ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE

STAYED BRIDGE IN STAAD PRO

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents an in-depth analysis and design methodology for a cable-
stayed bridge in staad pro, emphasizing structural integrity, efficiency, and safety. The
analysis encompasses various aspects including load calculations, structural modeling,
material selection, and dynamic response evaluation. Utilizing advanced
computational tools and structural engineering principles, the design process aims to
optimize the bridge's geometry and configuration while adhering to industry standards
and regulations. Key considerations such as environmental factors, traffic loads, and
seismic resilience are integrated into the design process to ensure the bridge's long-
term performance and durability. The proposed methodology provides a
comprehensive framework for engineers and designers to undertake similar projects,
fostering innovation and excellence in bridge engineering.

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General

Cable-stayed bridges are a type of bridge that uses one or more towers to support
cables that run directly to the bridge deck, arranged either in a fan pattern or parallel
lines. This is different from suspension bridges, which suspend the deck vertically
from the main cable anchored at both ends of the bridge running between the towers.
Cable-stayed bridges are most suitable for spans that are longer than cantilever
bridges but shorter than suspension bridges.

Cable-stayed bridges were first used in the early16th century and widely used in
the 19th century. They consist of three primary subsystems: The stiffening girder,
Tower, or Pylons & inclined cables. The towers are placed in the centre of the bridge,
and the girder segments are connected to the pylons using connected to one or two
towers. The weight of the girder is supported by a series of cables that run directly to
one or more towers. Advancements in the construction industry have made cable
stayed bridges more popular again in recent times. These advancements include
improvement in materials, with improved internal structures and the use of
posttensioning technology on the bridge cables. There have also been updates in
engineering analysis, design, and construction methodology. Cable-stayed bridges
provide design flexibility in terms of the shape of pylons, girder shape and cable
arrangements. This allows for the application of various structural systems to create
cable-stayed bridges that are suitable for different geographic environments. They are
highly cost-effective structures, particularly for long span bridges, and also offer
aesthetically pleasing design solutions. Cable-stayed bridges are also known for their
durability, with many structures lasting for decades without requiring major
maintenance or repairs. They are also more resistant to strong winds and earthquakes
compared to other bridge types. Additionally, Cable-stayed bridges are often used as
iconic landmarks in cities, providing a distinctive appearance and attracting tourists.
One of the most notable cable-stayed bridges in the world is the Russky Bridge in
Russia, which has the longest cable-stayed span in the world at 1,104 meters. Another
famous cable-stayed bridge in the Millau Viaduct in France which has the highest

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road bridge tower in the world at 343 meters. Cable-stayed bridges are also popular in
Asia, with many notable structures such as the SutongTangtze River Bridge in China,
the Penang Bridge in Malaysia, and the Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey. While
cablestayed bridges offer many advantages, they also have some limitations. For
instance, their construction can be challenging due to the complex geometry of the
cables and towers. Additionally, the cables require inspections and maintenance to
ensure their structural integrity, which can be costly and time consuming. Despite
these challenges, cable-stayed bridges remain a popular choice for many bridge
projects due to their numerous benefits.

Figure 1 Cable-Stayed Bridge

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1.2 Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

Cable-stayed bridges are modern engineering marvels that rely on tensioned

cables to support the weight of the bridge deck. These types of Bridges consist of
several crucial parts that work together to create stable and durable structures. The
main components of a Cable-stayed bridge include the Pylon, the Deck, the Cable,
and the Anchorage systems. Each of these components plays a critical role in the
overall stability and longevity of the bridge.

1 Deck: The deck is the roadway or pedestrian walkway that spans the distance
between the towers. It can be made of various materials such as concrete, steel, or
composite materials.

2 Tower: Towers are vertical structures that support the cables and help distribute
the load of the bridge. The number and height of towers depend on the design and
span of the bridge.

3 Cables: Cables are tensioned elements that run from the towers to support the
deck. They are typically arranged in a fan-like pattern, attaching to the deck at
various points along its length.

4 Anchorages: Anchorages are structures that secure the cables at their ends.
They are often embedded into the ground and serve to counteract the tension in the
cables. The anchorages provide stability to the entire bridge system.

5 Pylons or piers: Pylons or piers are vertical structures that support the cables
and are located on the towers. They help to distribute the load of the cables and
provide additional structural support.

6 Foundations: Foundations are the structural elements that transfer the loads
from the bridge to the ground. They are usually placed beneath the towers and
anchorages and are designed to withstand the forces acting on the bridge.

7 Stay cables: Stay cables are the individual cables that make up the cable
system. They are anchored at one end and attach to the deck at the other end,
providing the primary support for the bridge.

8 Bridge Bearings: Bearings are devices that allow for the movement and
rotation of the bridge deck in response to forces such as expansion and contraction

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 due to temperature changes or loads. They are important for ensuring the
flexibility and stability of the bridge

1.3 Different Arrangements of Cable System

Cable-stayed bridges have commonly three different types of cable arrangements.

