 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
‫א‬ J 2
  J 3



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 33

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬15J 10‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ge‫א‬Si‫א‬
 K‫א‬ECrystalF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E1J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬300OK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


 ‫א‬E2J 1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 En-type semiconductorFn-J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 donor impurity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 n‫א‬E3J 1F
 WEp- type semiconductorFp-‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Hole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E4J 1F‫א‬Acceptor‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p- 


 E4J 1F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 The p-n Junction DiodeEp-nF‫א‬

FE‫א‬‫א‬Fp-n‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
np-n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p
p-n‫א‬E5J 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬p ‫א‬EBarrierF‫א‬‫א‬
EHolesF‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬


 E5J 1F
 Wp-n‫א‬‫א‬
p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDepletion RegionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 p-n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6J 1F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬n‫א‬P‫א‬
 W Forward Bias‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
EAnodeF‫א‬p‫א‬p-n‫א‬
ECathodeF‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E7J 1F‫א‬
 K‫א‬


E7J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 WReverse Bias‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬Fn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EP-TypeFA‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬


E8J 1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Si ‫א‬Ge ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E9J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.3o.7
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬EBreakdown ZenerF
 EZener Diode‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬


 E9J 1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬WZener Diode‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVaractor Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTunnel Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
K‫א‬
‫א‬WPhoto Diode‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
‫א‬WLED‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100GHz‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W J 1


 E10J 1F
a‫א‬E10J 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬
‫א‬ba‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J 2


 E11J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11J 1F‫א‬
‫א‬D1‫א‬D1,D3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬D3‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬D2K‫א‬D2,D4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬D1,D3K‫א‬D4‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WERipple Factor)r‫א‬
DC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E12J 1F

- 149 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E13J 1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
Diode Characteristics
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KKL-21001
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
 a‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

+V‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬+10V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
‫א‬VR1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
K0.1mA‫א‬‫א‬VR1‫א‬
  J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
IF(mA) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
VF(V)              

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
IF
 

VF(V)

VR1‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 9
 K1V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 10
VR( V) -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
IR(mA)     

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
 IR(mA)

VF(V)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



- 153 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 
Half wave Rectifier

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 b‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 W‫א‬ J 6
VP.P = ……………..V
T= ………………V
F= 1/T = …………….Hz


 KR4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 7
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬ J 9
 VP.P = ……………..V
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 T= ………………
 F= 1/T = …………….Hz
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C1)‫א‬ J 10
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬C2C1‫א‬‫ א‬J 12

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 C1=10µF, C2=100µF‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 13
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 14
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 
Full Wave Rectifier
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 kl- 21001‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
kl-13007‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ J 3

 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 b‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KL-13007‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

K‫א‬‫א‬9V‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 5
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
 W‫א‬ J 6
VP.P = ……………..V
T= ………………V
F= 1/T = …………….Hz


 KR4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 7

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 8
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬ J 9
VP.P = ……………..V
 T= ………………V
  F= 1/T = …………….Hz
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C1)‫א‬ J 10

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
Vr= …………………V

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 12
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬C2C1‫א‬‫ א‬J 13
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 14
Vr= …………………V

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 15
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫؟‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W6
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W7

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬

‫א‬  J 1
p
‫א‬  J 2
 n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
 ‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LLW‫א‬………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
3 2 1W‫א‬KK…………W‫א‬
 4
 20
 ………W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
  
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬J 5
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK



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

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 





 

  W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ O  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬K O   O
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬  W‫א‬




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