1 PHYSICS PROJECT WORKS

2 A PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

3 REQUIREMENT IN PHYSICS OF CLASS XII
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11 Submitted By:
12 MADHAB PAUDEL
13 Grade:XII
14 ROLL NO.: 03
15 SECTION: AB
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17 Gurukul Academy
18 Ghorahi, Dang, Nepal 2023
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22 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
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25 This project work entitled “PHYSICS PROJECT WORK" submitted by MADHAB
26 PAUDEL having ROLL NO. 03 under the supervision of respected teacher Sabin
27 Bhandhari, Basudev KC and Ramesh Chaudhary is appointed for the partial fulfillment
28 of the requirement of chemistry in grade XI. This project work entitled " PHYSICS
29 PROJECT WORK " has not been submitted in any other school and institution previously
30 for the award of grade XII.
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43 Supervisior
44 Sabin Bhandhari
45 Department of Physics
46 Gurukul Academy
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55 RECOMMENDATION LETTER

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58 This is to certify that the project work entitled “PHYSICS PROJECT WORK " had
59 been carried out by "MADHAB PAUDEL" as a partial fulfillment for the requirement of
60 grade XII under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been
61 submitted to any other purpose in this institute.
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79 Supervisor
80 Sabin Bhandhari
81 Department of Physics
82 Gurukul Academy
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90 DECLARATION
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 92 Myself( MADHAB PAUDEL ) , hereby declare that the work present herein is genuine
93 work done originally by me and has not published or submitted elsewhere for the
94 requirement of a grade XII. Any literature, data or words done by others, presented in this
95 dissertation are cited, has been due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.
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116 MADHAB PAUDEL
117 Grade : XII
118 Email address:[email protected]
119 Date: 2079/11/01
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126 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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129 I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep respect to my superior Sabin
130 Bhandhari, Basudev KC and Ramesh Chaudhary Department of Physics, Gurukul
131 Academy for his continuous inspiration and constructive guidance.
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133 I would like to express my deep respect and gratitude to Mr. NIMANAND GAIRE, AJAY
134 SHAH and KRISHNA DEV THAPA MAGAR, department of Science, Gurukul Academy
135 for providing me an opportunity to conduct this project work in this department. I would like
136 express my deep regards to all my respectful faculty members and non-teaching staffs of the
137 Department.
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139 I am thankful others who help me in this project work.
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141 My special thanks to my thesis mates and colleagues and he helped me for solving technical
142 problems which occurred while doing project work.
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144 I cannot forget the endless love, support and encouragement of my parents. Without them, I
145 would not be the person I am today.
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180 PROJECT 1

181 CONSTRUCT A SIMPLE DC MOTOR USING A DISK TYPE MAGNET

182 AND BATTERY
183 APPARATUS REQUIRED
184 1. Battery Holder 3. Magnet Wire
185 2. Ceramics Disk Magnet 4. Safety Pins
186 5. Screws 6. Wood Block
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188 THEORY
189 The basic working principle of a DC motor is "whenever a current carrying conductor is
190 placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The direction of this force is
191 given by Fleming's left-hand rule and its magnitude is given by F = BIL.
192 A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
193 energy into mechanical energy. Electric Small DC motors are used everywhere; in tools,
194 toys, and appliances, even in computer has electric motors to power its cooling fans and hard
195 disks.
196 The main components of a simple DC motor are a piece of magnet wire and a small magnet.
197 Almost any type of magnet and any type of magnet wire will work fine. All other
198 components are optional and may easily be substituted by other materials.
199 Procedure
200 Start by winding the armature, the part of the motor that moves. To make the armature nice
201 and round, wind it on a cylindrical form.
202 To make the coil hold its shape permanently, twist the free ends and wrap them around the
203 coil a couple of times. If this method of holding the coil together is too difficult, feel free to
204 use scotch tape or electrical tape to do the job.
205 Hold the coil at the edge of a table, so the coil is straight up and down and with a sharp
206 knife, remove the top half of the insulation from the free wire end.
207 Do the same thing to the other free wire end, making sure that the shiny bare copper side is
208 facing up on both wire ends.
209 The next step is to prepare the axle supports. Use a pair of pliers to bend two safety pins
210 from the middle. The safety pins can conduct electricity to the armature while the loops of
211 wire on the safety pin can hold it up.

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212 The base for this motor will be a wood block. It makes a nice base because it is heavy, stable
213 and looks good for presentation in classroom or science fair. The wood block is large enough
214 to hold the battery as well.
215 Use screw to mount the bent safety pins on the wood block so that the loops are faced to each
216 other and about 1 inch apart.
217 Attach the wires from battery holder to supports (bent safety pins).Insert the battery into the
218 holder. Place the magnet on top of the wood block just underneath the coil. Make sure the
219 coil can stilt spin freely, and that it just misses the magnet.
220 Spin the armature gently to get the motor started. If it doesn't start, try spinning it in the
221 other direction. The motor will only spin in one direction.
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225 RESULT:
226 Hence, We construct simple DC motor using a disk type magnet and a battery.
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228 SOURCES OF ERROR:

229 The error may be due to;
230 i) improper number of turns of coils
231 ii) less magnetic strength
232 iii) wrong positioning of coil and magnet
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235 PRECAUTION
236 i) The position between coil and magnet must be placed well.
237 ii) The circuit should be examined well.
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239 REFERENCES
240 Basanta Raj Rosyara (A to Z's Physical Practical Book)
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242 PROJECT WORK 02
243 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER.
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245 APPARATUS REQUIRED

