True or False

1. True
Transient Fault are temporaty Hiccups in the electrical system that dont Break anything permanently.

2. True
Permanent Fault are faults in the electrical system that damage the sysmtem permanently.

3. False Aysmmetrical Faults are faults that affects all phases equally

4. False
Symmetrical Faults are faults that affect the system unbalance

5. True
The formula of Fault Energy is F.E = 1 2 x R x t .

6. True
Under Frequency is causing power plant to behave incorrectly.

7. False Power Swing is generators that is going in step or syncronism

8. False
Overloading is not leading the insulation to over heat

9. True
Overvoltage is stressing the insulation beyond its with stand capabilities.

10. True
Passive Fault are not true faults but it is stressing the system.

1 1. False Active faults decreased the probability of earth faults

12. False
Active faults have 3 types of classification

13. True
Permanent Fault are big problems that needs proper Fixing.
14. True
Transient Faults are faults that can be easily Fix.

1 5. False
When a consumers request electrical power from supply authority, ideally all that is required is transformer

1 6.False
When a consumers request electrical power from supply authority, ideally all that is required is cable

17. True
It is not practical to design and build electrical equipment ot networks to eliminate the possibity of failure.

18. True
Faults can be broadly classified into the two main areas which is called Active and passive faults.

19. False
It is not practical to design and build electrical equipment ot networks to eliminate the possibity of failure

20. False
Transient Faults are faults that cannot be easily Fix

Multiple Choice

This happens when thére ls a direct connection between two phases of the power system. It's like a short
circuit between two lines that shouldn't be connected.

A. Phase to Phase fault

B. phase to ground fault

C. double phase to ground fault
D. three phase fault

In this case, one of the power lines touches the ground or something connected to the ground. Electricity goes
where it shouldn't, causing a problem.

A. phase to phase fault

B. Phase to Ground fault

C. double phase to ground fault

D. three phase fault
This is a bit more complex. Two power lines touch the ground or things connected to the ground. lt ls like two
separate phase-to-ground faults happening at the same time.

A. phase to phase fault

B. phase to ground fault
C. Double phase to Ground fault
D. three phase fault

This is a serious situation where all three power lines are connected together. lt ls a big short circuit
involving all three phases.

A. phase to phase fault

B. phase to ground fault
C. double phase to ground fault D. three phase fault

to detect and isolate the faulty item only.

A. Selectivity B. stability
C. sensitivity D. speed

to leave all healthy circuits intact to

ensure continuity or supply.

A. selectivity B. Stability
C. sensitivity D. speed

to detect even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities.

A. selectivity B. stability
C. Sensitivity D. speed
to operate speedily when it is called upon to do so, thereby minimizing damage to thesurroundings
and ensuring safety to personnel.Qualities of Protection

A. selectivity B. stability
C. sensitivity D. Speed

it must trip when called upon to do so.

A. Dependable
B. secure
C. sensitivity
D. speed

10. B
It must not trip when it is not supposed to.

A. dependable
B. Secure
C. sensitivity
D. speed

1 1 . c
What is this system called

A. energy distribution system

B. substation distribution system
C. Ring distribution system
D. radial distribution system

12. D
What is this system called

HV/MV
substation

service drops

LV feeders
(overhead)

LV feeders
(cable)

A. energy distribution system

B. substation distribution system
C. ring distribution system
D. Radial distribution system
13. A
What is this system called

A. Parallel Feeders distribution system

B. substation distribution system
C. ring distribution system
D. radial distribution system
14. B
Complete the label of the system bellow
A. relay
B. Substation
C. ditributor
D. tribute

Complete the label of the system bellow

HV/MV
substation

LV feeders
(overhead)

LV feeders
(cable)

A. relay
B. substation
C. Service drop
D. tribute

1 6.D
Complete the diagram bellow
 ffset

A. rms state
B. average state
C. constant state
D. Steady state

17.A
What is the arrow pointing to called?

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

2.55
Total assymetry factor

A. Practical max
B. maximum value
C. fractional pitch
D. steady value
18. B
A balanced system where all the electrical phases are equal.
A. solid fault
B. Symmetrical fault
C. Incipicient fault
D. same fault

1 9. c
An unbalanced system where the electrical phases aren't equal.

A. solid fault
B. symmetrical fault
C. Asmmetrical fault
D. my fault

20.D
Generators going out-of-step or out-of-synchronism with each other.

A. overcurrent
B. power tripping
C. overloading
D. Power swings

IDENTIFICATION

1. Loops
In ring main system helps make sure all the houses get the right amount of
power.

2. 100 3. Parallel
In ring main system Essentially, meets alternative feeds to give 2. percent continuity of
supply,
whilst saving in cabling/copper compared to 3.
feeders.
4.Speed 5.Accuracy
In ring main system
The protection of electrical distribution systems requires both 3. and 4. to avoid disrupting other
consumers.

6. Not practical 7. Failure

It is 6. to design and build electrical equipment or networks to eliminate the possibility of 7.in service.