These are Fan, Semi-Fan, and Harp types of arrangements.

1. Fan System:

In this arrangement, the cables connect to or pass over the top of the towers. The
cables having a relatively steeper slope resulting in a smaller cable cross-section
as compared to the Harp type. However, when the number of stay cables increases,
the weight of the anchorage increases considerably making it difficult to attach all
the stay cables together at the pylon. Therefore, Fan patterns are suitable only for
spans having moderate lengths and with limited stay cables.

2. Semi-Fan System:

In this arrangement, the cables are concentrated in the upper part of the pylon, and
they are more steeply inclined as we move closer to the pylon (Bernard et. al.,
1988). This is one of the most common arrangements and the world’s largest
cable-stayed bridge, the Sutong Bridge in Jiangsu, China, was designed
considering the Semi-Fan arrangement.

Here, the cables are spaced from each other sufficiently as compared to the Fan
system to allow better termination and offer easy maintenance of cables.

3. Harp System:

In the Harp system, the cables are nearly parallel to each other and are sometimes
called parallel design. This arrangement is aesthetically more pleasing; however, it
requires taller pylons to fit all the cables. Furthermore, since the cables are not
steep, the compressive force developed in the deck is high and results in higher
bending moment in the pylons.

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 Figure 2 Fan arrangement of the Cable-Stayed Bridge

Figure 3 Semi-Fan arrangement of the Cable-Stayed Bridge

Figure 4 Harp arrangement of the Cable-Stayed Bridge

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1.4 Introduction to Software

STAAD Pro full form stands for Structural Analysis and Designing Program.
STAAD Pro is a structural analysis & design computer program that was being
developed by Research Engineers International (REL) at Yorba Linda, California in
1997. Today, STAAD Pro is one of the popular and widely used software for structural
analysis and design across the globe by Civil engineers. It supports all types of
various steel, concrete, and timber design codes. Using STAAD Pro, civil engineers
can design any type of structure, and later share the synchronized model data amongst
the entire design team. It ensures on-time and budget-friendly completion of
structures and designs related to steel, concrete, timber, aluminium, and cold-formed
steel projects, irrelevant to the complexities. STAAD Pro helps structural engineers to
automate their tasks by removing the tedious and long procedures of the manual
methods. It allows civil engineers to analyse and design various types of structures on
virtual platforms. Structural engineering firms, consultancies, various departments of
construction companies, and government firms use STAAD pro extensively.
Today, many online platforms and apps provide certification in STAAD Pro that gives
complete knowledge on this designing software. To learn this dynamic software, you
do not need a special degree or something; however, having a Civil Engineering is a
must to pursue this course.

1.5 Purpose of STAAD Pro in Civil Engineering

• With the help of STAAD Pro, civil engineers can easily analyse& design civil
engineering structures such as buildings, bridges, dams, canals, sewage
systems, plane, and space trusses.
• STAAD Pro can generate loads such as wind, or earthquakes as per building
codes of selected countries.
• STAAD Pro can be used to design steel and reinforced concrete buildings as
per the codes of selected countries
• It can carry out linear elastic (static & dynamic), and nonlinear dynamic
analysis .It has a simple and easy-to-understand interface which makes
learning quick for aspirants.
• At present, STAAD Pro is developed by Bentley Systems Inc. It was originally
developed by Research Engineers Inc. in California.

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 • STAAD Pro was one of the earliest structural analysis and design software that
was designed with user-friendly GUI and support for building codes of various
nations such as India, the US, the UK, and other developed nations.

1.6 Advantages of STAAD Pro in Civil Engineering

• Adopt for a faster technique of designing the various structures.

• No need for any forms of manual calculation and devote time on it.
• Suits for almost all types of design materials such as Concrete, Steel,
Aluminium, etc.
• Gives accurate results in Shear Force, bending moment diagram for each &
every beam, and structure column that you will try to do manually.
• Gives accurate results for the Number of reinforcements used longitudinally,
Shear Reinforcement.
• It will help you to make improvements and quick corrections in structure,
section, dimensions.
• Civil engineers can design structures for any type of loads such as Dead or
Live loads, wind loads, snow loads, area loads, floor loads, and more.
• You can design from a simple beam structure to as tall as skyscrapers and
analyse whether it will fail or pass at the applied load.
• You can import various interesting designs from AutoCAD to STAAD.
• It is simple, intuitive, and easy to learn.

1.7 Few Limitations of STAAD Pro Software

• It is not suitable for brick masonry work.

• It will not show the projected amount of material used.
• Is not useful for costing and getting estimates.
• You need proper skills such as civil engineering degree for typical designs.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW
Kao and Kou (2010) analysed the symmetric, fan-shaped cable remained the bridge
under sudden loss of cable, as this is the most critical phenomenon in the analysis of
the cable left the bridge.

Wolf andStarosek (2008) studied the behaviour of the 3D cable-the remaining model
of the bridge and found out that the initial failure (loss) of the three cables around the
pylon could provoke a zipper type of collapse associated with large vertical
deformation within the framework of the bridge deck.

