GENERAL MATHEMATICS

lesson 3

-
representing rational function
- domain and range
intercepts , a
symptotes
B zeroes .
 2
I .
y + 4X + 4
> O
X
STEP I

x2 + 4x + 4
> O
X

STEP 2
1 O +
2)0 + 2)
(x + 2)(x+ 2)

(0) X
Lo
x + 2 0
; x 0
= =

X = -
2

The critical numbers are

-
2 and O

STEP 3

i
⑪

STEP 4

2 2 05 < x3 -R]
100
Intervals -
, ,

Test NO .
-
3
-
, I

x + 4X + 4 ↑ ↑ q

X
-
3 -
I I

x
2 + 4x+4 -
3
-
I 9
X

solution set X X -
I X
\
STEPS
a
-
-3 - - O
1

The solution sit is the

interval 2)
10 , or
4X/X 04
Representing Rational Functions through Example No .
1 .
Represent the speed of a runner as function
of time it takes to run 100 meters in track.
Table of Values, Graph and Equation
& solution Since the speed of the runner depends on

the time it takes to run 100 meters we

PRETEST ,
can represent the speed as function of time.

1. Which of the following table of values k Recall the formula for speed
.

f(x)
represents the rational function X +2 s =
d
-
distance

t time

a f(x) 413 I 4/52/3 4/7 STEP I create a rational function .

Let x represent the time it takes to run

* ↓ 2 3 4 5
100 meters
. Then ,
the speed can be presented
Function
as a S(x) as follows :

f(x) 413 I 4/52/3 4/7

b 100
.
s(X) =

2 3 4 X
* I 5
- - -
- -

STEP
2 construct a table of values for the speed
of a runner againts different run times
.

2. Which of the following is the graph of f(x) =

x - Y I 12 14 16 18 20 22

S(X) 10 8 .
337 14 6 25 5 5654 54
.
.
. .

t I
b
.
2 .

I & STEP 3 Plot the points in the Cartesian Plane

.

·"
12
+ 0 1 34
-

3
-
2 -

2 1 2
I 3 45
-

-
·

·....
8
~
-
I -
I 4

I
4
I
Z
-
-
2 O

I 12 14 16 18 20

X axis C time)
 No
SS5600 -
600 + I

800 - 50X
No
-
EXAMPLE 2
↳

Example . 3

Represent the rational function given by X -

1 The school administration of Paraiso National High School
using the table of values and plot a graph of conducted a forum about gender sensitivity. There are 600 SHS
the function by connecting the points. f(x) =
x+ 1 students and 800 JHS students who arrived the venue at noon.
Every hour, 25 SHS students arrive and 50 JHS students leaves the
STEP I create rational function venue. What function will represent the ratio of SHS students and
a .
is JHS students after x hours?
(The function already provided)

solution Take note that the initial number of SHS

X -
1
students is 600 and it increase
by 25 every
f(x) =
x+ 1 hour So that total number of SHS
.
students
after x hours is 600 + 25X

STEP 2 construct the table values The initial number of CHS students is 800 and
of .

it decreases by 50 every hour . So the total

number of JHS students after x hours is
* +0 8 - -

4 -
20246810
800
06/071078
-
-
50X
1 41 673 + 0 82
f(x) 1 22.
1 29
.
. . 0 33
.
.

STEP I Create a rational function out of the

problem
-
STEP 3 Plot the pints
O in the Cartesian Plane .

Let r(x) ratio of students per hour

*
=

An asymptote is a straight line that

IS
4
constantly approaches a given curve
but does not meet at any infinite 600 + 25X 24 + X
distance. In other words, asymptote is r(X) = -

* 3
a line that a curve approaches as it 800 -

50 X 32 -
2x
moves towards infinity.
2
·
&

I
STEP 2 values
·

a symptote I
Construct a table of ·
*
&
·
-
·
*
- -
I &

I
12 8 6 46810
-
-
10 .
-
-
4. 2 O 2
12
G
0. is
-
I
I 2 34 5
.

0 . 83 0 .
93 1 .
04 1 .
17 1 .
32 1 5
.

-
2

3
-
 STEP 3 Plot the points in the cartesian plane
Domain and Range of Rational Function
.

The Domain of a rational function f(x) is the set of all real numbers

.
1 .
5

r(X) except those for which the denominator is zero.

rate
I Range is the set of all values that the variable f(x) will take.
-
I
SHS
@
I
=

JHS
0 . 5
How to determine the Domain ?

STEP I Find the value X that makes

· * 4 5 6 the denominator not equal to

'hours" (x
Zero .

Write the domain in rule form or

STEP 2

TRY THIS OUT in interval notation

I
A hypothetical function representing the Let's determine the domain of the
Function
concentration of a drug in patient’s
bloodstream overtime x (in hours) is given by k f(x) 413 I 4/5 2/3 4/7

f(x)
x
-x =
X +2 * ↓ 2 3 4 E

Construct a table of values for integers 0 to 9 and plot S1 S2

Rule Form :

x + 2 I
= 0
(x(x 2)
. .

