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Functions Lecture1

This document provides an outline for a lecture on functions. It begins with definitions of functions and key terms like domain, codomain, and range. It then outlines that the lecture will cover constant, step, and piecewise functions, as well as power, polynomial, rational, algebraic, and transcendental functions. The focus is on defining different types of functions and their properties.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

29 views

Functions Lecture1

Uploaded by

peprahkofi05

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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FUNCTIONS

Dr. Joshua Kiddy Kwasi Asamoah

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 1 / 73

Lecture Outline
1 Introduction
2 Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−
Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
4 Polynomial Functions
5 Rational Functions
6 Algebraic Functions
7 Transcendental Functions
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions Functions 2 / 73
Introduction

Outline of Presentation
1 Introduction
2 Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−
Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
4 Polynomial Functions
5 Rational Functions
6 Algebraic Functions
7 Transcendental Functions
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions Functions 3 / 73
Introduction

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

X Y

x input output y
f

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

Introduction

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

S R

s input output h
f

It could map a student to its height.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

Introduction

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

P N

p input output f (p)

It could map a product to its price.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

Introduction

Definition

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.

P Name

c input output n = f (c)

It could map a country to its president.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

Remark
1 Uniqueness here means an input cannot yield more than one output i.e. x 7→ y1 , y2 is
not allowed.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition

Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

Remark
1 Uniqueness here means an input cannot yield more than one output i.e. x 7→ y1 , y2 is
not allowed.
2 However, two different inputs x1 and x2 can be assigned to the same output y.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

Introduction

Definition: If x → f → y

Definition (Domain)
The domain Df of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

Introduction

Definition: If x → f → y

Definition (Domain)
The domain Df of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

Introduction

Definition: If x → f → y

Definition (Domain)
The domain Df of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

Introduction

Definition: If x → f → y

Definition (Domain)
The domain Df of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .

Definition (Graph)
The graph of the function y = f (x) is a pictorial representation of the function. It is the
collection of the points (x, f (x)). It represents a curve in the Cartesian plane.
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c: f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Constant Function

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c: f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Constant Function

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c: f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Constant Function

Constant functions

f: R → R
x 7 → c

1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c: f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

4 Its codomain is R.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Constant Function

Constant function graph

Definition
A constant function is a function whose value is the same for every input value

f: R → R
x 7 → 1

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 9 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
Df = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0] ∪ (0, 2] = (−∞, 2].

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Step Function (or staircase function)

Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
Df = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0] ∪ (0, 2] = (−∞, 2].
3 Its range is {−1, 1, 2} and its codomain is (−∞, 10).
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Step Function graph

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.
3

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) −2 Functions 11 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.

2 That is g(−4) = {1, 2} .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.

2 That is g(−4) = {1, 2} .

3 Thus, g is NOT a function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Piecewise Functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 13 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Piecewise Functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.
2 Df = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 13 / 73

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Piecewise Functions

Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.

f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.

1 f is a piecewise function.
2 Df = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.
3 Its range is I = { −x + 2 | x ≥ 0} ∪ { 2x + 2 | x < 0} .
x ≥ 0 =⇒ −x ≤ 0 =⇒ −x + 2 ≤ 2.
x < 0 =⇒ 2x + 2 < 2.
Therefore, I = (−∞, 2] ∪ (−∞, 2) = (−∞, 2].
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 13 / 73
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Piecewise Functions

Piecewise functions graph

f: R → R
( 3
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0. 2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 14 / 73

Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = axp (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 16 / 73

Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = axp (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 16 / 73

Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = axp (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+
2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 16 / 73

Power functions

Power Functions

Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = axp (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+
2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−
1
3 Radical Functions are power functions where the degree p is of the form n and n ∈ N

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 16 / 73

Power functions

Power Functions

Example

f (x) Domain Range f (x) Domain Range

p
x2n R R+ 2n
x R+ R+
p
x2n+1 R R 2n+1
x R R
1 1
R − {0} R+ − {0} p R+ − {0} R+ − {0}
x2n 2n
x
1 1
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0} p
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0}
x x

n ∈ Z+ , R − {0} = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞), R+ = [0, +∞), R+ − {0} = (0, +∞)

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 17 / 73

Power functions Monomials: p ∈ Z+

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = 1

Domain = R
3
Range = {1}

f (x) = 1
1

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 18 / 73
Power functions Monomials: p ∈ Z+

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x

Domain = R
3
Range = R f (x) = x

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 19 / 73
Power functions Monomials: p ∈ Z+

