CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Design and implemantation of a semi-
Automatic gate for Secondary Schools” is the original work done by Hakizabera Olivier in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a master’s of science degree in
engineering at BIU.

Supervisor

Signature……………...............

Date……………………............

i
DEDICATION

I dedicate this final year project to our Lord God Almighty, the only great and awesome Creator.

To my parents and family members who tirelessly supported us both morally and financially
during our entire academic career.

Finally, to all our friends who helped us in one way or another to complete this final year project.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I express my gratitude to almighty God, who guided and gave me the strength and
ability to complete this final year project.

I would also like to express my deepest appreciation to my parents who always supported and
motivated me to complete this final year project.

I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and sincere appreciation to all
those who gave me the possibility to complete this report.

I would like to acknowledge all staff in IPRC Mechanical Engineering workshop for providing
me the requirements and all support to enrich my skills.

I sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and friends who had provided assistance
at various occasions by support and ideas for this final year project.

Last but not least, I say a huge thank you to individuals who have involved neither directly nor
indirectly in succession of this Project. May the Almighty God bless you.

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ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to fabricate a simple model to show how the system would be used to
ensure the punctuality of students in secondary schools.

When we press the open button, a signal is sent to the main circuitry board which then allows the
current to pass through to the gates motor causing the motor to run and the gate open. Once the
gate is fully open (depending on where the resistant beam is located) the motor stops running
causing the gate to stop moving. And when bearing steps on the close button, it is pressed the
same thing happens but this time the motor run in the opposite direction, therefore causing the
gate to close.

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Contents

CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................................................................... I

DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................................... II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... III

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... IV

LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................................................ 3

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 5

1.1. BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................................................5
1.2. REASONS TO A SEMI-AUTOMATIC GATE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS .......................................................................................6
1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..............................................................................................................................................6
1.4. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................7
1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ..............................................................................................................................................7
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..............................................................................................................................................7
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................................................8
1.8 EXPECTED OUTCOME .................................................................................................................................................8
1.9 LIMITATION .............................................................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 9

2.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................9

2.2 TYPES OF AUTOMATIC GATES......................................................................................................................................9
2.3 AUTOMATIC GATE ACCESSORIES................................................................................................................................10
2.4 CONSIDERATIONS WHEN CHOOSING AN AUTOMATIC GATE ............................................................................................11
2.5 GEARING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................................12
2.5.1 Friction Wheels...........................................................................................................................................12
2.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives .........................................................................................13
2.5.3 Classification of Gears ................................................................................................................................14
2.5.4 Design Considerations for a Gear Drive .....................................................................................................16
2.6 SLIDING CONTACT BEARINGS ....................................................................................................................................16
2.6.1 Classification of Bearings ...........................................................................................................................17
2.6.2 Types of Sliding Contact Bearings ..............................................................................................................18
2.7 IN-DEPTH LOOK AT PLANNING A SLIDING GATE INSTALLATION...........................................................................................19
2.7.1 Information ................................................................................................................................................19
2.7.2 Concreting In Posts. ....................................................................................................................................20
2.7.3 Standard Installation ..................................................................................................................................21

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 22

3.1 SITE SURVEY ..........................................................................................................................................................22

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ..................................................................................................................................................22
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHODS ...................................................................................................................................22
3.4 IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT PARTS .................................................................................................................................23
3.5. DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE PROTOTYPE SYSTEM AND MATERIALS TESTING ....................................................23

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CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 25

4.1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................25

4.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING ....................................................................................................................25
4.3 GATE CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................................................30
4.4 CALCULATION AND DEMONSTRATION .........................................................................................................................32
4.4.1. Velocity calculation on gears ....................................................................................................................32
4.4.2 Permissible tangent tooth load calculation [WT] .......................................................................................33

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................... 37

5.1. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................37

5.2. RECOMMENDATION .........................................................................................................................................37

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 39

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... 40

TIME BUDGET ................................................................................................................................................. 42

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LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE 1: FRICTION WHESLS AND GEAR TOOTHED WHEEL ...........................................................................................13

FIGURE 2: CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS .........................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 3: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL GEAR ..................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 4: RACK AND PINION ........................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 5: DEPENDING UPON THE DIRECTION OF LOAD TO BE SUPPORTED ....................................................................17
FIGURE 6: DEPENDING UPON THE NATURE OF CONTACT ...............................................................................................17
FIGURE 7: JOURNAL OR SLEEVE BEARINGS ...................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 8: GUIDING OF GATE .........................................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 9: STANDARD INSTALLATION ...........................................................................................................................21
FIGURE 10: THE FRAMES AND GATE .............................................................................................................................25
FIGURE 11:RACK GEAR AND SPUR GEAR.......................................................................................................................26
FIGURE 12: PIN .............................................................................................................................................................27
FIGURE 13: COMMANDING CIRCUIT ..............................................................................................................................29
FIGURE 14: COMPLETE GATE ........................................................................................................................................31
FIGURE 15: DESIGN OF CONNECTION OF MOTOR AND GEARS ........................................................................................31
FIGURE 16: COMMANDING BOARD ................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE 17: COMPLETE GATE ........................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE 18: ROLLER DIMENSIONS ..................................................................................................................................41

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

BIU: Bircham International University

R : Electrical Phase

S : Electrical Phase

T : Electrical Phase

FLA: Full Load Amps

LRA: Locked Rotor Amps

HP: Horse Power

MINEDUC: Ministry Of Education

IPRC: Integrated Polytechnical Regional Center

WDA: Work Force Development

REB: Rwanda Education Board

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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Automatic gate is one of the most preferable gates intended to provide easy access to gated
place. The most likely reason of people using an automatic gate on the entrance to their property
is because they do not like to stop open and close a gate each time they enter or leave their
property. Automatic gate openers eliminate the disturbance of manually opening and closing.
They allow the owner to either use a remote control, press the buttons on a keypad to open the
gate or self actuated. The gate opens automatically, stays open for about a while time you pass
through, and then close automatically.

