Revision for Particles

Year 7 Science Chemistry 1

What is matter (material) made up of?
 Matter is made of particles.
Particles are the tiny things that materials are made from.
Particles are often shown as coloured circles, but other shapes can be used as well.
 What is the difference between
mixtures and pure substances?

Mixtures Pure Substances

Air
Mixtures have more than one type of particle.
Pure substances have only one type of particle.
Mixtures Pure Substances
Air

These count
as only one
particle
because the
different
parts are
connected or
touching.
Label each as either a mixture or pure substance.
Label each as either a mixture or pure substance.

pure substance pure substance pure substance

mixture pure substance mixture

Label each as either a mixture or pure substance.

mixture
Label each as either a mixture or pure substance.

pure substance pure substance mixture

mixture mixture pure substance

mixture mixture mixture

Properties of a substance describe
what it _____ _____
and how it _______.
Properties of a substance describe
what it looks like
and how it behaves.
what it looks like how it behaves
Properties of a substance depend on

what its particles ___ ____,

how its particles are ________,

and how its particles ____.

Properties of a substance depend on

what its particles look like,

how its particles are arranged,

and how its particles move.

Name the 3 states (or phases) of matter.
The 3 states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas..

solid liquid gas

 Label the states of matter of water.
water
steam

ice
water
steam

ice

liquid
gas

solid
Label the states of matter of gold.
liquid

solid

gas
When a substances changes state, does
the size of each particle change?

solid liquid gas

When a substances changes state, the size of
each particle does not change.
The distance between the particles changes.

solid liquid gas

When a substance changes state, does the
total mass of the particles change?

solid liquid gas

When a substances changes state, the total
mass of the particles does not change.
know, but not required. Tips on Drawing Particle Diagrams
Good information to

Do this:
solid liquid gas

Don’t do Make large particles.

Drawing many, tiny

this: particles takes too long!

Start drawing
The particles Liquid and particles at the
of a liquid gas particles bottom of the box.
must touch are arranged Solids and liquids
each other. randomly. don’t float in the air.
Match the states of matter to the descriptions.

takes shape of
solid
bottom of container

expands to fill
liquid
entire container

gas rigid, fixed shape

 takes shape of
solid
bottom of container

expands to fill
liquid
entire container

gas rigid, fixed shape

Match the states of matter to the descriptions.

solid can be compressed

liquid can not be compressed

gas can not be compressed

solid can be compressed

liquid can not be compressed

gas can not be compressed

Match the states of matter to the descriptions.

solid particles do not touch

able to flow

particles touch
liquid
able to flow

particles touch,
gas
does not flow
 particles do not touch
solid
able to flow

particles touch
liquid able to flow

particles touch,
gas
does not flow
Match the states of matter to the descriptions.

regular pattern,
solid
particles vibrate

random pattern,
liquid particles move very quickly

random pattern,
gas particles slide past each other
 regular pattern,
solid
particles vibrate

random pattern,
liquid particles move very quickly

random pattern,
gas particles slide past each other
Define melting.
Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid
During melting, which way is heat
energy transferred?

heat energy
gained or lost?
 During melting, heat energy is gained.
The heat energy is transferred from the
surroundings to the substance.

heat
energy
gained
 During melting, how does the
movement of the particles change?

solid melting liquid

During melting, the particles vibrate faster and
faster until they break free of their fixed
positions and start to slide past each other.
solid melting liquid

particles vibrate particles slide

in fixed positions past each other
Define melting point.
Melting point is the temperature at
which a solid changes into a liquid.
Does every substance melt at 0°C?
 No, only water melts at 0°C.
Different substances have different melting points.
Define freezing.
Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid
During freezing, which way is heat
energy transferred?

heat energy
gained or lost?
 During freezing, heat energy is lost.
The heat energy is transferred from the
substance to the surroundings.

heat
energy
lost
 During freezing, how does the
movement of the particles change?

solid freezing liquid

 During freezing, the particles move slower and
slower until they move into a fixed position and
vibrate in place.
solid freezing liquid

particles vibrate particles slide

in fixed positions past each other
Define freezing point.
Freezing point is the temperature at
which a liquid changes into a solid.
What is the freezing point of water?
 Water freezes at 0°C.
Different substances have different freezing points.
Is the freezing point higher, lower,
or the same as the melting point?
The freezing point is the same
as the melting point.
On this heating curve graph for water,
add labels for solid, liquid, and gas.

