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DATABASE MANAGEMENT I
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(INTODUCTION)
COVENER: Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley
Email: [email protected]
Office Consultation: Wednesdays, 9a-12m ; 4-5pm
Fridays: 1-4pm.
 Overview 2

Key Concepts:
▪ Data, trends enabling data generation, data classification and data processing
▪ Information
▪ Evolution of Storage Architecture

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

 Data and Information (cont’d) 3

▪ In the business world good decisions require good information that is derived from
raw facts., known as data.
▪ We have become information dependent in the 21st century, living in an on-
command, on-demand world, which means, we need information when and where it
is required.
▪ We access the Internet every day to perform searches, participate in social
networking, send and receive e-mails, share pictures and videos, and use scores of
other applications.
▪ So What is Data?
Data is the known facts or figures that have implicit meaning. It can also be defined as the
representation of facts, concepts or instruction in a formal manner, which is suitable for
understanding and processing.

Data processing: entails organization and (or) analysis of data to reveal patterns so as to
enhance reliable forecasts or drawing of inferences using statistical modeling.

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 Data and Information (cont’d) 4

Data Before the computer era

▪ Before the advent of computers, the methods adopted for data creation and sharing were
limited to fewer forms, such as paper and film.
▪ Today, the same data can be converted into more convenient forms, such as an e-mail
message, an e-book, a digital image, or a digital movie.
▪ The data can be generated using a computer and stored as strings of binary numbers (0s
and 1s), as shown in Figure 1. Data in this form is called digital data.

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

Fig. 1: Digital data

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 Data and Information (cont’d) 5

▪ Trends enabling data generation

• With the advancement of computer and communication technologies, the rate of data
generation and sharing has increased exponentially.

• The following is a list of some of the trends or factors that have contributed to the growth
of digital data:
1. Increase in data-processing capabilities: Modern computers provide a signifi cant
increase in processing and storage capabilities.
2. Lower cost of digital storage: Technological advances and the decrease in the cost
of storage devices have provided low-cost storage solutions. This cost benefit has
increased the rate at which digital data is generated and stored.
. 3. Affordable and faster communication technology: The rate of sharing digital data is
now much faster than traditional approaches.
4. Evolution in Machine Learning approaches to analyze convoluted datasets
5. Proliferation of applications and smart devices: Smartphones, tablets, and newer
digital devices, along with smart applications, have significantly contributed to the
generation of digital content.
Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley
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 Data and Information (cont’d) 6

▪ Types of Data

Data can be classified as structured or unstructured based on how it is stored and

managed.
• Structured data: is organized in rows and columns in a rigidly defined format
so that applications can retrieve and process it efficiently.
– Structured data is typically stored using a database management system
(DBMS).
• Unstructured data: contains elements that cannot be stored in rows and
columns, which makes it difficult to query and retrieve by applications. For
example, customer contacts that are stored in various forms such as sticky notes,
e-mail messages etc.

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 Data and Information (cont’d) 7

▪ Big Data
Big data is a new and evolving concept, which refers to data sets whose sizes are beyond the
capability of commonly used software tools to capture, store, manage, and process within
acceptable time limits. It includes both structured and unstructured data generated by a
variety of sources, e.g. including business application transactions, web pages, videos,
images, e-mails, social media.
▪ The Big data sets typically require real-time capture or updates for analysis,
predictive modeling, and decision making.
▪ Significant opportunities exist to extract value from big data.
▪ Big data ecosystem (see Figure 2) consists of the following:
1. Devices that collect data from multiple locations and also generate new data about this data
(metadata).
2. Data collectors who gather data from devices and users.
3. Data aggregators that compile the collected data to extract meaningful information.
4. Data users and buyers who benefit from the information collected and aggregated by others in the
data value chain.
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 Data and Information (cont’d) 8

▪ Big Data Ecosystem

▪ Traditional IT infrastructure and data processing tools and methodologies are

inadequate to handle the volume, variety, dynamism, and complexity of big data.

▪ Data, whether structured or unstructured, does not fulfill any purpose for individuals
or businesses unless it is presented in a meaningful form.
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Data and Information (cont’d)

▪ Information
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based. Information
can be defined as the organized and classified data that provides meaningful values.
It is the intelligence and knowledge derived from data.

▪ Businesses analyze raw data to identify meaningful trends. On the basis of these
trends, a company can plan or modify its strategy.
Example
For example, a retailer identifies customers’ preferred products and brand names by
analyzing their purchase patterns and maintaining an inventory of those products.

▪ Effective data analysis not only extends its benefits to existing businesses, but also
creates the potential for new business opportunities by using the information in
creative ways.

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

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Data and Information (cont’d)

▪ Data and Information Storage

Data or Information created by individuals or businesses must be stored so that it is
easily accessible for further processing.

▪ In a computing environment, devices designed for storing data are termed storage
devices or simply storage.
▪ Businesses have several options available for storing data, including internal hard
disks, external disk arrays, DVDs, CD ROMs and tapes.

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

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Data and Information (cont’d)

▪ Evolution of Storage Technologies

▪ Historically, organizations had centralized computers (mainframes)
and information storage devices (tape reels and disk packs) in their
data center.

▪ The evolution of open systems, their affordability, and ease of deployment made it
possible for business units/departments to have their own servers and storage.
▪ Organizations maintain data centers to provide centralized data-processing
capabilities across the enterprise.

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

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Data and Information (cont’d)

▪ Core Elements of a Data Center

Five core elements are essential for the functionality of a data center:

1. Application: A computer program that provides the logic for computing

operations.
2. Host or computetr: A computing platform (hardware, firmware, and
software) that runs applications and databases.

3. Network: A data path that facilitates communication among various

networked devices.

4. Storage: A device that stores data persistently for subsequent use

5. Database management system (DBMS): Provides a structured way to

store data in logically organized tables that are interrelated.

Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley

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Data and Information (cont’d)
▪ Core Elements of a Data Center (cont’d)
Five core elements of the data centers are typically viewed and managed as
separate entities, but all the elements must work together to address data-
processing requirements for data management.
▪ Our interest in this course is not to study the data center architecture as a whole but
the data management components or principles employed to manage data for such
infrastructures.

▪ Figure below reflects example of an online order transaction system that involves the
five core elements of a data center and illustrates their functionality in a business
process.

Fig. Example of online order transaction system

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Data and Information (cont’d)
Online order transaction system (cont’d)

Fig. Example of online order transaction system

▪ A customer places an order through a client machine connected over a LAN/WAN to a host running
an order-processing application.
▪ The client accesses the DBMS on the host through the application to provide order-related
information, such as the customer name, address, payment method, products ordered, and quantity
ordered.
▪ The DBMS uses the host operating system to write this data to the physical disks in the storage array.
▪ The storage networks provide the communication link between the host and the storage array and
transports the request to read or write data between them.
▪ The storage array, after receiving the read or write request from the host, performs the necessary
operations to store the data on physical disks.
The example of online order transaction system highlights the importance of DBMS in:
information storage and retrieval, Information management applications, information capture and representation etc.
Dr. Akputu Oryina Kingsley