The analysis made shows out that the punctuality of students is a big issue on academic
regulations. On the point of view of usage of gate on entrance of the secondary schools; students
give a challenge on the academic regulations (actually punctuality). To ensure the punctuality
and collaboration of gate manager and students which can result sometimes corruption between
students and gate manager, among the solution on these cases there is construction of automatic
gate to be used by students .However, this gate is used to entering in and coming out by students
on schedule of school regulations.

There are many types of automatic gate mechanism, such as sliding, Screw driver piston and
swing cubic underground. Designs available today are not limited only to these mentioned
because there can be also hydraulic or pneumatic system.

As other universities and colleges’ regulations for each final student has to present a final
project, we are also asked to present a final project relevant to courses undertaken in our
undergraduate education and oriented in solving socio-economic or industrial problems, that why
we have decided to develop the topic entitled “Design and implementation of an automatic
gate for secondary schools ensures the punctuality of students” and we need to go on it as a
subject of our final year project.

1.1. Background

Gates are commonly used nowadays at residential areas. A gate is a point of entry to a space
enclosed by walls, or an opening in a fence. Gates may prevent or control entry or exit, or they
may be merely decorative. Today many gates are opened by an automated gate operator. Those
gates come with many special features. The need for automatic gates has been on the increase in

5
recent times. The system described here incorporates the use of human sensor to control the
movement of the gate automatically. The semi automatic gate described here automates the
entrances to students in secondary schools.

It uses a remote control convenience and human sensor to avoid the stress of manually opening
and closing the gate. The technology used eliminates gate monitoring and manning by human
beings. The gates have to perform gyrations by open, auto reverse, stop, fully close and fully
stop. It provides convenient access and intelligent features that makes it distinct from all other
gates which bring it so close to a security device. Those gates come with different types of
mechanism such as sliding, swing, folding, and barrier gate. Those mechanisms have their own
working principles and features but, automatic gate design seem limited at the local market.

1.2. Reasons to a semi-automatic gate in secondary schools

Secondary school administration set rules and regulations for students whom they want to their
property, but when students stop by unexpectedly, they can leave property feeling out of control
of their time. A semi-automatic gate can help eliminate delaying of students and put the owners
in control of their time.

It is good habit to have a gate close behind you after leaving your property. A closed entrance
gate can serve as a second confinement system and keep the property off of busy roads.

1.3. Problem statement

Secondary school administrations set rules and regulations for their students to follow, usually
the students must fulfill the school regulations including the punctuality or sometimes leaving
the compound (school) before time without having permissions and this issue gives a big
challenge to the school administration. But when students are stopped unfailing by a self-acting
gate because of being late or want to leave without permission, they feel that it may concern time
set and school regulations not a direct order from a certain staff, which can result arguing
between them (staff and student).

A self –acting gate can be one of solution and can help to eliminate all those issues. We don’t
have to forget that the gate must have emergency mechanism.

It is good habit to have a gate close behind you after leaving your property. A closed entrance
gate can serve as a second confinement system and keep the property off of busy roads.

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1.4. Objectives

Our main objective is that students will learn how to manage their time well and to adapt the fact
that they don’t have to be late.

The semi automatic gate should be moved manually by authorized persons without damage to
the operating mechanism when a power failure occurs or when the electricity supply is
interrupted for another reason or for special days like visiting day, Election Day, supporting their
sports teams while they are having matches outside the campuses.

Once the schools have this Gate, it won’t be necessary for them to hire a big number of gate
keepers and this will save some money for the schools. We also noticed that there won’t be any
more problems of losing the key since the gate will be automatic. Another objective is to
provide and improve gate opening mechanism which is of durable and reliable construction.

1.5 Research Objectives

1. Avoidance of students and staffs to come late on the work; Time management on students
and school staffs
2. relationship between students and gatekeepers can results the corruption which may lead
to violate the academic regulations
3. To know the working principle of this automatic gate
4. The usage of high security technological gate in high schools to access the compound at
the minimum cost.

1.6 Research Questions

1. Do all staff and student arrive at time in the campus?

2. How do students cross the gate late or leave without permission at any time?

3. What is an automatic gate?

4. Why do we need the automatic gate to the secondary schools

Why secondary school doesn’t use high security technological gate?

5. How much does it cost compare to other security access gate?

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1.7 Scope of the study

The prototype of a semi-automatic Gate requires precise scope of work to be followed.

The knowledge applied in this project is the dynamics, Machine elements, design and
manufacturing technology detailing in the aspects and scope of designing and fabricating a Gate
system. However, the scope of the work should be determined to achieve the purpose and goal of
the project.

These scopes are:

 Literature review on the knowledge of design analysis of gate system.

 Design the mechanical and electrical parts of the system using theoretical and practical
approach.

 Fabricate the mechanical part of the system using welding skills.

 Test designed and fabricated mechanical and electrical parts of the system together with
controller part to complete the operating system of semi-automatic gate system

1.8 Expected outcome

The Semi-automatic gate prototype we designed should be reliable, easy to maintain, safe to
operate and less in cost compared to other types of semi automatic gates that have already been
designed. The performance of this Gate will also increase the efficiency and consistency of the
school regulations and the students’ punctuality will be maintained.

1.9 Limitation

Few obstacles have made this project a little bit difficult to be conducted. The materials used in
the construction of semi automatic gate prototype were a very big challenge we faced due to
limited budget we had.

This prototype project is limited to the accessories, like indication lighting, alarm, diagnostic
board and security equipment mechanical and electrical.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

This chapter will provide the detail description literature review done according to the design of
a semi automatic gate mechanism. Automatic gates are used to control access into a secured area.
Most commonly, automatic gates are used at the entrance to the facility, and are used to control
vehicular access on and off of the site. For example, a manufacturing plant may use an automatic
gate at its main entrance. All vehicles entering and exiting the plant must do so through the
automatic gate. Automatic gates are also used at interior areas within a facility. For example,
automatic gates are commonly used within the inside of a parking garage to separate employee
parking areas from public areas of the garage. Automatic gates consist of two basic components:

Gate: The gate is the physical object that is moved to block the gate opening. Most gates used in
commercial applications are made of either ornamental iron or chain-link material and are
usually designed to match the fencing adjacent to where the gate is installed.