8. Strong Current
When there ls a problem where electricity goes between two power lines, it can cause really

The amount of off set depends on the of the system

POWER SYSTEM
10. It is designed to generate electric power in sufficient quantity, to meet the present and estimated future
demands of the users in a particular area, to transmit it to the areas where it will be used, and then
distribute it within that area, on a continuous basis.

FAULTS
1 1. Special equipment is normally installed to detect such kind of failures (also called ) that can possibly
happen
in various sections of a system.

PROTECTIVE RELAY

12. The device, which gives instruction to disconnect a faulty part of the system.

SAFEGUARD

13. A protection apparatus should the entire system to maintain continuity of supply.

MINIMIZE
14.A protection apparatus should damage and repair costs where it senses fault.

ELECTIVITY
1 5. A type of quality of protection which detect and isolate the faulty item only.

DEPENDABLE
1 6. Protection must be reliable which means it must trip when called upon to do so.

FUSE

17 It is the self-destructing one, which carries the currents in a power circuit continuously and sacrifices
itself by blowing under abnormal conditions.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

18 These are the main isolating devices in a distribution system, which can be said to directly protect the
system.

GENERATE

19 . An electrical power system is a network of interconnected electrical devices used to ,

transmit, distribute, and utilize electrical power.

STABILITY
20. Type of quality of protection that leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity or supply.

Chapter 4 -System Earthing

True or False

1. The main reason for adopting solid earthing is because, the resistance earthing cannot be used for single-phase
loads.True
2. There are four major factors which determine the seriousness of an electric shock.True
3. The most dangerous and most common path of an electric shock isn’t through the heartFalse
4. Resistance grounding isn’t considered at low voltages in industrial environmentsFalse
5. Cost invariably determines the earthing method.True
6. The earthing method is called effectively earthed when it is directly connected to earth.True
7. The grounding methods aren’t applicable in case of generators, whose windings are also invariably star
connectedFalse
8. Phase segregation doesn’t mean eliminating phase-to-phase faultsFalse
9. Phase faults are also called high fault currents.True
10. Solid earthing means high earth fault currents.True
11. Heavy currents don’t damage equipment extensively when earthing is not applied False
12. Large fault currents aren’t more hazardous in igniting gases – explosion hazard False
13. Neutral held effectively at earth potential is an advantage of solid earthing. True
14. Phase-to-ground faults of same magnitude as phase-to-phase faults; so no need for special sensitive relays is an
advantage of solid earthing. True
15. Cost of current limiting device is eliminated is not an advantage of solid earthing False
16. Grading insulation towards neutral point N reduces size and cost of transformers is not an advantage of solid
earthing False
17. As most system faults are phase-to-ground, severe shocks are more considerable than with resistance earthing is
not a disadvantage of solid earthing False
18. Third harmonics tend to circulate between neutrals is a disadvantage of solid earthing. True
19. Resistance Earthing - A resistor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth. True
20. Resistance Earthing is mainly used below 33 kV. True

Multiple Choice

1. There are four major factors which determine the seriousness of an ___________.

A. Injury
B. Electric shock
C. Electric Hazard

2. The most dangerous and most common path of an electric shock is through the ________.

A. brain
B. ear
C. Heart
3. ____________ is considered at low voltages in industrial environments
 A. Resistance grounding
B. Solid Earthing
C. Grounding Conductor
4. _________ invariably determines the earthing method.

A. Location
B. Material
C. cost
5. The earthing method is called effectively earthed when it is directly connected to __________.

A. earth
B. Transformer
C. Neutral
6. _____________ means eliminating phase-to-phase faults.

A. Phase Differentiation
B. Phase segregation
C. Phasor Diagrams
7. __________ are also called high fault currents.

A. Phase faults
B. Phase Currents
C. Line Currents
8. Solid earthing means _____ earth fault currents.

A. high
B. Low
C. Moderately Low
9. A resistor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth.

A. Reactance Earthing
B. Arc Suppression Coil
C. Resistance earthing
10. A reactor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth.

A. Reactance earthing
B. Arc Suppression Coil
C. Resistance Earthing
11. The earthing method is called what if it is directly connected to earth without any passive component in between.

A. Effectively earthed
B. Effectively Rocked
C. Effectively Connected
12. The main reason for adopting this earthing is because; the resistance earthing cannot be used for single-phase loads
A. Reactance Earthing
B. Liquid Earthing
C. Solid earthing
13. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body it is where you feel the tingling?

A. Perception tingling

B. Let-go Threshold

C. Non-let-go Threshold

14. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body it is by death by asphyxiation.

A. Let-go Threshold
B. Constriction of the thoracic muscles
C. Non-let-go Threshold
15. It refers to, the method of earthing through a resistance, reactance, transformer, etc.

A. Non-Effective earthing

B. Ground Earthing

C. Very-Effective Earthing

16. It is important to remember that, it is not the voltage that kills but the

A. Voltage
B. current
C. Resistance
17. Death could occur if within this very short period of 150 ms a ______ flow was at the fibrillation level. What is this
flow?