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x2

Domain = R
3
Range = R+

1
f (x) = x2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 20 / 73
Power functions Monomials: p ∈ Z+

Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x3

Domain = R
3
Range = R

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

f (x) = x3 −1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 21 / 73
Power functions Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x−1

Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
f (x) = x−1
−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 22 / 73
Power functions Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x−2

Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R+ − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1 f (x) = x−2

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 23 / 73
Power functions Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−

Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x−3

Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R − {0}

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1
f (x) = x−3
−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 24 / 73
Power functions Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = x = x1/2

p
f (x) = x 3
Domain = R+
Range = R+
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 25 / 73
Power functions Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = 3 x = x1/3

p
3
g(x) = x 3
Domain = R
Range = R
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 26 / 73
Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions
Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then

f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn (2)

1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 an is a non-zero real number;
3 ai ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 28 / 73

Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions
Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then

f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn (2)

1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 an is a non-zero real number;
3 ai ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .

Note
1 The domain of a polynomial function is R.
2 Polynomials of degree 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic functions
respectively.
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 28 / 73
Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 2 as highest power

f (x) = 1/2 + x2 , 3
Df = R,
R(f ) = [1/2, +∞)
2

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 29 / 73
Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 3 as highest power

g(x) = 1 − 2x − 3x2 + 2x3 1

Dg = R,
R(g) = R
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

−1

−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 30 / 73
Polynomial Functions

Polynomial Functions with 4 as highest power

−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
2
h(x) = (x − 1)(−x + 3) (x), −1
Dh = R,
R(h) = [−1.6, +∞)
−2

−3
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 31 / 73
Rational Functions

Rational Functions

Definition
P(x)
1 A rational function is a ratio f (x) = Q(x) , where P and Q are polynomials.

The domain of f is Df = x ∈ R | Q(x) 6= 0 .

Example
3x
1 f (x) =
x3 − 1
3x3 − x6
2 f (x) = 2
2x − x + 2

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 33 / 73

Rational Functions

Rational Functions
3

x3 −2x
f (x) = x2 −1
, 2

Df = R − {−1, 1} ,
1
R(f ) = R

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1

−2

−3

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 34 / 73

Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions

Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.

2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 36 / 73

Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions

Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.

2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.

Example
Find the domain ofpthe following algebraic functions:
p 1 2−x
1)f (x) = 5 − 2x 2)f (x) = x− 3)f (x) = p
x−1 x−1−2

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 36 / 73

Algebraic Functions

Algebraic functions
3

p 1
f (x) = x − x−1 , 2

Df = R+ − {1} ,
1
R(f ) = R

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1

−2

−3

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 36 / 73

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 38 / 73

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 38 / 73

Transcendental Functions

Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.

Example
1 Exponential functions
2 Logarithmic functions
3 Trigonometric functions
4 Hyperbolic functions
5 Inverse of these functions

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 38 / 73

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = ax , where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 39 / 73

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = ax , where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) ex 6) e−x .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 39 / 73

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = ax , where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called exponential function with base a.

The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) ex 6) e−x .

Note
e is mathematical constant called the Eulernumber approximated as 2.71828

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 39 / 73

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

ex
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

e−x ex
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) −1 Functions 40 / 73

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

2x
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions

3−x 2x
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

−1
Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions
¡ 2 ¢x
3−x 2x
3
5

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) −1 Functions 41 / 73

Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 42 / 73

Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3

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Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions

Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.

The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3

Natural log
This is the log to the base e and it also called ln. That is

loge = ln (3)

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Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3

2 loge x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3

2 loge x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2
log1/e x
−3

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Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

log1/3 x
−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
3 log2 x

−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9

−1

log1/3 x
−2

−3 log 2 x
3

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions are functions of an angle of
a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle are
given by these trigonometric functions. If x is an acute angle in a right triangle, then:

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Some Basic Trig function:

opposite
1 sin(x) = hypotenuse
adjacent
2 cos(x) = hypotenuse
opposite
3 tan(x) = adjacent
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x)
1
5 sec(x) = cos(x)
1
6 cot(x) = tan(x)

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Some Basic Trig function: Some Trig Identities

opposite
1 sin(x) = 1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
hypotenuse
adjacent 2 sec2 x − tan2 x = 1
2 cos(x) = hypotenuse
opposite
3 csc2 x − cot2 x = 1
3 tan(x) = adjacent 4 sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x) 5 cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y
1 tan x + tan y
5 sec(x) = cos(x) 6 tan(x + y) =
6 cot(x) = 1 1 + tan x tan y
tan(x)

