Fundamentals of

Electrics and Electronics

Spring 2023
 Lecture 1 Contents
• Introduction
• Course Description
• Course Content
• Method of Assessment and Grading Policy

• Chapter 1
• Basic Concepts
• System of units
• Charge and Current
• Voltage
• Power and Energy
• Circuit elements

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 Introduction – Aim and Objective
• To familiarize students with fundamental theories and ideas of
Electrical & Electronic Engineering which are applicable in all fields of
Engineering.

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 Course Content
• DC Circuits:
• System of units, Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, Basic Laws of DC
Circuits, Series and parallel connection, Methods of analysis of DC circuits,
Capacitors & Inductors, First order Circuits
• AC Circuits:
• Sinusoids, Phasors, Impedance, Admittance
• Sinusoidal Steady-state Analysis

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 Text Book and References
• TEXTBOOKS
• Alexander and Charles K, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Fifth Edition, Mc-
Graw Hill Inc., New York, 2013.
• RECOMMENDED READING
1. G. Rizzono, Principles, and Applications of Electrical Engineering, Fifth
Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc., New York, 2010

2. James W. Nilsona and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, Ninth Edition, Pearson
Education Inc., New Jersey, 2011.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
• Introduction
In electrical engineering, we are often interested in communicating
or transferring energy from one point to another.
To do this requires an interconnection of electrical devices. Such
interconnection is referred to as an electric circuit, and each
component of the circuit is known as an element.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS

It consists of three basic components:

a battery, a lamp, and connecting wires

A simple electric circuit

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Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS

Electric circuit of a radio receiver

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS

• SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Our measurement, must be communicated in a standard language
that virtually all professionals can understand, irrespective of the
country where the measurement is conducted.
International System of Units (SI), adopted by the General Conference
on Weights and Measures in 1960.
In this system, there are six principal units from which the units of all
other physical quantities can be derived.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
• One great advantage of the SI unit is that it uses
prefixes based on the power of 10 to relate larger
and smaller units to the basic unit.

600,000,000 mm
600,000 m
600 km

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CHARGE AND CURRENT
The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.
• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C). Realistic or laboratory values of charges are on the
order of pC, nC, or μC
When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a battery (a
source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move; This motion of
charges creates electric current.
It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive charges,
that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges
 Charge of 1e is: -1.602×10−19 C
 Charge of 1p is: +1.602×10−19 C

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CHARGE AND CURRENT

Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is

current is measured in amperes (A)

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CHARGE AND CURRENT

A direct current (dc) (I) An alternating current (ac) (i)

• A direct current (dc) is a current • An alternating current (ac) is a
that remains constant with time. current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CHARGE AND CURRENT
• Examples:
1. How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by two million protons.

3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5t sin 4πt mC.

Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s.

4. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1 s and t = 2

s if the current passing the terminal is i = (3t2 − t) A.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
Voltage
• The voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b;
mathematically,

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
Voltage

v = −v
ab ba

 Like electric current, a constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is represented by V,

whereas a sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called an ac voltage and is represented by v.

 A dc voltage is commonly produced by a battery; ac voltage is produced by an electric

generator.
Keep in mind that electric current is always through an element and
that electric voltage is always across the element or between two
points.
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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
POWER AND ENERGY
• For practical purposes, we need to know how much power an electric
device can handle.
• We all know from experience that a 100-watt bulb gives more light
than a 60-watt bulb.
• We also know that when we pay our bills to the electric utility
companies, we are paying for the electric energy consumed over a
certain period of time.

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Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
POWER AND ENERGY

p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time

in seconds (s).

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
POWER AND ENERGY
• If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by
the element.
• If the power has a − sign, power is being supplied by the element.

absorbing power supplying power

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
POWER AND ENERGY
• Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in
determining the sign of power.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
POWER AND ENERGY
• In fact, the law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any
electric circuit. For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit,
at any instant of time, must be zero:

• The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t

is:

The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3,600 J
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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
Examples
5. An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow
through a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat
energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

6. To move charge q from point a to point b requires−30 J. Find the

voltage drop vab if: (a) q = 2 C, (b) q = −6 C .

7. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 5 ms if the current is

i = 5 cos 60πt A and the voltage is: (a) v = 2i V, (b) v =

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
• An element is the basic building block of a circuit.
• An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.
• Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the
currents through) the elements of the circuit.
• There are two types of elements found in electric circuits:
Passive elements
Active elements
• An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive
element is not
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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
• The most important active elements are voltage or current sources
that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There
are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.

independent voltage sources Independent current source dependent voltage source dependent current source.

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

• Types of dependent sources, namely:

1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
Examples
8. Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of
the circuit

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 Chapter 1- BASIC CONCEPTS
Examples
9. Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of
the circuit

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 Chapter 1- Summary
• An electric circuit consists of electrical elements connected together.
• The International System of Units (SI) is the international measurement language, which
enables engineers to communicate their results. From the six principal units, the units of
other physical quantities can be derived.
• Current is the rate of charge flow.

• Voltage is the energy required to move 1 C of charge through an element.

• Power is the energy supplied or absorbed per unit time. It is also the product of voltage and
current.

• According to the passive sign convention, power assumes a positive sign when the current
enters the positive polarity of the voltage across an element.
• An ideal voltage source produces a specific potential difference across its terminals
regardless of what is connected to it.
• An ideal current source produces a specific current through its terminals regardless of what is
connected to it.
• Voltage and current sources can be dependent or independent. A dependent source is one
whose value depends on some other circuit variable.

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