A. Voltage
B. current
C. Resistance
18. It is one of the factors that determines the seriousness of an electric shock:

A. Amount of current

B. The Body Mass

C. How Much You Weight

19. Has high probability of inductive interference on and possible damage, to control and other lower-voltage circuits.

A. Effective earthing

B. Ground Earthing

C. Resistive Earthing

20. The main reason for adopting this earthing is because; the resistance earthing cannot be used for single-phase loads
A. Reactance Earthing
B. Solid earthing
C. Liquid Earthing

Identification
1-4. There are four major factors, which determine the seriousness of an electric shock which are ______________,
____________, ____________, and _____________.
Answer: path taken of current, amount of current, time the current is flowing, body’s electrical resistance.
5-8. These are thefour stages of the effect of a current flow through the body which are ___________, _____________,
_______________, and ______________.
Answer: Perception, Let-go threshold level, Non-let-go threshold level, Constriction of the thoracic muscles
9. The earthing method is called ____________ when it is directly connected to earth (solidly earthed) without any
passive component in between.

Answer: Effectively Earthed

10. ____________________ refers to, the method of earthing through a resistance, reactance, transformer, etc.

Answer: Non-Effective earthing

11-12. An ______________ or ______________ connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground,
typically the earth’s conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes.

Answer: Earthing system, Grounding system

13. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body, how much current until you reach tingling?

Answer: 1mA

14. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body, how much current until you reach Let-go
Threshold?

Answer: 10mA

15. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body, how much current until you reach Non-let-go
Threshold?

Answer: 16mA

16. In the four stages of the effect of a current flow through the body, how much current until you reach Constriction of
the thoracic muscles?

Answer: 70-100mA or 100mA

17. A reactor is connected between the transformer neutral and earth.

Answer: Reactance Earthing

18. A tunable reactor is connected in the transformer neutral to earth.

Answer: Arc Suppression Coil

19. The main reason for adopting __________ is because, the resistance earthing cannot be used for single-phase loads.

Answer: Solid Earthing

20. Advantage of Reactance Earthing is ______ electrical and mechanical stress on system when an earth fault occurs,
but at the same time, current is sufficient to operate normal protection equipment.

Answer: Limits

CHAPTER 5: FUSES QUESTIONS

Identification

1. Fuses are widely used electrical protection.

2. Rewireable type are the fuses that can be rewired or replaced once it fails.
3. Fusible wire used to be contained in an asbestos tube to prevent splashing of volatile metal.
4. Cartridge type. A silver and quartz combine to give a very good insulator and prevent arc from re-striking.
5. Arc and fault energy contained within insulating tube-prevents damage.
6. Cartridge type can handle 100 000 A
7. Semi-open type can handle 4000 A.
8. Fuse capacity is measured in ‘𝐼^2t,’ where ‘I’ is current and ‘t’ is time.
9. Prospective current is the RMS current when a fuse is replaced with a solid link.
10. British Standard. A standard lays down definite limits of temperature rise, fusing factor = minimum fusing
current/current rating, breaking capacity.
 11. The energy released at the fault is therefore colossal compared with that let through by a fuse. Damage is
therefore extensive.
12. For circuits with steady loads like lamps, you can use fuses for overload protection since the load doesn’t change
much during switching on or operation.
13. Extra capacity or fusing factor.
14. Select fuse rating of 25% or greater than the full-load rating of the circuit to allow for the extra heating by
capacitance effect.
15. Starting current surge normally lasts for 20 seconds.
16. 75% tap auto-transformer takes about 4 times full-load current.
17. Striker pin. This special type is most commonly used on medium- and low-voltage circuits.
18. A coil (instead of a fuse) is connected into the primary circuit and magnetism is used to lift a plunger to trip a
circuit breaker.
19. Dashpot. The one that gives a time/current characteristic like a fuse.
20. Amps-turns are a measurement of magnetism.

Multiple choice

1. The curves in operation characteristic of fuses help to choose the right fuse ratings for .
A. Proper grading
B. Proper Function
C. Proper Location

2. Fusing factor is equal to?

A. 1.4
B. 1.3
C. 1.2

3. British Standard .
A. 88: 1954
B. 88: 1952
C. 88: 1957
4. FUSE SELECTION DEPENDS ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS:
A. Maximum fault kVA of circuit to be protected.
B. Voltage of circuit.
C. Both A and B

5. Extra capacity is known as the fusing factor which can range from times the normal rating.
A. 1.5 to 1.6
B. 1.25 to 1.6
C. 1.4 to 2.6