Gate Operator: The gate operator is the machinery that moves the gate in and out of the gate
opening. Gate operators are electrically-powered and may be chain-driven, gear-driven, or
hydraulic depending on the type of operator.

2.2 Types of Automatic Gates

There are six types of commonly used automatic gates. These include the slide gate, cantilever
gate, swing gate, vertical lift gate, vertical pivot lift gate, bi-folding gate, and barrier arm gate.
The following is a brief description of each type of gate:

Slide Gate: They are great for this type of area because they can work at an angle. You might
prefer this type because it opens twice as quickly as the lift.The slide gate is probably the most
commonly used type of automatic gate in light-duty commercial applications.

Cantilever Gate: The cantilever gate is similar to the slide gate, but does not use rollers that
slide along the ground to support it. Instead, the cantilever gate is supported from rails that run
along the inside of the fence structure. This gate gets its name from the fact that the gate
"cantilevers" (hangs over) the gate opening. Cantilever gates need to be much wider than slide
gates in order to provide a section along the fence structure where the gate is supported. This
section is called a "counterbalance" and is usually at least 1/2 the width of the gate opening itself

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Swing Gate: Swing gates are hinged on one side and swing open and closed like a door. Swing
gates typically travel a 90 degree arc between their open and closed positions. Swing gates can
consist of a single leaf or double leafs and can be in-swinging or out-swinging.

Swing gates are most commonly used in residential applications because of their low cost and
ease of installation.

Vertical Lift Gate: Vertical lift gates move up and down vertically over the gate opening. The
gate must be lifted high enough to allow vehicles to pass underneath of it. This type of gate
requires that tall vertical support towers be installed on each side of the gate opening.

Vertical Pivot Lift Gate: Vertical pivot lift gates rotate in and out of the gate opening. Vertical
pivot lift gates are supported entirely from the gate operator itself and do not require any
additional support structures.

Bi-Folding Gate: Bi-folding gates consist of two gate panels that are hinged together. When
activated, these gate panels fold back onto themselves to allow access. Most commonly, bi-
folding gates are used in pairs, with one pair being used on each side of the gate opening. Some
models require a track along either the top or bottom of the gate.

Barrier Arm Gate: Barrier arm gates consist of a vertical barrier arm that is rotated in and out
of the gate opening. Barrier arm gates are used to control vehicles, not pedestrians. As it is very
easy for a person to walk beside or climb over or under the gate arm, barrier arm gates provide
almost no security.

2.3 Automatic Gate Accessories

There are many accessories that may be used in conjunction with automatic gates. Some of these
include:

 Access control systems: Automatic gates can be operated by a variety of access control
devices, including card readers, vehicle tag readers, digital keypads, and portable wireless
transmitters. In most commercial installations, automatic gates are controlled by the same
access control system that is used to control the entrance doors to the buildings, allowing the
same access card to be used in both places.
 Intercom systems: Intercom stations are often provided at automatic gates to give visitors
and delivery drivers a means to contact someone inside the facility when the gate is closed.
Most of these systems will allow the gate to be remotely opened by someone inside the
facility once the visitor's identity has been verified.

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 Video surveillance systems: Video cameras can be used to view and record activity at the
gate. The video surveillance system can be used in conjunction with the intercom system.
This allows the identity of visitors to be visually confirmed before opening the gate.
 Free exit devices: In many cases, it is desirable to have the gate open automatically when a
vehicle exits the property. Devices that can be used to provide free exit include loop
detectors, photoelectric beams, and pressure switches.
 Post office and utility company access: The post office and many utility companies may
require a means to enter through the gate. This usually requires the use of one or more key-
operated switches that are keyed to the post office's or utility company's standard key.
 Emergency access: Most fire departments and many law enforcement agencies require a
means to gain access to your property through your gate at all times. Devices used to
provide access can include key boxes (Knox Boxes), strobe or siren activated sensors, and
radio receivers that can be activated by the emergency vehicle's two-way radio.

2.4 Considerations When Choosing an Automatic Gate

The following are some basic things that must be considered when choosing an automatic gate:

 Opening size: The overall size of the opening will be a major determining factor in
deciding what type of automatic gate to use. In general, the wider the gate opening, the
more expensive it will be to install a gate. While gate widths of over 80' are possible, gate
widths over 40' tend to be more expensive and more problematic.
 Availability of Space: the amount of space available on all sides surrounding the gate can
limit the type of automatic gate that can be used. If the facility is located on a large rural
site that has plenty of space, probably just about any type of automatic gate can be used.
Facilities located in crowded urban or downtown areas where space is at a premium may
be limited to only one or two options for automatic gates.
 Weight of gate: The overall weight of the gate determines the type and grade of gate
operator required. In general, the wider and taller the gate, the more it will weigh. Gates
of the same size will weigh differently depending on whether they are constructed of
steel, aluminum or wood. Allowance must also be made for any increase in weight that
may be caused by accumulations of rain, snow, or ice on the gate surfaces.
 Opening and Closing Speed: Different applications require different opening and closing
speeds. While slow opening speeds can be acceptable in residential and some commercial
applications, they are totally unacceptable in high-volume industrial applications such as
at a distribution center or airport. Opening speeds that are too slow can cause traffic
backups and user frustration. Closing speeds that are too slow can encourage "tailgating"
and other security violations.
 Duty Cycle: The number of times the gate will be opened and closed each day must be
considered when selecting an automatic gate operator. Certain types of gate operators
designed for residential use may only be intended to be cycled a dozen times per day or

11
 less. These types of gate operators will fail quickly in an industrial environment where
the gate is cycled hundreds of times per hour on a 24 per hour per day, 365 day a year
basis.
 Grade: Most gate operators are designed to operate gates that are on a level, flat grade.
Gates that must open or close going up or down an incline can cause excessive wear on
the gate operator and lead to premature failure.
 Gate Construction: Simply adding a gate operator to a gate that was originally designed
for manual operation can be a real mistake. Gates need to be specifically designed for
automatic operation. Special types of rollers, bearings and other hardware are often
needed to make a gate work reliably with an automatic gate operator. These items add
relatively little cost to the overall installation, but make a big difference in gate
performance and reliability.
 Weather Conditions: Special precautions must be taken when installing gates in regions
where there are extreme hot or cold temperatures, high winds, or heavy snow or ice.
 Location: The type of neighborhood where the automatic gate is being installed must be
considered when specifying a gate. In general, gates being installed near residential areas
(where children are likely to be present) require more stringent safety measures than
gates being installed in purely industrial environments.
 Electrical Power: While some light-duty gate operators will work with standard 110/120
VAC electrical power, most medium and heavy-duty gate operators will require 220/240
VAC or three-phase electrical power. It can sometimes be difficult and costly to get this
type of power to the place where the gate will be installed.