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
 The labels for solid, liquid, and
gas go on the slanted lines.

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
For what temperatures is water a liquid?

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
Water is a liquid between 0-100°C.

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
 What state is water in at -35°C?

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
 At -35°C, water is a solid.

Steam
Temperature °C

100

-35 -

Heating Time
How is the heating curve graph for a mixture
different than for a pure substance?

Mixture Pure Substance

For a mixture, the lines for melting
and boiling are not flat or level.

Mixture Pure Substance

For a mixture, why are the lines for
melting and boiling not level?
For a mixture, the lines for melting and boiling are
not level because the different parts of the
mixture have different melting and boiling points.
Which heating curve graph is for a mixture and
which is for a pure substance?
Pure Substance Mixture
During melting and boiling, when the temperature
remains constant, what effect does the added
heat energy have?

Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
During melting and boiling, the added heat
energy causes a change of state instead of a
temperature increase. The amount of heat
energy needed is called latent heat.
Steam
Temperature °C

100

Heating Time
Define boiling.
Boiling is the change of state from liquid to gas
which occurs when bubbles of the gas form
throughout the liquid.

Don’t forget the bubbles!

The definition of boiling

has 2 parts. The first part
is the change of state and
the second part is bubbles
throughout the liquid.
During boiling, which way is heat
energy transferred?

heat energy
gained or lost?
 During boiling, heat energy is gained.
The heat energy is transferred from the
surroundings to the substance.

heat
energy
gained
 During boiling, how does the
movement of the particles change?

liquid boiling gas

 During boiling, the particles move faster and
faster until they move far enough apart to form
bubbles which rise and escape into the air.

liquid boiling gas

particles slide particles move

past each other randomly
Define boiling point.
 Boiling point is the temperature
at which a liquid boils.

Boiling point is not defined

as the temperature at which
a liquid changes to a gas.
Which element is a solid at 150°C?
Lithium is a solid at 150°C.

Solid – below the melting point

Liquid – between melting and boiling points
Gas – above boiling point
Which elements are liquids at 700°C?
Lithium, sodium & potassium are liquids at 700°C.

Solid – below the melting point

Liquid – between melting and boiling points
Gas – above boiling point
What state is rubidium at 1000°C?
Rubidium is a gas at 1000°C.

Solid – below the melting point

Liquid – between melting and boiling points
Gas – above boiling point
Define evaporation.
 Evaporation is the change of state from
liquid to gas which occurs without boiling.
 At what temperature do
evaporation and boiling happen?
 Evaporation can happen at any temperature.
Boiling happens only at the boiling point.

Evaporation Boiling
• Heat comes from • Heat comes
surroundings. from a source.
• Happens at any • Happens at only
temperature. at boiling point.
 At what part of the liquid do
evaporation and boiling happen?
 Evaporation happens only at the surface.
Boiling happens throughout the liquid.

Evaporation Boiling
• Happens only to • Happens to particles
particles at the throughout the liquid.
surface of the liquid. • Bubbles form.
• No bubbles form.
Explain how sweating cools you down.
• The heat from your body causes sweat to
evaporate.
• Evaporation of sweat transfers heat energy
away from your body.
• When your body loses heat energy to the
surroundings, you cool down.

Producing sweat does not cool you down.

Sweat evaporating is what cools you down.
How does moving air affect evaporation?
Moving air makes evaporation happen faster.