6. Direct-on-line takes about how many times to full-load current?

a. 7 times
b. 8 Times
c. 9 Times

7. Star/delta starting takes about how many times to full-load current?

A. 2.5 times
B. 5 Times
C. 7.5 Time

8. In overload protection, the recommend ratio to give satisfactory discrimination is?

A. 2:1
B. 3:2
C. 4:2

9. This is used to hit a tripping mechanism on a three-phase switch-fuse unit.

A. Striker pin
B. Striker Needle
 C. Striker Thread
10. Used mainly on rural distribution systems. when fuse blows, isolating the circuit and giving line
patrolman easy indication of fault location.
A. Drops out
B. Drops In
C. Drop Twice
11. The fuse acts as and .
A. Both Intruder and Fault starter
B. Both fault detector and interrupter
C. Both fault starter and detector
12. This coil must carry the full fault current and if this is high then the heating effect (𝐼^2 ) may be so great as to
burn out the insulation.
A. Current rating
B. Thermal Rating
C. Fuse Rating
13. High fault currents induce tremendous magnetic forces inside the trip coil tending to force the windings apart.
A. Magnetic stresses
B. Dynamic Stresses
C. Static Stresses
14. The device consists of two main current conducting parts, namely the main conductor and the fuse.
A. Is limiter
B. Vs Limiter
C. Cs Limiter

15. Detects the short-circuit current.

A. Voltage Transformer
B. Resistance Transformer
C. Current transformer

16. Measures the current and provides the triggering energy.

A. Measuring and Locating device
B. Application Device
C. Measuring and tripping device
17. Converts the tripping pulse to bus bar potential.
A. Pulse transformer
B. Voltage Transformer
C. Step Transformer
18. Conducts the operating current and limits the short-circuit current.
A. Insert holder
B. Exert Holder
C. ID Holder
19. Currents of values up to can be interrupted in 1 ms.
A. 210 kA (11 kV)
B. 214 kA (11 KV)
C. 201 kA (11 KV)
20. Edison’s “lead safety wire” in was finally recognized as the first fuse.
A. 1881
B. 1882
C. 1883

True. 1. Fuses operate very quickly and can cut-off fault current long before it reaches its first peak.

True. 2. Fuses are like motors.

True. 3. Using a higher-rated fuse might take longer to blow during short circuits, which can affect the system based on
the value and duration of the short circuit.

True. 4. When choosing fuses, it’s important to pick ones with a slightly higher rating than the maximum normal current
in the system.
True. 5. Fuses need to handle short bursts of high current, like when motor start without blowing or getting damaged
which is crucial for motor circuits.

True. 6. It’s important to determine if fuses need to coordinate with other protective devices to isolate only faulty
circuits.

True. 7. There is no general rule laid down for the application of fuses.

True. 8. Transient switching surges – take next highest rating above full-load current.

True. 9. Protective device have limitation, it can only detect faults that are associated with excess current.

True. 10. Operating characteristic (i.e. current/time relationship) cannot be adjusted or set in protective device.

True. 11. Because of limitations, fuses are normally used only on relatively unimportant, small power, low- and/or
medium-voltage circuits.

True. 12. A very ‘special’ type of fuse is the IS-limiter.

True. 13. IS-limiter is originally developed by the company ABB.

True. 14. The 𝐼s-limiter is intended to interrupt very high short-circuit currents very quickly, in order to protect the
system against these high currents.

True. 15. The overvoltage occurring due to the interruption of current is relatively low due to the fact that the magnitude
of current on the instant of interruption is still relatively low.

True. 16. As electrical systems grew, it was discovered that conductor faults were related to inconsistent diameters.

True. 17. Today, fuses remain crucial, especially in medium and high-voltage distribution systems.

True. 18. Deterioration of element as it is open to the atmosphere is a disadvantage of rewireable type of fuses.

True. 19. One of the advantage of cartridge type of fuse is it has correct rating and characteristic fuse always fitted to a
circuit-not open to abuse as rewireable type.

True. 20. Cartridge are normally sealed therefore not affected by atmosphere hence gives more stable

Characteristic-reliable grading.

I. True or False

1. The voltage transformers and current transformers continuously measure the voltage and current of an electrical
system and are responsible to give feedback signals to the relays to enable them to detect abnormal conditions. True

2. One if the main tasks of instrument transformers is to insulate the relays, metering and instruments from the primary
high-voltage system. True

3. The theories for instrument transformers are not the same as those for transformers in general false

4. A transformer comprises of two windings viz., primary and secondary coupled through a common magnetic core. True

5. The number of turns in a winding is not directly proportional to the open-circuit voltage being measured or produced
across it false

6. The voltage drop in the secondary circuit of an instrument transformer is not of importance false

7. It is possible to protect a voltage transformer from secondary short-circuit by incorporating fuses in the secondary
circuits. True

8. To prevent secondary circuits from reaching dangerous potential, the circuits should not be earthed false

9. The wound primary is used for the smaller currents, but it can only be applied on low fault level installations due to
thermal limitations as well as structural requirements due to high magnetic forces. True

10. Polarity is not important when connecting relays false

11. The primary parameters are suffixed with p while the secondary parameters have suffix s. True
12. Voltage transformers for protection are required to maintain reasonably good accuracy over a large range of voltage
from 0 to 173% of normal. True