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc

3
sin x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc

3
sin x
csc x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec

3
cos x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec

3
cos x
sec x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot

3
tan x

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot

3
tan x
cot x
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

cot x
−2

−3

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Remarks
f (x) Domain Range
sin R [−1, 1]
cos R [−1, 1]
R − . . . , − 2 , − π2 , π2 , 3π
3π
R
© ª
tan 2 ,...
π π 3π
R − . . . , − 3π
© ª
sec 2 ,− 2 , 2 , 2 ,... (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
csc R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
cot R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} R

1 Dtan = Dsec = R − { π/2 + kπ | k ∈ Z}

2 Dcot = Dcsc = R − { kπ | k ∈ Z} .
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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

There are the functions

1 f (x) = sin−1 x (also called arc sine or arcsin)
2 f (x) = cos−1 x (arc cosine or arccos)
3 f (x) = tan−1 x (arc tangent or arctan)
4 f (x) = csc−1 x (arc cosec)
5 f (x) = sec−1 x (arc secant)
6 f (x) = cot−1 x (arc cotangent)

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Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions

Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

There are the functions

Note
1 y = sin−1 x ⇔ x = sin y
2 y = cos−1 x ⇔ x = cos y

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Transcendental Functions Hyperbolic Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic
ex − e−x
1 sinh x =
2
ex + e−x
2 cosh x =
2
sinh x
3 tanh x =
cosh x
1
4 csch x =
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh

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Transcendental Functions Hyperbolic Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic Inverse Hyperbolic
x −x
e −e 1 sinh−1 x
1 sinh x =
2 2 cosh−1 x
ex + e−x
2 cosh x = 3 tanh−1 x
2
sinh x 4 csch−1 x
3 tanh x =
cosh x 5 sech−1 x
1
4 csch x = 6 coth−1 x
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh

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Transcendental Functions Hyperbolic Functions

Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

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Odd and Even Functions Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x2 , g(x) = −x4 + 2x2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x2 , i(x) = x sin x are even functions
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),

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Odd and Even Functions Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x2 , g(x) = −x4 + 2x2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x2 , i(x) = x sin x are even functions
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),
2 g(−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g(x),

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Odd and Even Functions Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x2 , g(x) = −x4 + 2x2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x2 , i(x) = x sin x are even functions
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),
2 g(−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g(x),
3 h(−x) = cos(−x) + (−x)2 = h(x), and

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Odd and Even Functions Even Functions

Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .

Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = −f (x)

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

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Odd and Even Functions Odd Function

Odd Function

Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

Remarks
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
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Odd and Even Functions Periodic Functions

Periodic Functions

Definition
Let f be a function, and Df its domain, then f is a periodic function if there exists a
positive real number t such that f (x + t) = f (x) for all x ∈ Df .
The minimum of such t ’s which is often denoted as T , is called the period of f .

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Odd and Even Functions Periodic Functions

Periodic Functions

Example
The trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
1 sin(x + 2kπ) = sin(x + 2π) = sin(x) for k ∈ Z, however, T = 2π.
2 cos(x + 2kπ) = cos(x + 2π) = cos(x), T = 2π.
3 tan(x + (2k + 1)π) = tan(x + π) = tan(x), T = π.

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Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

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Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

Definition
* f is an increasing function on I if f (x1 )<f (x2 ).

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Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

Definition
* f is an increasing function on I if f (x1 )<f (x2 ).

* f is a decreasing function on I if f (x1 )>f (x2 ).

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Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

Definition
* f is an increasing function on I if f (x1 )<f (x2 ).

* f is a decreasing function on I if f (x1 )>f (x2 ).

Example
• The functions ex , tan(x) and ax+b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective domains.

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Monotonic Functions

Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

Definition
* f is an increasing function on I if f (x1 )<f (x2 ).

* f is a decreasing function on I if f (x1 )>f (x2 ).

Example
• The functions ex , tan(x) and ax+b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective domains.

• The functions e−x , cot(x) and ax + b, where a < 0, are decreasing on their respective
domains.

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Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Decreasing Function

1
−3x + 1 &

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Decreasing Function

e−x &
1
−3x + 1 &

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

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Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing Function

2x − 1 %
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3
Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing Function

2
ex %
2x − 1 %
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

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Monotonic Functions

Monotonic Increasing and Decreasing

sin x %&
2

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

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Monotonic Functions

Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
6 Thus, f is an increasing function on its domain.