MATH
STUDY CLASS
Sanniquellie Central High PASCAL’S TRIANGLE &
Ms. Rebekah Schulz
Sunday March 17, 2013 THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
You have multiplied binomials using FOIL and the distributive property, but when a
binomial is raised to a power greater than two the problem gets more difficult and
more ugly. Thankfully mathematicians have Pascal’s Triangle and the Binomial
Theorem.
Let’s expand some binomials and see what happens. To expand, first multiply, and
then write the result as a polynomial in standard form.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎! + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 !
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎! + 3𝑎! 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !
If you arrange the coefficients of each polynomial in a triangle you get Pascal’s
Triangle.
Y
R
TO
HIS The earliest known version of Pascal’s Triangle was developed between
300 and 200 BC by the Indian mathematician Halayudha. It also appeared
in a Chinese publication in AD 1303 and Persian mathematician Omar
Khayyam had knowledge of it around AD 1100. It is, however, named for
mathematician Blaise Pascale who lived 1623-‐1662.
DEF: Pascal’s Triangle is a triangular arrangment of numbers. It is created by
writing ones along the two sides and writing the sum of adjacent numbers
below. It can be used to calculate polynomial coefficients during binomial
expansion.
You
can
always
(𝑎 + 𝑏)!
1 create
your
own
(𝑎 + 𝑏)!
1 1 triangle.
Start
! with
one
at
the
top
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 2 1 and
get
each
new
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 3 3 1 number
below
by
! adding
the
two
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 4 6 4 1 numbers
directly
! above
it.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 5 10 10 5 1
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
!
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)!"
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
Each row of Pascal’s Triangle contains coefficients for the expansion (𝑎 + 𝑏)! . For
example, when 𝑛 = 6 you can find the coefficients for the expansion (𝑎 + 𝑏)! in the
row that has 6 as the second number.
E
RUL To expand a binomial (𝑎 + 𝑏) using Pascal’s Triangle:
!
1. Create a Pascal’s Triangle and find the correct row. The exponent 𝑛 on the
binomial will be equal to the second number in the row you need.
2. Make each of those numbers the coefficient on a term 𝑎𝑏 and separate these
terms with addition.
3. Put exponents on the 𝑎 and 𝑏 of each term. The exponents on 𝑎 will start at 𝑛
and decrease by one until they reach zero. The exponents on 𝑏 will start at
zero and increase by one until they reach 𝑛. The total exponents on each
term will add to 𝑛.
4. Simplify.
M PLE Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (𝑎 + 𝑏)! .
EXA
Each number in the triangle becomes a coefficient of a term in the polynomial.
Looking at the triangle, find the row with 6 as the second number. Take these
numbers and attach them to 𝑎𝑏 terms with the exponents on 𝑎 decreasing from left
to right and the exponents on 𝑏 increasing. Notice how the exponents of each term
will add to 6, which is 𝑛.
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1𝑎 𝑏 + 6𝑎 𝑏 + 15𝑎 𝑏 + 20𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !
! ! ! ! ! !
The power on 𝑎 starts at 6 and decreases to zero
The power on 𝑏 starts at 0 and increases to 6
Now simplify, remembering that anything raised to the zero power is equal to one.
𝑎 ! + 6𝑎 ! 𝑏! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 20𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 15𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !
Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand
CTICE
PRA 1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)!
2. (𝑎 + 𝑏)!"
Wow! That isn’t too bad. But what if you need to expand a binomial other than
(𝑎 + 𝑏)? What about something like (𝑥 − 2)! ? You can follow the exact same steps
except after writing the expansion substitute 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = −2. Then simplify
using your knowledge of exponents and negative numbers.
SCHS
Study
Class
BINOMIAL
EXPANSION
page
2
LE
MP
EXA
Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (𝑥 − 2)! .
Follow the same steps as in Example 1. First expand (𝑎 + 𝑏)! :
1 3 3 1
1𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎 𝑏 + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !
