0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views4 pages

1 Binomial Expansion

1. The document discusses Pascal's Triangle and the Binomial Theorem, which provide shortcuts for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n without having to manually multiply terms. 2. Pascal's Triangle arranges the coefficients of binomial expansions in a triangular pattern. The Binomial Theorem expresses the expansion as a summation using binomial coefficients. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate using Pascal's Triangle and the Binomial Theorem to expand binomials like (a + b)^6 and (x - 2)^5, providing a faster method than multiplication when n is large.

Uploaded by

timetconcepts
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views4 pages

1 Binomial Expansion

1. The document discusses Pascal's Triangle and the Binomial Theorem, which provide shortcuts for expanding binomial expressions of the form (a + b)^n without having to manually multiply terms. 2. Pascal's Triangle arranges the coefficients of binomial expansions in a triangular pattern. The Binomial Theorem expresses the expansion as a summation using binomial coefficients. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate using Pascal's Triangle and the Binomial Theorem to expand binomials like (a + b)^6 and (x - 2)^5, providing a faster method than multiplication when n is large.

Uploaded by

timetconcepts
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

MATH  

STUDY  CLASS  
Sanniquellie  Central  High   PASCAL’S  TRIANGLE  &  
Ms.  Rebekah  Schulz  
Sunday  March  17,  2013   THE  BINOMIAL  THEOREM  
 
 
 
You  have  multiplied  binomials  using  FOIL  and  the  distributive  property,  but  when  a  
binomial  is  raised  to  a  power  greater  than  two  the  problem  gets  more  difficult  and  
more  ugly.    Thankfully  mathematicians  have  Pascal’s  Triangle  and  the  Binomial  
Theorem.  
 
Let’s  expand  some  binomials  and  see  what  happens.    To  expand,  first  multiply,  and  
then  write  the  result  as  a  polynomial  in  standard  form.  
 
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎! + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 !  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎! + 3𝑎! 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !  
 
If  you  arrange  the  coefficients  of  each  polynomial  in  a  triangle  you  get  Pascal’s  
Triangle.  
 
Y  
R
TO
HIS The  earliest  known  version  of  Pascal’s  Triangle  was  developed  between  
300  and  200  BC  by  the  Indian  mathematician  Halayudha.    It  also  appeared  
in  a  Chinese  publication  in  AD  1303  and  Persian  mathematician  Omar  
Khayyam  had  knowledge  of  it  around  AD  1100.    It  is,  however,  named  for  
mathematician  Blaise  Pascale  who  lived  1623-­‐1662.  
 
DEF:   Pascal’s  Triangle  is  a  triangular  arrangment  of  numbers.    It  is  created  by    
writing  ones  along  the  two  sides  and  writing  the  sum  of  adjacent  numbers    
below.    It  can  be  used  to  calculate  polynomial  coefficients  during  binomial  
expansion.  
You  can  always  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)!   1   create  your  own  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)!   1   1   triangle.    Start  
! with  one  at  the  top  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   2   1   and  get  each  new  
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   3   3   1   number  below  by  
! adding  the  two  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   4   6   4   1   numbers  directly  
! above  it.  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   5   10   10   5   1  
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   6   15   20   15   6   1  
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   7   21   35   35   21   7   1  
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   8   28   56   70   56   28   8   1  
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)   1   9   36   84   126   126   84   36   9   1  
   (𝑎 + 𝑏)!"   1   10   45   120   210   252   210   120   45   10   1  
 
 
Each  row  of  Pascal’s  Triangle  contains  coefficients  for  the  expansion  (𝑎 + 𝑏)! .    For  
example,  when  𝑛 = 6  you  can  find  the  coefficients  for  the  expansion  (𝑎 + 𝑏)!  in  the  
row  that  has  6  as  the  second  number.  
 
 
E  
RUL To  expand  a  binomial  (𝑎 + 𝑏)  using  Pascal’s  Triangle:  
!

 
1. Create  a  Pascal’s  Triangle  and  find  the  correct  row.    The  exponent  𝑛  on  the  
binomial  will  be  equal  to  the  second  number  in  the  row  you  need.  
2. Make  each  of  those  numbers  the  coefficient  on  a  term  𝑎𝑏  and  separate  these  
terms  with  addition.  
3. Put  exponents  on  the  𝑎  and  𝑏  of  each  term.    The  exponents  on  𝑎  will  start  at  𝑛  
and  decrease  by  one  until  they  reach  zero.    The  exponents  on  𝑏  will  start  at  
zero  and  increase  by  one  until  they  reach  𝑛.    The  total  exponents  on  each  
term  will  add  to  𝑛.  
4. Simplify.  
 
   
M PLE    Use  Pascal’s  Triangle  to  expand  (𝑎 + 𝑏)! .  
EXA  
Each  number  in  the  triangle  becomes  a  coefficient  of  a  term  in  the  polynomial.    
Looking  at  the  triangle,  find  the  row  with  6  as  the  second  number.    Take  these  
numbers  and  attach  them  to  𝑎𝑏  terms  with  the  exponents  on  𝑎  decreasing  from  left  
to  right  and  the  exponents  on  𝑏  increasing.    Notice  how  the  exponents  of  each  term  
will  add  to  6,  which  is  𝑛.    
 
1   6   15   20   15   6   1  
 
1𝑎 𝑏 + 6𝑎 𝑏 + 15𝑎 𝑏 + 20𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !  
! ! ! ! ! !