13. The magnetic voltage transformer will be protected from ferro-resonance oscillation by connecting a resistor across
the open delta point in the three-phase secondary winding. True

14. There are two types of current transformer: wound primary type and bar primary type. True

15. The amount of exciting current drawn by a CT do not depend upon the core material and the amount of flux that
must be developed in the core to satisfy the output requirements of the CT false

16. It is not necessary to test the characteristics of a CT before it is put into operation, since the results produced by the
relays and meters depend on how well the CT behaves under normal and fault conditions false

17. Polarity in a CT is similar to the identification of +ve and –ve terminals of a battery. True

18. Current transformers generally work at a low flux density. True

19. Current transformers are not capable of being connected in delta false

20. In terminal designation for current transformers all terminals that are marked P1, S1 and C1 should have the same
polarity. True

II. Multiple Choice

1. It is an open-circuited transformer whose primary winding is connected across the main electrical system voltage
being monitored.

a Voltage transformer b. Electron transformer c. Impedance Transformer d. Static Transformer

2. Capacitor Voltage Transformers can only be connected ___________.

a. phase-to-phase b. phase-to-phase-to-earth c phase-to-earth d. earth-to-earth

3. To prevent secondary circuits from reaching dangerous potential, the circuits should be ________.

a. shorted b. cut c earthed d. tapped

4. This curve is the best method of determining a CTs performance.

a. demagnetization curve b. parabolic curve c. bell curve d magnetization curve

5. The transition from the unsaturated to the saturated region of the open-circuit excitation characteristic is a rather
gradual process in most core materials.

a knee-point voltage b. degradation point c. efficiency range d. meter voltage

6. It is a current transformer which is characterized by a very sharp knee-point voltage, which is used for measuring.

a. fuse b metering CT d. voltage transformer d. current transformer

7. These are normally specified for special purpose applications such as busbar protection, where it is important that CTs
have matching characteristics.

a. class B transformer b. class C transformer c class X transformer d. class A transformer

8. It is one of the highly efficient devices in electrical distribution systems, which are used to convert the generated
voltages to convenient voltages for the purpose of transmission and consumption.

a. circuit breaker b. generator c transformer d. motor

9. For still higher voltages, this kind of voltage transformer, which uses capacitor is used over the other.

a. inductor VT b. resistor VT c. charge VT d capacitor VT

10. It is a kind of resonance, which is the oscillation between the magnetic voltage transformer and the network in a
magnetic voltage transformer.

a ferro-resonance b. insulated neutral c. feedback d. non-linear inductance

11. In this application of CT, the fuses bypass the AC trip coils.

a. earth fault b overcurrent c. fuse d. trip coil

12. The electromechanical _______ basically comprise of armature coils with mechanical contacts to energize a tripping
coil of a breaker.

a relay b. switchgear c. bus d. 32-bit microprocessor

13. How many windings does a transformer have?

a. 7 b2 c. 24 d. 10

14. How many current transformers is used in a three-phase system?

a. 5 b. 6 c. 1 d3

15. It is a transformer that converts current from high magnitude to low magnitude for the purpose of metering or
protection.

a. voltage transformer b. power transformer c current transformer d. transformer

16. It is a transformer that converts voltage from high magnitude to low magnitude for the purpose of metering or
protection.

a voltage transformer b. power transformer c. current transformer d. transformer

17. What does CT stand for?

a. coil trip b current transformer c. cute transformer d. circuit test

18. All instrument transformers are ______ transformers

a step-down b. step-up c. step-high d. step-in

19. What does VT stand for?

a. vintage transformer b voltage transformer c. vital transformer d. veteran transformer

20. It is generally defined as the voltage at which a further 10% increase in volts at the secondary side of the CT requires
more than 50% increase in excitation current.

a knee-point voltage b. magnetizing point c. delta d. bus control

III. Identification

1. It is a kind of current transformer which is used for the smaller currents, but it can only be applied on low fault level
installations due to thermal limitations as well as structural requirements due to high magnetic forces. Wound primary

2. For currents greater than 100 A, this type current transformer, which is compared to a bar is used. Bar primary

3. For this kind of current transformer larger errors may be permitted since it’s main function is to protect the system.
Protection current transformer

4. How many current transformers are usually used in a three-phase system? 3

5. This kind of voltage transformers may be connected interphase or between phase and earth. Electromagnetic voltage
transformer

6. A transformer is comprised of how many windings 2

7. It is a current transformer which is characterized by a very sharp knee-point voltage, which is used for metering.
Metering current transformer

8. What component, which blows when overcurrent is detected is used to protect a voltage transformer from secondary
short-circuit. Fuse

9. The standard currents for current transformer is ___A and 5A. 1A

10. It is one of the highly efficient devices in electrical distribution systems, which are used to convert the generated
voltages to either higher or lower magnitude for transmission and consumption. Tranformer

11. What does CT stand for? Current tranformer

12. What does VT stand for? Voltage transformer

13. These are transformers that are used mainly for measuring and protection. Instrument transformer
14. It is a transformer that converts current from high magnitude to low magnitude for the purpose of metering or
protection. Current tranformer

