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Liquid Retaining Structures 1

The document discusses the design of liquid retaining structures such as storage tanks, reservoirs, swimming pools, and basement walls. It covers general design objectives to ensure strength, durability, limited deflection and cracking while preventing leakage. Key considerations include material quality, structural layout, critical loading states when full vs. empty, and foundation design depending on soil conditions. Design methods can use elastic theory or limit state approaches.

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jamiulawansin5
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72 views38 pages

Liquid Retaining Structures 1

The document discusses the design of liquid retaining structures such as storage tanks, reservoirs, swimming pools, and basement walls. It covers general design objectives to ensure strength, durability, limited deflection and cracking while preventing leakage. Key considerations include material quality, structural layout, critical loading states when full vs. empty, and foundation design depending on soil conditions. Design methods can use elastic theory or limit state approaches.

Uploaded by

jamiulawansin5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

DR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN.


LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

References

Concrete Liquid Retaining Structures

J. K. Green and P.H. Perkins

Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures

R.D. Anchor
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES

Codes of Practice

ACI 350 R 05

BS 5337
SCOPE

Storage tanks

reservoirs

swimming pools

elevated tanks

ponds

basement walls ※
GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE

The structure designed to retain liquids must fulfil


the requirements for normal structures like

• STRENGTH

• DURABILITY

• LIMITED DEFLECTION and CRACKING.


GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVE

In addition, the liquid should not be allowed


to

• LEAK

or

• PERCOLATE through concrete


.structures ※
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

The requirements for the structure without


• UNDUE MAINTENANCE and
• ADEQUATE COVER to reinforcement are
essential

The concrete must be of good quality


It may be necessary to use increased cement
contents
Special cements may also be required※
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS

Historically the liquid retaining structures


have been designed by elastic theory for
working loads.

More recently limit state methods have been


introduced, providing a more realistic basis
for determining factors of safety.
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN METHODS

The liquid retaining structures designed by


elastic theory are subjected to so small
material stresses that no flexural cracks are
developed. But this is achieved at the cost of
too thick sections with excessive amounts of
reinforcement.
The probability of shrinkage and thermal
cracking is not dealt with properly. ※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

The lay out of the proposed structure and the


estimation of member sizes must be made
prior to detailed analysis.

Structural schemes should be considered


from the viewpoints of STRENGTH,
SERVICEABILITY, ease of CONSTRUCTION
and COST. ※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

It is particularly necessary to avoid sudden


changes in section, because they cause
concentration of stress and hence increase
the possibility of cracking.※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

It is good practice to carry the structural


loads as directly as possible to the
foundation, using the fewest structural
members.

It is preferable to design cantilever wall as


tapering slabs rather then as counter fort
walls with slabs and beams.※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

The floor of a water tower or the roof of a


reservoir can be designed as a flat slab.

Underground tanks and swimming pools are


generally simple structures with constant-
thickness walls and floors.※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

It is essential for the designer to


consider the method of construction
and to specify on the drawings the
location of all construction and
movement joints. ※
STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

Important considerations are the


provision of KICKERS against which
formwork may be tightened, and the
size of wall and floor panels to be cast
in one operation. ※
Influence of Construction Methods

The soil at foundation level exerts a


restraining force on structure which
tends to cause cracking.※

Floor Slab

Restraint
Influence of Construction Methods

WALL
Influence of Construction Methods
Solution is to lay a sheet of 1000g polythene
or other suitable material on a 75 mm layer
of blinding concrete

Blinding
Concrete Polythene
Sheet
Influence of Construction Methods

The foundation and floor slabs are cast


in sections which are of convenient size
and volume to enable construction to
be finished in the time available.
The sections terminate at a
construction or movement joint※
Influence of Construction Methods

The construction sequence should be


continuous to avoid restraints from
adjacent panels.※

1 2 3

1 3 2
STRUCTURAL ACTION

All liquid retaining structures are required to


resist horizontal forces due to liquid
pressures.
There are two ways in which the pressures
can be contained:
* By forces of direct TENSION or
COMPRESSION
* By FLEXURAL resistance. ※
TENSION or COMPRESSION

Arch Dams

Compression
TENSION or COMPRESSION

Compression

Circular Tanks
May be prestressed
Tension
BENDING

Rectangular Tanks

Bending
CRITICAL LOADING STATES
There are two critical loading states for a water compartment:
A: The TANK IS FULL
B: The TANK IS EMPTY

Active Earth Pressure


Liquid Pressure
CRITICAL LOADING

The designer must consider whether sections


of the complete reservoir may be empty when
other sections are full, and design each
structural element for the maximum bending
moments and forces that can occur. Several
loading cases may have to be considered.
Internal partition walls should be designed for
liquid loading from both sides considering on
one side at a time ※
CRITICAL LOADING

A B
COMPARTMENT A EMPTY
COMPARTMENT A FULL
INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) EMPTY
INTERNAL COMPARTMENT (B) FULL
CRITICAL LOADING (Summary)
External reservoir walls are often required to
support soil fill.
When the reservoir is empty, full allowance
must be made for the active soil pressure and
any surcharge from vehicles.
When reservoir pressure is considered with
the reservoir full, no RELIEF is allowed from
passive pressure of the soil. ※
FOUNDATION

It is desirable that a liquid retaining structure


is founded on good uniform soil, so that
differential settlements can be avoided.

On sites with non-uniform soils, it may be,


necessary to consider DIVIDING the structure
into completely separate sections.※
FOUNDATION

The use of cantilever walls depends on:

1. passive resistance to the applied

pressure

2. resistance to sliding being provided by the

foundation soil※
FOUNDATION

If the soil under the foundation is inundated


by ground water, it may not be possible to
develop the necessary soil pressure under
the footing.
In these circumstances, a cantilever design is
not appropriate, and the overturning forces
should be resisted by a system of beams
balanced by the opposite wall.
Or the walls must be designed as spanning
horizontally if possible※
FOUNDATION

B
B/H > 2
FOUNDATION

B
B/H > 2
Walls Span Vertically
FOUNDATION ※

B
B/H < 0.5
Walls Span Horizontally

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