in a rhombus with diagonals of length
and ?
, , and so on. Multiplying them all

gives . Plugging in and

, , so the answer is . Solution
Let and be the lengths of the diagonals, the side, and the
radius of the inscribed circle.

Using Pythagorean theorem we can compute

.
We can now express the area of the rhombus in two different ways: as ,

and as . Solving for we get .

(The first formula computes the area as one half of the circumscribed rectangle
whose sides are parallel to the diagonals. The second one comes from the fact
that we can divide the rhombus into equal triangles, and in those the height
on the side is equal to . See pictures below.)
Problem 15
Let be a real number such that .
Then

Solution 1 (Fastest) Problem 18

How many zeros does have on the interval ?
,

so .
Solution
Solution 2 (Alternate, Slightly Longer)
For we have , and the logarithm is a strictly
Note that increasing function on this interval.
and . Let .
is zero for all of the form , where . There
Multiplying, we get .Then,
are such in .
. Here's the graph of the function on :

As we go closer to , the function will more and more wildly oscilate

between and . This is how it looks like at .

And one more zoom, at .

Problem 17
Let be a polynomial such that when is divided by , the
remainder is , and when is divided by , the remainder is
. What is the remainder when is divided by ?

Solution 1
According to the problem statement, there are polynomials
and such Problem 20
that .
The sequence satisfies , and, for all ,
From the last equality we get . is the arithmetic mean of the first terms. Find .
The value is a root of the polynomial on the right hand side,
therefore it must be a root of the one on the left hand side as well.
Substituting, we get , from Solution 1
which . This means that is a root of the Let be the arithmetic mean of and . We can then write
polynomial . In other words, there is a polynomial such and for some .
that .
By definition, .
Substituting this into the original formula for we get Next, is the mean of , and , which is again .
Realizing this, one can easily prove by induction that .

Therefore when is divided by , the remainder It follows that . From we get that .

is . And thus .

Solution 2 Solution 2
Since the divisor is a quadratic, the degree of the
remainder is at most linear. We can write in the form Let and . Then, ,
where is the and so on.
remainder. By the Remainder Theorem, plugging in and gives us a
Since , for all
system of equations.
Solving gives us and , thus, our answer
Hence, We also know
is that
Problem 19 Subtracting from we get
Consider all triangles satisfying in the following
conditions: , is a point on for which ,
and are integers, and . Among all such triangles, the
smallest possible value of is

Problem 22
The graphs of and intersect at
points and . Find .

Solution 1
Each of the graphs consists of two orthogonal half-lines. In the first graph both
point downwards at a angle, in the second graph they point upwards. One
can easily find out that the only way how to get these graphs to intersect in two
points is the one depicted below:

Solution
Thus and are integers. By Obviously, the maximum of the first graph is achieved when , and its
the Pythagorean Theorem, value is . Similarly, the minimum of the other graph is .
Therefore the two remaining vertices of the area between the graphs are
and .
Thus or . As the area has four right angles, it is a rectangle. Without actually computing
and we can therefore conclude that .
Explanation of the last step
This is a property all rectangles in the coordinate plane have.
For a proof, note that for any rectangle its center can be computed
as and at the same time as . In our case, we can

compute that the center is , therefore ,

 and .
Problem 21
A circle is circumscribed about a triangle with sides and thus
dividing the interior of the circle into four regions. Let and be the
areas of the non-triangular regions, with be the largest. Then

Solution 1
Problem 23
. Therefore the triangle is a right triangle. But
then its hypotenuse is a diameter of the circumcircle, and thus is exactly The equiangular convex hexagon
has and The area of the hexagon
one half of the circle. Moreover, the area of the triangle is .
Therefore the area of the other half of the circumcircle can be expressed
is
as . Thus the answer is .
To complete the solution, note that is clearly false. As ,
Solution
we have and thus is false. Solution 1
Similarly , thus is false. And
Equiangularity means that each internal angle must be exactly . The
finally, since , , thus is false as well. information given by the problem statement looks as follows:

Solution 2 (Alternative to realize that the triangle is Right)

Copy the link into the browser to see a diagram (I don't know how to link it
and I tried using the brackets, but it didn't
work)https://geogebra.org/classic/psg3ugzm We can now place this incomplete polygon onto a triangular grid, finish it,
Let be the circumcircle of in the problem, and let the circle compute its area in unit triangles, and multiply the result by the area of the unit
triangle.
have a radius of . Let .
Using the law of cosines: .
Thus , thus the triangle is right. Thus follow as above:

"Moreover, the area of the triangle is . Therefore the area

of the other half of the circumcircle can be expressed as .