2.5 Gearing system

2.5.1 Friction Wheels

The motion and power transmitted by gears is kinematically equivalent to that transmitted by
frictional wheels or discs. In order to understand how the motion can be transmitted by two
toothed wheels, consider two plain circular wheels A and B mounted on shafts. The wheels have
sufficient rough surfaces and press against each other as shown in Fig. 1.

12
Figure 1: friction whesls and gear toothed wheel
Let the wheel A is keyed to the rotating shaft and the wheel B to the shaft to be rotated. A little
consideration will show that when the wheel A is rotated by a rotating shaft, it will rotate the
wheel B in the opposite direction as shown in Fig. 1.The wheel B will be rotated by the wheel A
so long as the tangential force exerted by the wheel A does not exceed the maximum frictional
resistance between the two wheels. But when the tangential force (P) exceeds the *frictional
resistance (F), slipping will take place between the two wheels.
In order to avoid the slipping, a number of projections (called teeth) as shown in Fig. 1.are
provided on the periphery of the wheel A which will fit into the corresponding recesses on the
periphery of the wheel B. A friction wheel with the teeth cut on it is known as gear or toothed
wheel. The usual connection to show the toothed wheels is by their pitch circles.

2.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives

The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to other
drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives:
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small centre distances of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages
1. Since the manufacture of gears requires special tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier
than other drives.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation.

13
3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it, for the proper operation of
gear drives.

2.5.3 Classification of Gears

The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows:
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts. The axes of the two shafts between which the
motion is to be transmitted, may be:
(a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.
The two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by the gears is shown in Fig.2. These gears are
called spur gears and the arrangement is known as spur gearing. These gears have teeth parallel
to the axis of the wheel as shown in Fig.2. Another name given to the spur gearing is helical
gearing, in which the teeth are inclined to the axis. The single and double helical gears
connecting parallel shafts are shown in Fig.2. (a) and (b) respectively. The object of the double
helical gear is to balance out the end thrusts that are induced in single helical gears when
transmitting load. The double helical gears are known as herringbone gears. A pair of spur gears
are kinematically equivalent to a pair of cylindrical discs, keyed to a parallel shaft having line
contact.
The two non-parallel or intersecting, but coplaner shafts connected by gears is shown in Fig.2.
(c). These gears are called bevel gears and the arrangement is known as bevel gearing.
The bevel gears, like spur gears may also have their teeth inclined to the face of the bevel, in
which case they are known as helical bevel gears.

Figure 2: Classification of Gears

The two non-intersecting and non-parallel i.e. non-coplanar shafts connected by gears is shown
in Fig.2. (d). These gears are called skew bevel gears or spiral gears and the arrangement is
known as skew bevel gearing or spiral gearing. This type of gearing also has a line contact, the
rotation of which about the axes generates the two pitch surfaces known as hyperboloids.

(ii) A hyperboloid is the solid formed by revolving a straight line about an axis (not in the same
plane), such that every point on the line remains at a constant distance from the axis.

14
(iii) The worm gearing is essentially a form of spiral gearing in which the shafts are usually at
right angles.
2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears. The gears, according to the peripheral
velocity of the gears, may be classified as:
(a) Low velocity, (b) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity.

The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity gears and gears having
velocity between 3 and 15 m / s are known as medium velocity gears. If the velocity of gears is
more than 15 m / s, then these are called high speed gears.

3. According to the type of gearing. The gears, according to the type of gearing, may be
classified as:
(a) External gearing, (b) internal gearing, and (c) Rack and pinion.

Figure 3: external and internal gear

In external gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh externally with each other as shown in
Fig.3. The larger of these two wheels is called spur wheel or gear and the smaller wheel is called
pinion. In an external gearing, the motion of the two wheels is always unlike, as shown in Fig.3.
In internal gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other as shown in
Fig.3. The larger of these two wheels is called annular wheel and the smaller wheel is called
pinion. In an internal gearing, the motion of the wheels is always like as shown in Fig.3..
Sometimes, the gear of a shaft meshes externally and internally with the gears in a *straight line,
as shown in Fig.3.. Such a type of gear is called rack and pinion. The straight line gear is called
rack and the circular wheel is called pinion. A little consideration will show that with the help of
a rack and pinion, we can convert linear motion into rotary motion and vice-versa as shown in
Fig. 4.

15
Figure 4: rack and pinion
4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface. The teeth on the gear surface may be
(a) Straight, (b) Inclined, and (c) Curved.
We have discussed earlier that the spur gears have straight teeth whereas helical gears have their
teeth inclined to the wheel rim. In case of spiral gears, the teeth are curved over the rim surface.

2.5.4 Design Considerations for a Gear Drive

In the design of a gear drive, the following data is usually given:
1. The power to be transmitted.
2. The speed of the driving gear,
3. The speed of the driven gear or the velocity ratio, and
4. The centre distance.
The following requirements must be met in the design of a gear drive:
(a) The gear teeth should have sufficient strength so that they will not fail under static loading or
dynamic loading during normal running conditions.
(b) The gear teeth should have wear characteristics so that their life is satisfactory.
(c) The use of space and material should be economical.
(d) The alignment of the gears and deflections of the shafts must be considered because they
effect on the performance of the gears.
(e) The lubrication of the gears must be satisfactory.