  The  power  on  𝑎  starts  at  6  and  decreases  to  zero  


  The  power  on  𝑏  starts  at  0  and  increases  to  6  
 
Now  simplify,  remembering  that  anything  raised  to  the  zero  power  is  equal  to  one.  
𝑎 ! + 6𝑎 ! 𝑏! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 20𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !  
 
  Use  Pascal’s  Triangle  to  expand  
CTICE
PRA 1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)!  
2. (𝑎 + 𝑏)!"  
 
Wow!    That  isn’t  too  bad.    But  what  if  you  need  to  expand  a  binomial  other  than  
(𝑎 + 𝑏)?    What  about  something  like  (𝑥 − 2)! ?    You  can  follow  the  exact  same  steps  
except  after  writing  the  expansion  substitute  𝑎 = 𝑥  and  𝑏 = −2.    Then  simplify  
using  your  knowledge  of  exponents  and  negative  numbers.  
 
SCHS  Study  Class   BINOMIAL  EXPANSION   page  2  
LE  
MP  
EXA
Use  Pascal’s  Triangle  to  expand  (𝑥 − 2)! .  
 
Follow  the  same  steps  as  in  Example  1.    First  expand  (𝑎 + 𝑏)! :  
 
1   3   3   1  
1𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !  
! ! ! ! ! !

Then  let  𝑎 = 𝑥  and  𝑏 = −2.    Substitute  into  the  polynomial  and  simplify.  
 
1𝑥 ! (−2)! + 3𝑥 ! (−2)! + 3𝑥 ! (−2)! + 1𝑥 ! (−2)!   Remember!  
1𝑥 ! (1) + 3𝑥 ! (−2) + 3𝑥 ! (4) + 1𝑥 ! (−8)   2! = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 = 8  
𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 ! + 12𝑥 − 8

 
 
CTICE Use  Pascal’s  Triangle  to  expand  each  binomial.  
PRA  
1. (𝑥 − 2)!     2.        (𝑥 − 3)!     3.          (𝑥 − 4)!  
 
But  what  if  you  need  to  expand  a  binomial  and  𝑛  is  something  very  large  like  100?    
Or  what  if  you  only  need  to  know  about  one  term  in  the  middle  of  the  polynomial?    
The  relationship  in  Pascal’s  Triangle  has  been  summarized  in  the  Binomial  
Theorem.    It  gives  you  a  short  cut  around  Pascal’s  Triangle  when  dealing  with  large  
powers.  
 
THE  BINOMIAL  THEOREM    
 
For  every  positive  integer  𝑛:  
 
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = !𝐶! 𝑎
! !
𝑏 + !𝐶! 𝑎 !!! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎 !!! 𝑏 ! + ⋯ + !𝐶!!! 𝑎𝑏 !!! + !𝐶! 𝑎 ! 𝑏 !  
 
Or  written  without  combinations:  
 
𝑛 !!! ! 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) !!! !
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + ⋯ + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !  
1 1∙2
 
 
R!    
E
E M EMB A  selection  in  which  order  does  not  matter  is  a  combination.    The  
R
Binomial  Theorem  uses  combinations  to  describe  the  pattern  for  the  
coefficients  in  a  binomial  expansion.    Remember:  
 
𝑛!
!𝐶! =    𝑓𝑜𝑟  0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛  
𝑟! 𝑛 − 𝑟 !
 
𝑛!  is  factorial  notation  and  means  multiply  𝑛  by  every  number  under  it  all  the  way  
down  to  1.    For  example,  4! = 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 24.    By  definition,  0! = 1.  
 
SCHS  Study  Class   BINOMIAL  EXPANSION   page  3  
ULE   To  expand  a  binomial  using  the  Binomial  Theorem:  
R
 
1. Substitute  the  value  of  𝑛  into  the  Binomial  Theorem  to  get  the  pattern  
for  the  terms.  
2. Solve  each  combination  using  the  formula  for  combinations.    These  
numbers  become  the  coefficients  of  each  term.  
3. Simplify.  
4. If  necessary,  substitute  for  𝑎  and  𝑏  and  simplify  to  arrive  at  the  final  
expansion.  
 
LE  
 
MP
EXA Use  the  Binomial  Theorem  to  expand  (𝑎 + 𝑏)! .  
 
Substitute  𝑛 = 4  into  the  Binomial  Theorem  then  simplify  and  evaluate  each  
combination.  
 
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 !  
= !𝐶! 𝑎! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑏 !  
 
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 1  
0! 4 − 0 ! 1 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 24
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 4  
1! 4 − 1 ! (1) ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 6
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 6  
2! 4 − 2 ! (2 ∙ 1) ∙ 2 ∙ 1 4
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 4  
3! (4 − 3!) (3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1) ∙ 1 6
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 1  
4! 4 − 4 ! (4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1)(1) 24
 
Look  back  at  the  Pascal’s  Triangle.    Notice  these  are  the  same  numbers  found  in  the  
fifth  row  of  the  triangle!    Substitute  the  value  of  each  combination  back  into  the  
equation  to  get  the  final  expansion:  
 
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 1𝑏 !    
= 𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !  
 
If  you  were  expanding  a  binomial  like  (𝑥 − 5)!  you  would  now  substitute  𝑎 = 𝑥  and  
𝑏 = −5  and  do  the  final  simplification.    It  would  look  like  this:  
 
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !  
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 ! (−5) + 6𝑥 ! (−5)! + 4𝑥(−5)! + (−5)!  
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! − 20𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 ! (25) + 4𝑥(−125) + 625  
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! − 20𝑥 ! + 150𝑥 ! − 500𝑥 + 625  
 

SCHS  Study  Class   BINOMIAL  EXPANSION   page  4  

You might also like