! ! ! ! ! !
Then let 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = −2. Substitute into the polynomial and simplify.
1𝑥 ! (−2)! + 3𝑥 ! (−2)! + 3𝑥 ! (−2)! + 1𝑥 ! (−2)! Remember!
1𝑥 ! (1) + 3𝑥 ! (−2) + 3𝑥 ! (4) + 1𝑥 ! (−8) 2! = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 = 8
𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 ! + 12𝑥 − 8
CTICE Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand each binomial.
PRA
1. (𝑥 − 2)! 2. (𝑥 − 3)! 3. (𝑥 − 4)!
But what if you need to expand a binomial and 𝑛 is something very large like 100?
Or what if you only need to know about one term in the middle of the polynomial?
The relationship in Pascal’s Triangle has been summarized in the Binomial
Theorem. It gives you a short cut around Pascal’s Triangle when dealing with large
powers.
THE
BINOMIAL
THEOREM
For
every
positive
integer
𝑛:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = !𝐶! 𝑎
! !
𝑏 + !𝐶! 𝑎 !!! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎 !!! 𝑏 ! + ⋯ + !𝐶!!! 𝑎𝑏 !!! + !𝐶! 𝑎 ! 𝑏 !
Or
written
without
combinations:
𝑛 !!! ! 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) !!! !
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 ! + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + ⋯ + 1𝑎 ! 𝑏 !
1 1∙2
R!
E
E M EMB A selection in which order does not matter is a combination. The
R
Binomial Theorem uses combinations to describe the pattern for the
coefficients in a binomial expansion. Remember:
𝑛!
!𝐶! = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
𝑟! 𝑛 − 𝑟 !
𝑛! is factorial notation and means multiply 𝑛 by every number under it all the way
down to 1. For example, 4! = 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 24. By definition, 0! = 1.
SCHS
Study
Class
BINOMIAL
EXPANSION
page
3
ULE
To expand a binomial using the Binomial Theorem:
R
1. Substitute the value of 𝑛 into the Binomial Theorem to get the pattern
for the terms.
2. Solve each combination using the formula for combinations. These
numbers become the coefficients of each term.
3. Simplify.
4. If necessary, substitute for 𝑎 and 𝑏 and simplify to arrive at the final
expansion.
LE
MP
EXA Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (𝑎 + 𝑏)! .
Substitute 𝑛 = 4 into the Binomial Theorem then simplify and evaluate each
combination.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎!!! 𝑏 !
= !𝐶! 𝑎! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! + !𝐶! 𝑏 !
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 1
0! 4 − 0 ! 1 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 24
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 4
1! 4 − 1 ! (1) ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 6
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 6
2! 4 − 2 ! (2 ∙ 1) ∙ 2 ∙ 1 4
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 4
3! (4 − 3!) (3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1) ∙ 1 6
4! 4∙3∙2∙1 24
!𝐶! = = = = 1
4! 4 − 4 ! (4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1)(1) 24
Look back at the Pascal’s Triangle. Notice these are the same numbers found in the
fifth row of the triangle! Substitute the value of each combination back into the
equation to get the final expansion:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏! + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 1𝑏 !
= 𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !
If you were expanding a binomial like (𝑥 − 5)! you would now substitute 𝑎 = 𝑥 and
𝑏 = −5 and do the final simplification. It would look like this:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 𝑎! + 4𝑎! 𝑏 + 6𝑎! 𝑏 ! + 4𝑎𝑏 ! + 𝑏 !
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 ! (−5) + 6𝑥 ! (−5)! + 4𝑥(−5)! + (−5)!
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! − 20𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 ! (25) + 4𝑥(−125) + 625
(𝑥 − 5)! = 𝑥 ! − 20𝑥 ! + 150𝑥 ! − 500𝑥 + 625
SCHS
Study
Class
BINOMIAL
EXPANSION
page
4