2.6 Sliding Contact Bearings

A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element (known as
journal). It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while
carrying the load. A little consideration will show that due to the relative motion between the
contact surfaces, a certain amount of power is wasted in overcoming frictional resistance and if
the rubbing surfaces are in direct contact, there will be rapid wear. In order to reduce frictional
resistance and wear and in some cases to carry away the heat generated, a layer of fluid (known

16
as lubricant) may be provided. The lubricant used to separate the journal and bearing is usually a
mineral oil refined from petroleum, but vegetable oils, silicon oils, greases etc., may be used.

2.6.1 Classification of Bearings

Though the bearings may be classified in many ways, yet the following are important from the
subject point of view:
1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported. The bearings under this group are
classified as:
(a) Radial bearings, and (b) Thrust bearings.
In radial bearings, the load acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of the moving element
as shown in Fig. 5 (a) and (b).
In thrust bearings, the load acts along the axis of rotation as shown in Fig. 5 (c).

Figure 5: Depending upon the direction of load to be supported

2. Depending upon the nature of contact. The bearings under this group are classified as:

(a) Sliding contact bearings, and (b) Rolling contact bearings.

In sliding contact bearings, as shown in Fig.6. (a), the sliding takes place along the surfaces of
contact between the moving element and the fixed element. The sliding contact bearings are also
known as plain bearings.

Figure 6: Depending upon the nature of contact

17
In rolling contact bearings, as shown in Fig.6. (b), the steel balls or rollers, are interposed
between the moving and fixed elements. The balls offer rolling friction at two points for each
ball or roller.

2.6.2 Types of Sliding Contact Bearings

The sliding contact bearings in which the sliding action is guided in a straight line and carrying
radial loads, as shown in Fig. 7 (a), may be called slipper or guide bearings. Such type of
bearings is usually found in cross-head of steam engines.

Figure 7: Journal or sleeve bearings

The sliding contact bearings in which the sliding action is along the circumference of a circle or
an arc of a circle and carrying radial loads are known as journal or sleeve bearings. When the
angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 360° as shown in Fig. 7 (a), then the bearing is
called a full journal bearing. This type of bearing is commonly used in industrial machinery to
accommodate bearing loads in any radial direction.
When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 120°, as shown in Fig. 7 (b), then the
bearing is said to be partial journal bearing. This type of bearing has less friction than full
journal bearing, but it can be used only where the load is always in one direction. The most
common application of the partial journal bearings is found in rail road car axles. The full and
partial journal bearings may be called as clearance bearings because the diameter of the journal
is less than that of bearing.
When a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e. the diameters of the journal and bearing are
equal, then the bearing is called a fitted bearing, as shown in Fig. 7 (c).
The sliding contact bearings, according to the thickness of layer of the lubricant between the
bearing and the journal, may also be classified as follows:
1. Thick film bearings. The thick film bearings are those in which the working surfaces are
completely separated from each other by the lubricant. Such type of bearings is also called as
hydrodynamic lubricated bearings.
2. Thin film bearings. The thin film bearings are those in which, although lubricant is present,
the working surfaces partially contact each other atleast part of the time. Such type of bearings is
also called boundary lubricated bearings.
18
3. Zero film bearings. The zero film bearings are those which operate without any lubricant
present.
4. Hydrostatic or externally pressurized lubricated bearings. The hydrostatic bearings are those
which can support steady loads without any relative motion between the journal and the bearing.
This is achieved by forcing externally pressurized lubricant between the members.

2.7 In-depth look at planning a sliding gate installation.

The more time you spend at this stage the less mistakes made and time wasted doing re-work, so
spend a bit of time getting this part right. Any sliding gate has only a few key parts that need
consideration - the track, the gate, guide support post or pier, receiver post or pier. Granted, the
automation section has many more considerations but just for the moment let's concentrate our
planning on the basics as they remain constant whether the gate is automated or not.
The first thing we need is two definable points to determine our gate opening. You may have
existing posts, brick or concrete piers. If not you will need to allow for the installation of posts or
piers to act as a receiver on closing and guide support.

Figure 8: guiding of gate

2.7.1 Information
1. The opening width between our two posts or piers. 2. This will give us a width for our gate
called the FRAME LENGTH - usually this is the opening width plus 50mm overlap on the
receiver side plus overlap on the guide / roller side, typically 100mm for a manual gate or
300mm for an automated gate. 3. Once we have a total gate width we can check to ensure
sufficient room to slide open fully without impeding the opening.
Now that we have worked out where our gate will slide we can determine our track style. In
general there are two main variations of track, "bolt down" which is easy to install and the most
popular and "concrete in". When considering your track types simply remember that the track

19
centre will run 100mm from the inside edge of your posts or piers when using a 50mm thick
gate. When your gate is thicker than this you will need to adjust the track centre to suit.

2.7.2 Concreting In Posts.

Sounds simple enough I hear you say. Poorly installed posts account for 90% of all gate
problems. If the post moves, the gate fails – it’s that simple!
Start with your post. As a good guide one third of your post should be in the ground. In other
words if your gate post is 1800 high, half that is 900, your total length is now 2700. The 900 in
the ground is one third of the total post. A minimum of 600mm should be in the ground no
matter what, so all gates under 1200 high still put 600 in the ground.
Fit a leg or two to your post. A post without any cross braces or legs to anchor the post in the
concrete will simply slide out of the concrete when dry or worse still may sink down if no
concrete has been put underneath. Put at least on decent cross brace about 300mm up your post
and about 150mm wide or place a tile under the post.

Dig your hole deep, not round. A common mistake is to dig a one metre by one metre hole but
only 400mm deep. Do not. 400mm x 400mm x 1000mm deep is much better and takes less than
half the concrete.
The simplest way to mix your concrete is to buy the premix concrete packs at your local
hardware. They are inexpensive, the mix is accurate and strong and they only take 5 minutes to
mix in a bucket. Just add water. Most posts require about four 35kg bags. DO NOT USE
QUICKSET, RAPIDSET OR ANY OTHER FAST DRYING CONCRETE. These work fine
in static fence posts but will quickly come unstuck when a big hinged gate starts swinging on the
post. Where they can be handy is your very first mix in the bottom of the hole. This allows you
to set your height and squareness while the concrete sets and stops any further movement whilst
you complete your concreting.