Wind carries the gas water Hair dryers use both heat and
particles away from the body, moving air to dry hair faster.
so you cool down faster.
Define condensation.
Condensation is the change of
state from a gas to a liquid.
When water condenses on the outside of a glass
of cold liquid, where does the water come from?
The water that condenses outside a cold drink
glass comes from the air, not from the drink.
During condensation, which way is
heat energy transferred?

heat energy
gained or lost?
During condensation, heat energy is lost.
The heat energy is transferred from the
substance to the surroundings.

heat
energy
lost
During condensation, how does the
movement of the particles change?

liquid condensing gas

During condensing, the particles move slower and
slower until they move close enough to touch
each other and form a liquid.

liquid condensing gas

particles slide particles move

past each other randomly
At what temperature does condensation happen?
 Condensation happens at any
temperature below the boiling point.
Fill in the temperatures for water.

WATER
Change of State Temperature
Melting
Boiling
Evaporating
Condensing
Freezing
 WATER
Change of State Temperature
Melting 0°C
Boiling 100°C
Evaporating any temperature
Condensing below 100°C
Freezing 0°C
Define sublimation.
Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to
a gas without first becoming a liquid.

Solid carbon dioxide

is called “dry ice”
because it changes
from a solid directly
into a gas.
 What is the opposite of sublimation?
Good information to
know, but not required.
 The change of state from a gas to
Good information to
know, but not required.

a solid, without first becoming a liquid, is called

either deposition or desublimation.

The formation of “frost”

on plants on very cold
winter mornings is an
example of deposition.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the random movement
and mixing of particles.
In Biology, we add to this definition by stating that the randomness
means that particles move from a place where they are in high
concentration to a place where they are in low concentration.

Diffusion
continues
because the
particles are
still moving.
What 3 factors affect diffusion speed?
Diffusion speed is affected by:

Temperature

Particle Size

State of Matter
How does temperature affect diffusion speed?
 Higher temperatures mean faster diffusion.

time time

Particles move faster at higher Particles move slower at lower

temperatures, so the particles temperatures, so the particles
diffuse faster. diffuse more slowly.
How does particle size affect diffusion speed?
 Small light particles diffuse more
quickly than large heavy particles.

time time

Smaller, lighter particles move Larger, heavier particles move

more quickly, so the particles more slowly, so the particles
diffuse more quickly. diffuse more slowly.
How does the state of matter
affect diffusion speed?
The father apart the particles start,
the faster the diffusion speed.

Particles in a solid do not diffuse.

The particles in a solid are in fixed positions and cannot move around.

Particles in a liquid diffuse slowly.

The particles in a liquid are close together.

Particles in a gas diffuse quickly.

The particles in a gas are far apart.
Pressure is the amount of _____
exerted ___ unit of ____.
 Pressure is the amount of force
exerted per unit of area.

per
or

Force divided by Area

How is gas pressure created?
 Gas pressure is created by the collisions of gas
particles with the inside walls of their container.
If more gas particles are added to a
rigid container, what happens to the
gas pressure inside the container?

?
If more gas particles are added to a rigid container,
the gas pressure inside the container increases.

out in out in
If more gas particles are added to a
balloon, what happens to the balloon?

?
The gas pressure inside the balloon increases, so
the balloon expands until the pressures inside and
outside the balloon are equal.

out in

out in
out in
 If the temperature inside a rigid container
increases, what happens to the gas pressure
inside the container?

?
 If the temperature inside a rigid
container increases, the gas pressure
inside the container increases.

out in out in
If the temperature inside a balloon increases,
what happens to the balloon?

?
 The pressure inside increases, so the
balloon expands until the pressure
inside and outside are equal.

out in

out in out in
Name 2 reasons an increase in temperature
causes an increase in gas pressure?

lower temperature higher temperature

lower gas pressure higher gas pressure
Higher temperatures make the particles
move faster. The particles collide more
frequently and with more force.

lower temperature higher temperature

lower gas pressure higher gas pressure
 If the temperature inside a rigid container
decreases, what happens to the gas pressure?

?
 If the temperature inside a rigid container
decreases, the gas pressure decreases.

out in
out in
 If the temperature inside a balloon
decreases, what happens to the balloon?

?
 The pressure inside decreases, so the
balloon contracts until the pressure
inside and outside are equal.

out in out in
out in