15. What does PT stand for? Potential Transformer

16. It is generally defined as the voltage at which a further 10% increase in volts at the secondary side of the CT requires
more than 50% increase in excitation current. Knee-point Voltage

17. There are two types of current transformer: wound primary type and bar primary type

18. It is a transformer that converts voltage from high magnitude to low magnitude for the purpose of metering or
protection. Voltage transformer

19. The two types of voltage transformers are: Electromagnetic type and capacitor type

20. These are devices that are connected to instrument transformers to receive input signals and to circuit breakers to
issue control commands for opening or closing. Relays

Identification

1. The time between instant of application of tripping power to the instant of separation of the main contacts.
Opening Time
2. The time between the instant of separation of the main circuit breaker contacts to the instant of arc extinction of
short-circuit current. Arcing Time
3. Meaning of TRV? Transient Recovery Voltage
4. It consists of highly conductive plasma at a very high temperature corresponding to a low mass density and an
extremely high flow velocity. High Current Phase
5. It is characterized by a race between the cooling of the rest of the plasma and the reheating caused by the
rapidly rising voltage. Thermal Phase
6. It is replaced by a residual column of hot, but no longer electrically conducting medium. Hot Plasma
7. It consists of moving and fixed contact. Circuit Breaker
8. It is caused by arc bubble. Turbulence
9. It tends to force main contacts apart and movement causes oil to be sucked in through ports and squirted past
gap. Magnetic Force
10. It is mineral type, with high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage across the contacts under normal
conditions. Oil
11. SF6 stands for. Sulphur-hexafluoride
12. An inert insulating gas, which is becoming increasingly popular in modern switchgear designs both as an
insulating as well as an arc-quenching medium. SF6
13. A combination of breaker, isolator, CT, PT, etc., and are used to replace outdoor substations operating at the
higher voltage levels, namely 66 kV and above. Gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
14. It is designed to provide large number of operations at typical rated loads of 200/400/600 A at voltages of
1500/3300/6600/11 000 V. Contactor
15. Requires to close and break the contacts with high speed. Mechanisms
16. It is deenergized by opening of the circuit breaker auxiliary contacts. Trip coil
17. Positive side of the arc. Anode
18. Negative side of the arc. Cathode
19. It is ionized gas, which has a diameter proportional to current. Arc column
20. chopped into a number of small arcs by the Arc-shute as it rises due to heat and magnetic forces. Arc
Multiple choice

1. Interrupting capacity of contactor

A. 4.0kA
B. 14.0kA
C. 24.0kA
D. 34.0kA
2. Interrupting Capacity of Circuit Breaker

A. 10kA
B. 20kA
C. 30kA
D. 40kA
3. One of the disadvantages of Oil Circuit Breakers

A. Inflammability
B. ability of coil to flow
C. absorption of energy
D. action of coil as an insulator

4. It is caused by arc bubble

A. fixed contact
B. moving contact
C. Turbulence
D. magnetic force

5. It is tend to force main contacts apart and movement causes oil to be sucked in through ports and squirted past gap.

A. fixed contact
B. moving contact
C. turbulence
D. Magnetic Force

6. Current rating of circuit breaker

 A. 630/3000 A
B. 100/500 A
C. 1/5 A
D. 20/50 A

7. What is the endurance of Air breaker?

A. below average
B. Average
C. excellent
D. very excellent

8. It consists of highly conductive plasma at a very high temperature corresponding to a low mass density and an
extremely high flow velocity.

A. High Current Phase

B. thermal phase
C. electrical phase
D. dielectric phase

9. Size of the Air Breakers

A. small
B. Medium
C. large
D. quite large

10. Mechanical life of Circuit Breaker

A. 10,000
B. 15,000
C. 20,000
D. 25,000

11. Where fuses are unsuitable or inadequate, __________________________ are used in combination to detect
and isolate faults.

A. Protective relays and circuit breakers

B. fuses and relays
C. switch and relays
D. fuses and circuit breakers

12. One of the main purposes of a circuit breaker is to:

A. trip the voltage
B. trip the current
C. add resistance
D. Switch load currents

13. The first characteristic is referred to as the ______________ and is expressed in cycles.
A. faulting time
B. opening time
C. closing time
 D. Tripping time

14. The time between the instant of separation of the main circuit breaker contacts to the instant of arc extinction of
short-circuit current.
A. opening time
B. tripping time
C. Arcing time
D. clearing time

15. The second characteristic is referred to as ________________ and is expressed in MVA.

A. arcing capacity
B. Rupturing capacity
C. opening capacity
D. closing capacity
16. The _______ relay detects and evaluates the fault and determines when the circuit should be opened.
A. Protective
B. system
C. circuit
D. detective
17. The ____________ functions under control of the relay, to open the circuit when required.
A. relay board
B. circuit system
C. relay system
D. Circuit breaker
18. Under fault conditions, the breakers should be able to open by instructions from monitoring devices like
___________.
A. sensors
B. Relays
C. device
D. circuit
19. Circuit breakers are the main making and breaking devices in an electrical circuit to allow or disallow flow of
power from ______________.
A. Source to the load
B. load to the source
C. circuit to the source
D. source to the circuit
20. ____________________were introduced in the late 1960s.
A. vacuum circuit breakers and contactors
B. SF6 circuit breakers
C. Oil circuit breakers
D. Air circuit breakers