20
2.7.3 Standard Installation

Figure 9: Standard installation

21
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Site Survey

This was one of the methods we used because it was necessary to visit some of the secondary
schools and other institutions that have semi-automatic gates. This was done in order to collect
all the necessary information concerning the semi-automatic gate and to find out what it takes to
ensure the consistency punctuality of students in secondary schools. Other methods which were
used included; construction of a semi-automatic gate prototype using different materials.

3.2 Research design

Generally, there are many types and mechanisms of semi automatic gates. These include belt
mechanism, chain mechanism and gearbox mechanism. I simply chose spurs gears mechanism in
constructing the prototype because of its simplest in design and performances. For spur gearbox
system performances, we consider how the loads of the gate are distributed to the gear system up
to the motor that runs the system by giving power to the sliding gate. This will be discussed in
chapter 4 “Design”.

3.3 Data Collection Methods

This describes the materials and the method used in the project, documentation and design
works. Preliminary interviews were done with headmasters of secondary schools in order to
clarify the problem statement of the research.

Under this methodology, different books, journals, notes, different websites on the internet
related to our research project were consulted in order to get a good understanding on the
existing situation in secondary schools and to accumulate more knowledge about our research
and also to study different approaches on the same kind of problems as one in our research
project.

Besides the above, other institutions which fabricate semi-automatic gates such as KK
SECURITY Company were also visited in order to get more insights about the effectiveness of
semi-automatic gates.

IPRC workshops like Welding, electrical and machine tools have been used to collect many
material and tools used for designing my project.

22
3.4 Identifying Different Parts

After doing a deep research on the design of a gate system, we proposed the appropriate
materials and specification to be used in fabricating an automatic gate. The materials used can be
classified into four groups:

1. The frames and gate in steel metal; tubes sheet metals of different dimensions

2. Power transmission mechanism; gearbox (rack gear and spur gear), electrical motor of
sufficiency energy compare to the gate dimensions

3. Electrical command board comprises wires, contactors, thermal overload relay, push
buttons, and other electrical accessories.

4. The accessories, like indication lighting, alarm, diagnostic board… and security
equipment mechanical and electrical.

3.5. DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE PROTOTYPE SYSTEM AND MATERIALS

TESTING

The prototype technical assembly of the materials is based on the common metal steel assembly
because the whole mechanical system is made in steel metal, the methods of joining the steel
metal links and components are:

Welding is basic because the material to assembly are the tubes and metal steel sheets so this is
process of assembly the metal by mean of electrical welding machine the outcome is that the
metals linked together with this method to disassembly them is not easy is require to cut the joint
between them which is hard than the assembly metals themselves.

Welding Method;

1. Tee joint
The Single bevel tee joint can withstand more severe loadings than the square tee joint , because
of better distribution of stresses. It is generally used on plates of ½ inch or less in thickness and
where welding can only be done from one side. The double bevel tee joint is for use where heavy
loads are applied and the welding can be done on both sides of the vertical plate.

2. Lap joint

23
The single fillet lap joint is easy to weld, since the filler metal is simply deposited along the
seam. The strength of the weld depends on the size of the fillet. Metal up to ½ inch in thickness
and not subject to heavy loads can be welded using this joint. When the joint will be subjected to
heavy load, you should use the double fillet lap joint. When welded properly, the strength of this
joint is very close to the strength of the base metal.

3. Edge joint
The flanged edge joint is suitable for plate ¼ inch or less in thickness and can only sustain light
loads

Another method is Screw joint because there other components to attach to the gate so there
become the parts of the gate, this method is mean of assembly materials with aids of screws.

The design and components testing were conducted in IPRC workshops.

24
CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN

4.1. Introduction

In this chapter we will discuss and analyze the loads applied on the Gate system, generally on the
moving parts. These loads must be clear enough so that the gate risks are reduced, like
malfunction, security and safety.

Initially, there are some parameters which can help the analysis like gate mass, friction in
bearings, material properties of the gears, longitudinal load on the gate, sliding time ( refer to
gate velocity ), gear system (profile contact angle), lubricant used, and pressure angle.

4.2 Detailed description of the drawing

A. The frames and gate in steel metal; tubes sheet metals of different dimensions

Figure 10: The frames and gate

25
 B. Power transmission mechanism;,bearings,pin and nuts, electrical motor of sufficiency
energy compare to the gate dimensions

1. Gearbox

Figure 11:Rack gear and spur gear

2. Bearings Specifications

Number of Items Overall Width Part Number Item Weight

1 11 millimeters kit8332 0.1 pounds

Outside Diameter Brand Name Inside Diameter Static Load Capacity

35 millimeters VXB 15 millimeters 3700 Newtons

Dynamic Load
Capacity
7650 Newtons

3. Pin and nut

26
 Figure 12: pin

4. Motor

C15 - DC Permanent Magnet Gearmotor

6 - 24 Volt DC
Torque up to 10 in-lb
Construction Features Permanent magnet motor
Die cast zinc gearbox
Powdered metal and steel spur gears
Bronze sleeve bearings
Reversible
Continuous duty Options EMI/RFI suppression
Leads or terminal board
Custom p.c. board Typical Applications:

 Vending machine locks

 Robotics axis control
 Valve actuators
 Pump drives
 Truck power mirrors

Output Shaft:

 Diameter: .250in./6.350mm
 Custom length
 Front extension
 3,000 turns/min

27
 C. Electrical command board comprises wires, contactors, thermal overload relay, push
buttons, and other electrical accessories.

Electrical contactors are electro-mechanical devices inside the crane’s control panel that “
open” and “ close” when the pendant/ remote control buttons are pushed, when an electrical
contactor is closed the circuit is completed and drive motor is turned on.

The electrical switch buttons are electrical switches which give electrical impulse to the
electrical devices they command in the circuits there are, there in several types and they are used
depending on class function or purpose function; apply voltage and current.

