AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

The complex numbers

Definition 1. Let . The conjugate of is the number , and this is denoted as or .

Properties of conjugation

Let ( -set of complex numbers), hence

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Algebraic operations on complex numbers

Let

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Example 1. The standard arithmetic operations of the complex numbers are shown below. Let
, hence

Definition 2. The modulus of the complex number ( ) is defined as follows

Trigonometric form (polar form) of a complex number

A complex number can be expressed as the point of the complex plane, figure below.

The number expressed in polar coordinates, where

The number is called absolute value or modulus, , the angle is called argument of the
complex number, if then the number is called main argument of the complex number
and denoted by .

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Example 2. Write the following complex number in the standard (trigonometric) form:

Multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar (trigonometric) form

Let

then

Proof

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Example 3. Calculate using the following formula:

Exponential form of a complex number

Using the Euler’s formula

we can express a complex number as follows :

and =

Example 3. In this example the number can be expressed: .

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

The exponential form and trigonometric form of the complex number is particularly useful at the
multiplication, the division and the involution of complex numbers. Let and complex numbers given
by formulas:

Then,

The last formula is called as the Moivre’s theorem, which can be written as follows:

Roots of a complex number

Theorem. The complex number , where and has exactly n

where .

Example 4. Find 3-th roots of - 4.

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

Below is the graphical interpretation of all the roots of

Example 5. Find the solution of the following equation: .

Task 1. Compute:

a)
b)
c)

Task 2. Find the conjugate number of:

a)
b)

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

c)
d)

Task 3. The following numbers express in polar (trigonometric) and exponential form:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Task 4. Find roots of:

a)
b)
c)

d)

Solution of d)

hence

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

verification of the equation for

it follows that:

In the same way you can check and

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

Below is the graphical interpretation of all the roots of

Let and then the following formula is true:

Using above formula and having the 1-st root ( ) of (Task4 d))we can get the
next one ( ) as follows:

Similarly we can calculate :

In the same way we can get :

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

Task 5. Find the solutions of equations in the set of complex numbers:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Solution of c)

Solution of d)

Let , hence

hence

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

hence

finally the number isany real number ( ) while , hence the solution is: ,
where .

Solution of e)

Let than we have:

1-st case

Next we need to find the roots of

Let

Hence

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AFiBV, Algebra Mariusz Zawadzki

2-nd case

Next we need to find the roots of

Let

Hence

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The solutions of the equation ( are:

We are going to check the 1-st:

Similarly we can check other solutions.

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