True or False

1. Oil Circuit Breakers do not have the ability of cool oil to flow into the space after current zero and arc goes out
False
2. Oil Circuit breaker do not have risk of explosion and fire due to increase in pressure during multiple operations
False
3. Air circuit breaker have mission of hot air and ionized gas to the surroundings. True
4. Vaccum/SF6 circuit breakers have no risk of explosion. True
 5. In oil circuit breakers humidity and dust in the atmosphere can change the internal properties and affect the
dielectric. True
6. In Air circuit breakers, humidity and dust in the atmosphere can change the internal properties and affect the
dielectric. True
7. In oil circuit breakers, when the breaker is closed, if the operation is not damped then contact bounce may occur
and the breaker may kick open. True
8. Fixed contacts normally have an extended finger for arc control purposes. Moving contacts normally have a
special tip (Elkonite) to prevent burning from arcing. True
9. Oil circuit breaker have the advantage of cooling surface presented by oil. True
10. Oil circuit breaker have the disadvantage of inflammability. True
11. A breaker consists of moving and fixed contact, and during the breaker operation, the contacts are broken and
the arc created during such separation needs to be controlled. True
12. The types of breakers basically refer to the medium in which the breaker opens and closes. True
13. After successful thermal interruption, the hot plasma is replaced by a residual column of hot, but no longer
electrically conducting medium. True
14. High current phase consists of highly conductive plasma at a very high temperature corresponding to a low mass
density and an extremely high flow velocity. True
15. The time between instant of application of tripping power to the instant of separation of the main contacts is
called opening time. True
16. The time between the instant of separation of the main circuit breaker contacts to the instant of arc extinction of
short-circuit current is called arcing time. True
17. One of the main purposes of a circuit breaker is to switch load currents. True
18. One of the main purposes of a circuit breaker is to not carry fault current without blowing itself open (or up!) i.e.
no distortion due to magnetic forces under fault conditions False
19. One of the main purposes of a circuit breaker is to not break normal and fault currents False
20. The protective relay detects and evaluates the fault and determines when the circuit should be opened. True

CHAPTER 8 TRIPPING BATTERIES

True or False

1. The operation of monitoring devices like relays and the tripping mechanisms of breakers require an independent
power source, which does not vary with the main source being monitored. (True)

2. The relay/circuit breaker combination depends entirely on the tripping battery for successful operation. (True)

3. It is therefore unnecessary to ensure that batteries and chargers are regularly inspected and maintained at the highest
possible level of efficiency at all time (False)

4. A battery is an assembly of cells. (True)

5. Nickel cadmium batteries are comparatively cheaper than Lead Acid type (False)

6. A disadvantage of Nickel Cadmium type is that it is more expensive than Lead Acid type. (True)

7. Nickel Cadmium batteries are hard to maintain (False)

8. The capacity of a battery is defined in terms of ampere-hour (AH). (True)

9. The batteries are normally kept on charge continuously by a battery charger. (True)

10. The charger is a rectifier, which produces a slightly lower voltage compared to the nominal cell voltage of a battery
(False)
11. Trickle charging is a method of keeping the cells in a fully charged condition by passing a small current through them.
(True)

12. Trickle charging is keeping the voltage applied to the battery at 2.25 V per lead acid cell or 1.35 V for a nickel
cadmium cell, maintaining a constant voltage across each cell (False)

13. Battery cells must be kept dirty and wet to the extent that no corrosion, dust or moisture offers a conducting path to
partially short-circuit the cell or contact ground (False)

14. Check batteries and chargers regularly, at least once per year (False)

15. Proper charging is the most important factor in battery service and life. (True)

16. It is unnecessary to monitor that the trip supply is available in a trip circuit to ensure that the system is continuously
being monitored (False)

17.The Capacitor Storage Trip Units can also be used as an alternative tripping supply for installations, which employ
two-shunt trip coils per circuit breaker, one connected to the tripping battery and the other to the capacitor storage unit.
(True)

18. Always endeavor to feed the unit from a busbar connected VT if possible as the first priority as this is the most secure
supply. (True)

19. It is a normal practice to earth the tripping battery at one point to prevent it from floating all over the place with
respect to earth. (True)

20. When the storage device is fed from current transformers, it is recommended that at least three phases are used
(False)

Identification

1. _______________ batteries are comparatively costlier, though they are considered more reliable with lesser
maintenance and lesser environmental issues that go with lead acid types. (Nickel Cadmium)