The electrical wire used in this project are copper wires to conduct the electrical current in the
electrical devices; motor and contactors depending on the working stages, all wires have some
size because the command circuit and power circuit are for low power motor to run.

Timer switch (main switch) is used to switch on and off electric power of the semi automatic
gate circuit in a specified interval of time. S’1 and S1 are the push buttons which are located
under the ground at the front of the gate; those push buttons are actuated when only someone
steps up on them. S2 and S0 are the push buttons which are actuated by the gate itself during the
sliding motions; during the opening the gate bearings push the push button S2 then the contactor
KM2 is excited to start the closing motion. During the sliding motion of closing the gate bearings
push the push button S0 then the gate stops, the current in motor is cut to keep the system out of
power when the gate is not functioning.

28
 Figure 13: commanding circuit
Symbol

F1: fuse

F2: overload relay

S0: couple of push buttons to stop the whole system

S1&S2: floor switch to start the opening of a gate

S3: to switch the return of the gate

KM1: contactor for opening operation

KM2: contactor to hold the return action of the gate.

29
 KM3: contactor of closing operation

The design loop of the project

Motions gear mechanical electrical current student weight

Gate Gearbox Command board
GATE COMMAND
MOTER
and motor

output input

So and s2
S0 and S2

Feedback command

D. The accessories, like indication lighting, alarm, diagnostic board… and security
equipment mechanical and electrical.

4.3 Gate Construction

The prototype technical assembly of the materials is based on the common metal steel assembly
because the whole mechanical system is made in steel metal, the methods of joining the steel
metal links and components are:

Welding is basic because the material to assembly are the tubes and metal steel sheets so this is
process of assembly the metal by mean of electrical welding machine the outcome is that the
metals linked together with this method to disassembly them is not easy is require to cut the joint
between them which is hard than the assembly metals themselves.
Welding Method likeTee joint, Lap joint and Edge joint will be used.

30
 Figure 14: complete gate
Note: Flame in grey, gate in green, rack gear in red and location of a motor with command board

The assembly of gears and motor view, and show how the design of connection of motor and
gears, also shows how gears are meshed each others; gear 1, gear2, gear 3 and rack gear.

Figure 15: Design of connection of motor and gears

31
4.4 Calculation and Demonstration

4.4.1. Velocity calculation on gears

To ensure the safety of our design, the velocity of opening or closing a gate action must be at
least slow to avoid fast moving. The gate has to open or close in duration not less than two
seconds. Therefore, we have to design gearbox which will ensure and respect the duration of
opening and closing a Gate

The angular rotation of the available motor at IPRC electrical workshop has around 3,000
turns/min, which gives an angular velocity of 314 rad/sec.

Therefore, the angular velocity of the motor is given by;

Ѡ1= rad/se Equation 1

The sliding gate we used in prototype fabrication has 0.70 m long. Hence:

 If gear 1 has 20 mm of the diameter and angular velocity Ѡ1 of 314 rad/sec

The linear velocity V1 of gear 1is given by;
V1  1  r1

Equation 2

Where; Radius of the gear 1 is given by;

Hence; V1 =314 rad/sec x 0.010 m= 3.14 m/sec

 If gear 2 has 180 mm of diameter and angular velocity Ѡ2 will be:

Ѡ2= = = 34.8 rad/sec

Where, r2 is the radius of gear 2.

The angular velocity of the gears on the same shaft is the same; this means that Ѡ2 is
equal to Ѡ3.

 If gear 3 has 20 mm of the diameter and angular velocity of 34.8 rad/sec

Its linear velocity will be:

32
 V3 = 34.8 rad/sec x 0.01 m = 0.348 m/sec.

The gear 3 is mounted directly to the rack gear, so that the linear velocity of gear 3 will be the
same as the linear velocity of rack gear which is 0.348 m/sec then the sliding gate of 0.70 meters
will open or close in 2.01 seconds. This time duration is enough for the prototype.

4.4.2 Permissible tangent tooth load calculation [WT]

In general, the motor we used which is available in IPRC electrical workshop has the active
horsepower of 0.5 hp.

And we know that 1 hp = 0.746 kW

Therefore; 0.5 hp = 0.746 kW

The torque on the motor shaft T1 is given by;

T1 = Equation 3

= = 1.187 Nm

However, the permissible tangent tooth load WT between gear 1 and gear 2 is given by;

Equation 4.

1.187 Nm
Therefore; WT 12   118.7 N
0.01mm

The torque on the shaft 2 is given by;

T2 = 0.09 m x 118.7 N = 10.683 Nm

This is the torque on the shaft 2 mounted gear 2 and gear 3

The WT between gear 3 and rack gear is equal to torque on shaft 2/radius of gear 3.

WT3R = 10.683 Nm/ 0.01 m= 1068.3 N

However, we check if the longitudinal load of the gate on rack gear while sliding is less than the
load motor transmitted up to shaft 3.

33
Longitudinal gate load is lesser than 1068.3 N.

4.4.3 Calculation of gear safety

From Lewis equation, we have to check if (allowable static stress) of steel is safe. The values
obtained by replacing WT of every gear in Lewis equation, the all results must be lesser than
allowable static stress of steel which is equal to 140 N/mm2.

. . . Equation 5

Where;

y is the Lewis form factor or tooth form factor.

is the tangential load acting at the tooth is called beam strength of the tooth.

b is the tooth width.

is the pitch circle.

is the velocity factor.

Steel properties

 Allowable static cast steel is 140 N/mm2

 Minimum tensile is 500 N/mm2
 Brinell hardness number (B.H.N) is 143 min
 Deformation factor c on involute tooth form 200 full depth
 Flexural endurance limit σe is around 252 N/mm2
 Surface endurance limit σes is around 350 N/mm2

Gear parameters

 Lewis form factor y = 0.154 – where T is the teeth number.