246 1. Electrical insulating tape
247 2. Coated copper wire(i.e., magnet wire)
248 3. Alternating current power supply
249 4. A resistive element (such as a light bulb)
250 5. Core material (i.e., steel bolt can be used to represent a core)
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252 THEORY: A transformer is a static electrical device, used to transfer the energy in electrical
253 form between two or number of circuits. The main function of a transformer is to change the
254 alternating current from one voltage to another voltage. The transformer doesn't have any
255 moving parts and works on the principle of magnetic induction. The transformer design is
256 mainly for step-up otherwise step down the voltage. These are mainly available in two types
257 based on the windings namely step up and step-down transformer. The purpose of the step-up
258 transformer is to increase the voltage whereas the step-down transformer function is to step
259 down the voltage

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261 fig. Step Up Transformers
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264 A transformer that is used to step up the output voltage by maintaining the flow of current
265 stable without any variation is known as a step-up transformer. This kind of transformer is
266 mainly used in the applications of power transmitting and power generating stations
267 applications. This transformer includes two windings like primary and secondary. The
268 primary winding has fewer turns as compared with the secondary winding.
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270 Step-up Transformer
271 Construction of Step-up Transformer The Step-up transformer diagram is shown below.
272 The construction of the step-up transformer can be done using core and windings.
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276 Core:
277 The designing of core in the transformer can be done using a high permeable material. This
278 core material allows the magnetic flux to now with less loss. The material of core includes
279 high permeability as compared with the nearby air. So, this core material will restrict the
280 magnetic field lines within the core material. Thus, transformer efficiency can be enhanced
281 by decreasing the transformer losses.
282 The magnetic cores allow the magnetic flux to flow across them and also, they lead to losses
283 in core like eddy current losses because of hysteresis. So, hysteresis & low coactivity
284 materials are chosen to make the magnetic cores similar to ferrite or silicon steel. To keep the
285 eddy current losses at a minimal low, the transformer core can be laminated, so that the core
286 heating can be prevented. When the core is heated, then there is some loss of electrical and
287 transformer efficiency can be decreased.
288 Windings:
289 The windings in the step-up transformer will help to transmit the current which are wounded
290 on the transformer. These windings are mainly designed to make the transformer cool &
291 resist the conditions of test and operational. The density of the wire at the primary winding
292 side is thick but includes fewer turns. Similarly, the density of the wire at the secondary
293 winding is thin but includes huge turns. The designing of this can be done like the primary
294 winding carries less power voltage as compared with the secondary winding. The winding
295 material used in the transformer is Aluminium & copper. Here the cost of the Aluminium is
296 less as compared with copper but by using copper material, the transformer life can be

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297 increased. There are different kinds of laminations available in the transformer which can
298 educe the eddy currents like EE type and El type.
299 Working of Step-up Transformer:
300 The step-up transformer symbolic representation is shown below. In the following figure,
301 the input & output voltages are represented with V 1 & V2 respectively. The turns on the
302 windings of the transformer are T1 & T2. Here the input winding is primary whereas the
303 output is secondary.

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307 Construction Transformer

308 The output voltage is high as compared with input voltage because the turns of wire in the
309 primary less than secondary. Once the alternating current flows in a transformer then the
310 current will Mw in one direction, stops and changes the direction to flow in another direction.
311 The current flow will create a magnetic field in the region of the winding. The directions of
312 the etc poles will be changed once the flow of the current changes its direction.
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318 The voltage is induced into the windings through the magnetic field. Likewise, the voltage
319 will be induced within the secondary coil once it is located in a moving magnetic field is
320 known as mutual induction. So, the AC in the primary winding generates a moving magnetic
321 field so that voltage can be induced in the secondary winding. The main relationship between
322 the number of turns in every coil and the voltage can be b using this step-up transformer
323 formula.
324 N1/V1 = N2/V2
325 Different Factors
326 There are different factors that need to check while selecting the step-up transformer. They
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328  Transformers Efficiency
329  Number of Phases
330  Transformers Rating
331  Cooling Medium
332  Material of Windings
333 Advantages
334 The advantages of Step-up transformer include the following.
335  These are used in residential and commercial places • Power Transmitter
336 Maintenance
337  Efficiency
338  Continuous Working
339  Quick Start
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341 Disadvantages
342 The disadvantages of Step-up transformer include the following.
343 • It requires a cooling system
344 • Works for Alternate Current
345 • Size of these transformers is huge.
346 Applications
347 The uses of Step-up Transformers include the following

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348 • . These transformers are applicable in electronic devices like stabilize the voltage
349 from low to high.
350 • It is used for disturbing electrical power.
351 • It is used to boost electrical and electronic devices.
352 • It is also used to make electric motor run, X-ray machines, microwave oven etc.
353 RESULT
354 Hence I construct a step-up transformer.
355 SOURCES OF ERROR

356 1. Winding resistance: Resistance of transformer windings can cause voltage drop and
357 reduce output voltage.
358 2. Magnetic saturation: High magnetic flux in the core can cause saturation and limit
359 output voltage increase.
360 3. Leakage inductance: The magnetic field can extend beyond the core and create a less
361 efficient coupling between the windings.
362 4. Hysteresis loss: Reversing the magnetic field repeatedly can cause energy loss due to
363 hysteresis.

364 PRECAUTION

365 1. Use high-quality insulation material to prevent short circuits and ensure safety.
366 2. Choose a core material with high magnetic permeability to maximize efficiency and
367 reduce losses.
368 3. Calculate the correct number of turns for the windings based on the desired output
369 voltage and current.
370 4. Minimize the distance between the windings and the core to reduce leakage
371 inductance and improve coupling efficiency.

372 REFERENCES
373 Basanta Raj Rosyara (A to Z's Physical Practical Book)
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