2. Life Expectancy of a Plante type is _______years. (25-30)

3. Life Expectancy of a Flat plate is ________ years. (4-6)

4. Life Expectancy of a Tubular type is _______ years. (10-12)

5. The capacity of a battery is defined in terms of ______________. (Ampere-Hour AH)

6. _____________ is a method of keeping the cells in a fully charged condition by passing a small current through them.
(Trickle Charging)

7. ______________ is keeping the voltage applied to the battery at 2.25 V per lead acid cell or 1.35 V for a nickel
cadmium cell, i.e., maintaining a constant voltage across each cell. (Float Charging)
 8. ____________ can also accelerate the accumulation of sediment and shorten the useful life of the battery.
(Overcharging)

9. This is a build-up of a sponge like layer of lead on the negative plates, which can accumulate to such an extent as to
bridge over or around the separators and cause a short circuit to the adjacent positive plate. (Treeing)

10. The ______________ batteries on the other hand do not pose such major hazards though they are quite costlier
compared to lead acid type. (nickel cadmium)

11. __________________ is a method, where the trip supply is continuously monitored, so that any break in the circuit is
brought to the operators’ attention. (Trip Circuit Supervision)

12. These units are intended for use in substations where no tripping batteries have been provided (Capacitor Storage
Trip)

13. _________ provide this power, and hence they form an important role in protection circuits. (Batteries)

14. The ____________ lead acid cells as used in switchgear/relay applications are generally of the Plante type and has an
electrical voltage of 2 V. (rechargeable)

15. It is thus possible to measure the state of the battery’s charge by measuring the electrolyte’s specific gravity with a
__________. (hydrometer)

16. On ________, the recommended final voltage at which the discharge should be terminated depends on the
discharge rate. (discharge)

17. After this time, the cell has to be________ to again feed a load. (recharged)

18. A simple hydrometer reading indicates the state of charge in a ____. (cell)

19. Open-circuit volts = ___________ + 0.84 (specific gravity)

20. ____________ is accomplished with sophisticated electronically controlled rectifiers that permit a battery to be
continuously maintained on a floating charge and to recharge a discharged battery as fast as possible. (Battery charging)

Multiple Choice

1. Constructed of pure lead to ensure that there is no fall-off in capacity throughout their long life.
a) vent Plugs
b) cell Lids
c) Plant positive plates
2. Pasted grids. Provide perfect balance with the positive to give maximum performance.
a) separator
b) Negative Plates
c) plastic container

3. Designed to eliminate spray but givo tree ext of gasses.

a) Vent plugs
b) battery
c) charger

4. Transparent SAN. Electrolyte level and cell condition cleany seen.

a) cell Lids
b) negative Plates
c) Plastic containers

5. ______ with the Life Expectancy of 25-30 Years.

a) Plante
b) tubular
c) flat Plate

6. ______ with the Life Expectancy of 10-12 Years.

a) plante
b) Tubular
c) flat Plate

7. ______ with the Life Expectancy of 4-6 Years.

a) plante
b) tubular
c) Flat plate

8. A ______ is an assembly of cells.

a) charger
b) Battery
c) specific gravity

9. _________ Charging is a method of keeping the cells in a fully charged condition by passing a small current through
them.
a) Trickle
b) float
c) battery

10. ______ charging is keeping the voltage applied to the battery at 2.25 V per lead acid cell or 1.35 V for a nickel
cadmium cell
a) battery
b) trickle
c) Float

11. This is a build-up of a sponge like layer of lead on the negative plates, which can accumulate to such an extent as to
bridge over or around the separators and cause a short circuit to the adjacent positive plate.
a) planting
b) matting
c) Treeing
12. _________ provide this power, and hence they form an important role in protection circuits.
a) generator
b) Batteries
c) transformer
13. The ______________ batteries on the other hand do not pose such major hazards though they are quite costlier
compared to lead acid type.
a) Nickel cadmium
b) lead acid
c) lead Nickel

14. _______________ batteries are comparatively costlier, though they are considered more reliable with lesser
maintenance and lesser environmental issues that go with lead acid types.
a) Nickel cadmium
b) lead acid
c) lead Nickel

15. The capacity of a battery is defined in terms of ______________.

a) watts
b) volt-ampere
c) Ampere-Hour AH

16. These units are intended for use in substations where no tripping batteries have been provided
a) inductive Storage Trip
b) Capacitor Storage Trip
c) resistive Storage Trip

17. The ____________ lead acid cells as used in switchgear/relay applications are generally of the Plante type and has an
electrical voltage of 2 V.
a) Rechargeable
b) detachable
c) dechargeable

18. It is thus possible to measure the state of the battery’s charge by measuring the electrolyte’s specific gravity with a
__________.
a) barometer
b) Hydrometer
c) ammeter

19. On ________, the recommended final voltage at which the discharge should be terminated depends on the
discharge rate.
a) Discharge
b) recharge
c) charge

20. A fully charged cell will have a specific gravity reading of between _______.
a) 1.025 to 1.052
b) 1.205 to 1.215
c) 1.502 to 1.505