 Velocity factor = at velocity less than 12 m/sec

 Width b is 20mm
 Module m is 1.33 mm
 Young’s modulus of steel

Considering the gear 1 we have;

Diameter of gear 1 D1= 20 mm

34
 Gear teeth = 16 teeth

From Lewis equation σ0 = Equation 6

We know that the permissible tangent load = 118.7 N

Since;

Width b = 20 mm = 0.02 m

Linear velocity = 3.14 m/sec

Module m = 1.25 mm

3
The velocity factor = = 0.488
3  3.14

0.91
The Lewis factor y = 0.154 – = 0.097
16

118.3
And the allowable static stress σ0 =. = 0.03 N/mm2
0.896  0.02 1.25  3.14  0.097

If we compare the results obtained from the static stress with the allowable static stress on gear 1,
we can see that the gear is safe.

i.e. (0.03 N/mm2 140N/mm2 )

Considering the Gear 2 we have;

Diameter of gear 2 = 180 mm

180mm
Gear teeth = = 144 teeth
1.25mm

The width b of the gear = 20 mm

Because gear 2 is meshed with gear 1; they must have the same allowable static stress and
velocity factor which are 118.7 N and 0.488 respectively.

0.912
Therefore, the Lewis factor y = 0.154 – = 0.147
144

11.8
The allowable static stress σ0 = = 0.208 N/mm2
0.488  0.02 1..25  3.14  0.147
35
If we compare the results obtained of the static stress with the allowable static stress on gear 2,
we can see that the gear is safe.

i.e. (0.208 N/mm2 140 N/mm2

Considering the Gear 3

Since gear 3 is on the same shaft with gear 2 this means that they both have the same torque.

Therefore;

Diameter of gear 3 is 20 mm

Number of teeth is 16

The permissible tangent load is 1068.3 N

The lewis factor y is same as that one of gear 1= 0.097

Cv = 3 = 0.896
3  0.48

1068.3
σ0 = = 0.156 N/mm2
0.896  0.02 1.25  3.14  0.097

If we compare the result obtain of the static stress with the allowable static stress on gear 3, we
can see that the gear is safe.

0.156 N/mm2 is lesser than 140 N/mm2

36
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion

Designing a semi-automatic gate is very essential for secondary schools. And we are certainly
sure that if the schools administration takes this into account, the students’ delaying problem and
other related problems like gate keeper tentative of corruption with students will be eliminated
and students’ academic performance will be better.

The semi automatic gate system was fabricated and the result was not what we expected due to
malfunctioning of IPRC machine tools such as milling and lathe machines. However, we were
not able to fabricate gears that would run the gate.
For electrical parts, the motor and circuit were compatible with the gate. The motor was able to
move the gate from one end to the other and smoothly with the push of a button.
Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the semi automatic gate system, we found out
that it is advisable to use this kind of system in our properties, homes and industrial areas.

In other words, we found out more good than bad from this system because it is safer and more
secure compared to manual gates used in secondary schools and it is able to keep the people who
live in the compound safely.
Although we had many difficulties during the fabrication of the gate, we were able to learn a lot
from this project such as team work, innovation, the skill of welding and the ability to put into
practice what we have learned to achieve our desired outcome.

5.2. RECOMMENDATION

In general, we recommend all secondary schools to have such type of a gate so as to ensure the
punctuality of students and save some money for the schools that would be used to hire
gatekeepers. We also recommend the schools’ administrators who will use this system of a semi
automatic gate that emergency manual opening of the gate should always be ready, to allow the
gate be easily released in the event of power failure. They also have to hire an expert who will be
in charge of connecting the electric operation back up such as timer switch when power is
restored.

School administrators should also make sure that preventative maintenance of the gate is
performed regularly. This includes lubrication of moving parts, safety system testing and
inspection of all parts to detect wear patterns that may lead to failure.

I recommend IPRCadministration to finance the final year projects concerning the designs and
implementation. This would help the students to overcome the financial problems they face when
working on their projects and results would be much better.

37
I recommend REB and WDA to use this gate to unswer the poctuality and time management for
the student.

38
REFERENCES

ARTOBOLEVSKY, II. (1977) Mechanism in modern Engineering Design. Vols.I-V (In

English), Mir publishers, Moscow.

BOLZ, H. A AND HAGEMANN, G. E ‘‘Materials Handling Handbook’’, (1ed.), Ronald Press

BUCKINGHAM, E. (1949) ,Analytical Mechanics of Gears, Dover, New York.

CHARLES E.WILSON AND J.PETER SADLER 2003, Kinematics and dynamics of Machinery.
Third edition, upper saddle River,

DR.SADHU SINGH, A text book of Machine Design. Third edition, Hanna publishers, New
Delhi 1997.

Dr.R.K.Bansal (2007). A text book of strength of material. Fourth Edition

EUGENE A. AVALLONE, THEODORE BAUMESTER III and ALI M. SADEGH, ‘‘Marks

‘standard handbook for mechanical engineers”, (11th edition).Mc Graw Hill

J. J. UICKER, G. R. PENNOCK, AND J. E. SHIGLEY, (2003), “Theory of Machines and

Mechanisms”, Oxford University Press, New York.

MALLIK, A.KUMAR (1947).Kinematic analysis and synthesis of Mechanisms.

.R.K RAJPUT, A text book of electrical machines, 2006

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/handling material <<material handling>> visited on September 1,

2013

http://mechanicalengineeringblog.com<< mechanical advantages>> visited on February 10, 2013

www.gateopener.co.nz <<gate types>> visited on March 1, 2014

39
APPENDICES

Figure 16: commanding board

Figure 17: complete gate

40
Figure 18: roller dimensions

41
TIME BUDGET

S/N Activities After Before Time in weeks

1 Developing a proposal 1 3 3 weeks
2 Choice of basic design 3 5 1 week
type
6 Field studies 5 7 2 weeks
7 Checking the available 6 9 1 week
resources
8 Consider various 7 10 1 week
possibilities
9 Collection of budget 7 8,10 2 weeks
10 Initial investigation 9 11 1 week
11 Writing a report 2 3 10 weeks
13 Construction of 10 11 2 weeks
prototype
14 Testing of components 13 15 1 week
and Submission of a
report
24 week

42