Jenkins and Hersten (2001) reports to the FTA report that about 58% of the terrorist
attacks targeted the transport sector, including bridge structures. Mamed (2007)
analysed the typical bridges of the highway under explosive load.

Huanget al., 2011 studied significant damage and the collapse of several bridges that
occurred as a result of major earthquake events in the past. Therefore, he recommends
different guidelines for responding to seismic actions seen in the design of bridges.
For example, the Xiaoyudong bridge in China was damaged during the May 12, 2008
venture earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0.

Kawashima et al., 2011,is studying a strong earthquake in Japan in Fukushima, which

has created significant losses in several bridges, caused by strong movement of the
Earth, as well as tsunami pouring and thinners of dynamic cable reaction the
remaining bridges are more critical due to the effects of earthquakes and wind loads
compared to other types of bridges. However, with increasing the length of the span
and the increase in slenderness on the rigidity of the beam much attention is paid not
only to the dynamic reaction of bridges under the earthquake and the load on the
wind.

Shivanshi and Pinaki (2016) considered fan type, semi fan type and harp type cable
arrangements. The bridge is designed and analysed for these cables arrangement by
STAAD Pro software. The most efficient arrangement is proposed after analysis
among three. The comparison is made for Shear force, bending moment,

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displacements for the cases. The results indicated that the fan arrangement is more
efficient then two other arrangements.

G. M. Savaliya (2015) performed the analysis of cable-stayed suspension Hybrid

Bridge. Modelling of cable stayed suspension Hybrid Bridge in SAP2000 software
and its validation is carried out. The nonlinear static analysis and modal time history
analysis of cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is carried out in SAP2000 software.
The time period of bridge for different mode shape is presented to compare the result
of research paper with Sap 2000 software

Atul K. Desai (2013) increase the maximum span of cable-stayed bridges has
developed a modified static system. The basic idea of this new concept is the use of
pairs of inclined pylon legs that spread out longitudinally from the foundation base or
from the girder level. Spread-pylon cable-stayed bridge has distinct advantage like
reduction of sag of cables and oscillation of cable during earthquake over traditional
cable-stayed bridges.

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 CHAPTER III

OBJECTIVE

• Designing of cable stayed bridge and analyzing their shear force behavior,
bending moment and deflection.
• Evaluate and distribute loads effectively among the bridge components,
ensuring proper load paths and minimizing stress concentrations.

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 CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY

4.1 General
The following is the fundamental considerations for the effective use of STAAD-
PRO (i.e. Structural Analysis & Design Program software) for the analysis of
structures. It must be mentioned however that since STAAD is a computer program,
blind faith should not be placed in STAAD or any other engineering program.

Modeling

Material Properties

Support Conditions

Load Applications

Analysis

Designing

Figure 5 Flow Chart for Analysis and Design of Cable-Stayed Bridge.

1. Modeling: Create a 3D structural model of your building or structure,

defining elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and supports.

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 2. Material Properties: Specify material properties for each structural
component, including material type, density, modulus of elasticity, and
Poisson’s ratio.

3. Support Conditions: Define support conditions at the base of your

structure, including constraints and restraints.

4. Load Application: Apply loads to the structure, including dead load, live
loads, and any other relevant loads. Specify load combinations based on design
codes.

5. Analysis: Perform structural analysis using appropriate methods, such as

static, dynamic, or finite element analysis, depending on the complexity of the
structure.

6. Review results: Examine analysis results; including member forces,

deflections, and reactions, to ensure the structure meets design requirements.

7. Designing: Perform code checks based on the selected design code.

STAAD. Pro can automatically check if your structure complies with the
specified design codes. If needed, optimize your design based on the analysis
and code-check results. Adjust member sizes, support conditions, or other
parameters to achieve a cost-effective and safe design.

4.2 Modeling
Analysis is made for cable stayed bridge. The total span of the bridge is 200
m. The total width of the deck of the bridge is 16 m. The diagram of bridge is as
shown in Fig. 1-3. In construction; firstly edge beams are erected and then followed
by deck slab with crossbeams. The total height of bridge is 30 m. The pylon used here
inverted H Shape and cable arrangement is semi-fan arrangement.

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 Table 1 Description of Structure

D escription Values
Total span of the Bridge 200m

Total width of deck of the Bridge 16m

Total height of the Bridge 30m

Diameter of column 1m

Beam Size 0.5m×0.5m

Deck thickness 0.3m

Support type Fixed support

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Figure 6 Modelling of Cable-Stayed Bridge

Figure 7 side view of cable-stayed bridge

Figure 8 front view of cable-stayed bridge

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4.3 Material Properties
The material properties for cable-stayed bridge, concrete property are used for
Deck, tower or pylon, foundation and stainless steel is used for cable.

Figure 9 Assigning column properties

Figure 10 Assigning beam properties

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 Figure 11 Assigning cable properties

Figure 12 Assigning plate thickness properties

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