Thus the answer is " (I quoted the solution above to show you where We see that the figure contains unit triangles, and therefore its area is .
to continue).
(Continue “Problem 22” )
An alternate last step
We can easily compute and using our picture.

triangle and and drawing of length one will remove one equilateral
triangle of side length , and drawing will take out another equilateral
Consider the first graph on the interval . The graph starts at height , triangle of side length .Labeling the other sides of the smaller equilateral
then rises for steps to the height , and then falls triangles, we can find that , or the side length of the equilateral triangle is .
for steps to the height . Solving for Now, because we know what the side length of the triangle is, what is, and
we get . Similarly we compute , therefore . it is given that is , we can find the length of , . Now, to
calculate the area of the hexagon we can simply subtract the area of the smaller
Solution 2 equilateral triangles from the larger equilateral triangle. The areas of the smaller
Plug the coordinates into the two equations and set the equations equal to
each other. The and terms cancel out and you're left with just the equilateral triangles are , and
following.
and the area of the large equilateral triangle is so the area
If we solve individually for the values of by setting both absolute values
on the right to positive and setting one absolute value on the left to a of the hexagon would be
negative, . Doing the same with , we see that .
So, .
Solution 2

Problem 25
There are unique integers such that
An equiangular hexagon can be made by drawing an equilateral triangle
and cutting out smaller triangles from the corners. Labeling the
triangle and and drawing of length one will remove one
equilateral triangle of side length , and drawing will take out another where for . Find .
equilateral triangle of side length .Labeling the other sides of the smaller
equilateral triangles, we can find that , or the side length of the
equilateral triangle is . Now, because we know what the side length of
the triangle is, what is, and it is given that is , we can find the Solution 1(Modular Functions)
length of , . Now, to calculate the area of the hexagon Multiply out the to get
we can simply subtract the area of the smaller equilateral triangles from
the larger equilateral triangle. The areas of the smaller equilateral triangles
By Wilson's Theorem (or by straightforward
are , and and the area division), , so .
Then we move to the left and divide through by to obtain
of the large equilateral triangle is so the area of the

hexagon would be We then repeat this procedure , from which it follows

that , and so forth. Continuing, we find the unique
Solution 2 solution to be (uniqueness is

assured by the Division Theorem). The answer is .

Solution 2(Basic Algebra and Bashing)

We start by multiplying both sides by , and we get:
After doing some

guess and check, we find that the answer is .

An equiangular hexagon can be made by drawing an equilateral triangle
and cutting out smaller triangles from the corners. Labeling the

Problem 24
Six points on a circle are given. Four of the chords joining pairs of the six
points are selected at random. What is the probability that the four chords
form a convex quadrilateral?

(Continue “Problem 25” )

Solution Solution 4
By multiplying both sides by we get

There are chords, and therefore ways how to choose

four chords.
Each set of four points corresponds to exactly one convex quadrilateral, since , if the rest of the right hand side will not add up to
be , so

therefore there are cases in which the four chords form a convex
quadrilateral.

If , , so
The resulting probability is .

If , , so

If , , so

. Since , and
Therefore,
(Continue “Problem 25” )

Solution 3 (The Easiest and Most Intuitive)

Let's clear up the fractions:
(Continue “Problem 26”)

Notice that if we These correspond to the following pairs : , , ,

divide everything by then we would have: and .
The perimeters of the resulting polygon for these four cases are , , ,
Since
and .
and must be an integer, then we have , Solution 2
so .
We want to maximize the number of sides of the two congruent polygons, so we
Similarly, if we divide everything by , then we would have: need to make the third polygon have the fewest number of sides possible, i.e. a
triangle. The interior angle measure of the two congruent polygons is
Again, since
therefore degrees, so they are dodecagons. Of all
and must be an integer, we have , so . the sides, six of them are not part of the perimeter of the
The pattern repeats itself, so in the end we have , , resulting polygon, so the resulting polygon has sides
, , , .

So
Problem 26
Three non-overlapping regular plane polygons, at least two of which are
congruent, all have sides of length . The polygons meet at a point in
such a way that the sum of the three interior angles at is . Thus the
three polygons for a new polygon with as an interior point. What is the
largest possible perimeter that this polygon can have?

Solution Problem 28
Let be a sequence of integers such that (i)
We are looking for three regular polygons such that the sum of their
internal angle sizes is exactly . for (ii) ; and (iii) .
Let and be the minimal and maximal possible values of ,
Let the number of sides in our polygons be . From each of the
polygons, two sides touch the other two, and the remaining sides are on
the perimeter. Therefore the answer to our problem is the respectively. Then
value .

Solution 1
The integral angle of a regular -gon is . Therefore we are
looking for integer solutions to: Clearly, we can ignore the possibility that some are zero, as adding/removing
such variables does not change the truth value of any condition, nor does it
change the value of the sum of cubes. Thus we'll only consider
.
Which can be simplified to: Also, order of the does not matter, so we are only interested in the counts of
the variables of each type. Let of the be equal to , equal to , and
equal to .
The conditions (ii) and (iii) simplify to:
Furthermore, we know that two of the polygons are congruent, thus (ii)
WLOG . Our equation now becomes (iii)
and we want to find the maximum and minimum
of over all non-negative solutions of the
above two equations.
Multiply both sides by and simplify to get .
Subtracting twice (ii) from (iii) we get . By entering that into one of
Using the standard technique for Diophantine equations, we can add to the two equations and simplifying we get .
both sides and rewrite the equation as .
Thus all the solutions of our system of equations have the
Remembering that the only valid options for form .
are: , , , and . As all three variables must be non-negative integers, we
 have and .
Problem 27
For of the form the expression we are
In triangle , and .
maximizing/minimizing simplifies to .
Then in degrees is
Clearly, the maximum is achieved for and the minimum for .

Their values are and , and therefore .

Solution
Square the given equations and add (simplifying with the Pythagorean Problem 29
identity ): A tetrahedron with four equilateral triangular faces has a sphere inscribed within
it and a sphere circumscribed about it. For each of the four faces, there is a
sphere tangent externally to the face at its center and to the circumscribed
sphere. A point is selected at random inside the circumscribed sphere. The
probability that lies inside one of the five small spheres is closest to

Thus . This is the sine addition identity, Solution 1

so . Thus Let the radius of the large sphere be , and of the inner sphere . Label the
either . vertices of the tetrahedron , and let be the center. Then
pyramid ,
If , then ,
where denotes volume; thus . Since
and . The first equation and are both pyramids that share a common face , the ratio of

implies , which is a their volumes is the ratio of their altitudes to face , so .

contradiction; thus .
However, , so it follows that . Then the radius of an
Supplement
Adding the two given equations external sphere is .
gives Since the five described spheres are non-intersecting, it follows that the ratio of
If , then and are both acute. When and are both
acute, and . the volumes of the spheres is .
Then . This contradicts the
equation .
Solution 2
Therefore, , so and . Let the side length of the tetrahedron be .
(Continue “Problem 28”)
The altitude of the equilateral triangle base is . Thus, the distance from the
Note

center of the equilateral triangle to its vertex is . Therefore, the

The minimum is achieved for The maximum is

achieved for altitude of the tetrahedron is .

Solution 2 Problem 30
As said in Solution 1, can be ignored, and only The number of ordered pairs of integers for which and
need to be considered.
Minimum is equal to
To minimize , there are no s and maximize the number
of s.
Solution
Therefore, the number of s are , the number of s We recall the factorization (see elementary symmetric sums)

are .
Setting , we have that either
or (by the Trivial Inequality). Thus, there are
Maximum
solutions satisfying .
Let number of s, number of s, number of s

Multiplying the second equation by gives . By

subtracting this equation from the first equation we get
, . As we need to minimize the value of , ,
,

Therefore, .
(Continue “Problem 29”)

Let the radius of the large sphere be .

The distance from the center of the tetrahedron to the center of one of the

bases is
The distance from the center of the tetrahedron to the center of one of the
bases is also the same as the radius of the small sphere in the center of
the tetrahedron.
The radius of the smaller spheres tangent to the large sphere and the

tetrahedron is
Therefore, the probability that lies inside one of the five small spheres

is