-(R x +
the points in a Cartesian Plane and connect them. ,

x 2
"Theset ofCXsuchthat,
+
-

Sentence Form
set all real Interval Notation
The domain is the of

numbers except
-

2 .
domain :
-0 , 2) U ( 2 2)
,
 How to determine the Range ? k f(x)
-

4 und 42 +(14) 2)3

f(x) X +2 * 3 2
10/234
-
- -

STEP / Let y = f(x)

Range :
D :
&XXEIR ,
x * -

23
⑳
STEP 2 Solve for in terms
y + G

·
R
of R:
Gyly
x
Same degree y = ,
3

⑭ y =

b
Not s ame
degree - Find the value of y that asymptote 2

STEP 3
④ <d.
n
makes the denominator ⑧

0
not y = 0 & ·

equal to zero
.
① n > d
C
horizontal
-

no
↳
I
z 3 4

asymptote Write the range in

STEP 4 -
I

rule form or

interval notation
-

k f(x) 413 I 4/5 2/3 4/7

f(x) X +2 * ↓ 2 3 4 E

Range :

4
S1 & 414 - R 4 + 03
y
. ,
=
Al

x+ 2 ( -
a
,
0v)0 x) ,

(x
-
-
a . 0
os s (20 ,
+
01 ,

-4 6
! :4
-

52
.

=
y(X +
2) =
4 X + 2
4

#
3+
2
x = -
2

xy
--
424
X >
-

y = G
ANSWER TH
I
TRY THIS OUT
 I
600 + 25X
2. What is the Domain and the Range of f(x) =
x - 3. What is the Domain and the Range of r(X) =

800 -

50 X

Domain : 51 X-1 # O
Domain O
: St 800 -
50X =

x = l 50X E 800
Rule Form X = 16
S2
2 x /X el ,
x
FlL S2 Rule Form

Interval Notation & XIX E1R

,
X + 163
C -
x , 1v(1 2) ,
Interval Notation
Range : c -
0 , 16)v(14 , &)

y = x' -
Range :

SI S14 600 25X

+
-

Y(X
-

1) = I 800 -
50 X

I 4 (800 50x) 600 25X

xy 4 +
-

- =

4 800y -

50Xy = 600 + 25 X
"
Y
-
y(X -

⑭
25x 800y
50xy + 600
-
=

I
x X 1 -

(50y
-

↑
x + 25) =
800y
-
600

x (50y + 25C 50y + 25

5
=
+ 1

600
* E
800y -

* y + 1
-
0 50y + 25
> Y =
I
-

y 0
52
Rule Form 50y + 25 =

& 4 14 E1R , 4 + 03 y + -Y 2

Interval Notation Rule

Form Interval Notation
S2
0)v(0 a) & Y(4
( - =
/2) (2)u) x)
-
. , = 1 , 4E C
-
a ,
-
2 ,
Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes Find the value of x that will make the numerator equal
· st
to zero but will not make the denominator equal to zero.
2x -
1 = 0

2x = 1

1
x-intercept :

2 , O
X =

To find the y-intercept, if 0 is in the domain,

S2
evaluate f(x) at x = 0.

2(0)
-

I
f(x) = 2x - 1
>
-
f(0) =

x (0) -

4
-

4
I
f(0) =

y intercept : 0 ,
K
Find the zeroes. The zeroes of a function are the values of
53 x which make the function zero. The real number zero is
also an x-intercept of a function.

Find the intercept

zero :
4 ty
Example I x-intercept
, y ,

zeroes ,
vertical and horizontal Find the vertical asymptote (v) by equating the
asymptote of the rational function 54 denominator by 0. If the value v does not make the
numerator zero, then the line x = v is a vertical asymptote.
2x - 1

f(x) =
x -

4
X -
4 = 0
vertical
: x =
4
x =
4 asymptote
Note :Since there is no common factor between the numerator 2x 1 * 4 3 2 + 012 3 4
- .

and the denominator or 4 will not make the numerator be f(x) =

X -

4 f(X) 1 . 13 / 0 .
83 0 6
.
0 25.
-
0 3 - 1
.
. 5 -
5 und
the vertical
zero , asymptote of the graph of f is the
line x =
4
.

EI
2x - 1
X 4 = 0
R :
2 yly - 12 , y7 23 3

Domain
-

>
f(x)
-

: =
x -

4 x = 4 -
y = 2
Rule Form Interval Notation

EXIXER ,
X 1
44 ( - 0 , 4)v(4 2) ,

I
d :
ExX EiR ,

Find the horizontal asymptote. x +

43 -
55 To find the HA, Identify the degree of the denominator. -y
intercept
-

↑
Y - 4
C

a. If the degree of the numerator is equal to the 4 3 2 H

-

I 3
-

4
-

I
-

degree of the denominator, identify the leading

coefficient of the numerator (a) and the denominator -
I x-intercept

(b). The write = a/b

I

b. If numerator < denominator, the the horizontal

asymptote is the equation y = 0.

c. If numerator > denominator, then there is no - 3

I
horizontal asymptote .

-
2x - 1 - 4

Y the
f(x) assume
= -

=
X -

4 graph is
perfect
.
2
4 -

horizontal
·
y = 2
asymptote
 I
Determining the range
R :
2 yly - 12 , y7 23 3

f(x) =
2x - 1
2
X -

4
Therange canin
2x -
1 graph as how the
. d :
ExX EiR ,

y I
=
2 is
line y
43
= - x +
X restricted in the
4 - intercept
-

-y
-

range. X = 4
y(X 4)
if
-
= 2x -

1
4 -3 -
-

- I z 3 4
2x 1
xy 4y =
-

xy
-

2x =
4y -
1 -
1 x-intercept

=
x(y
-

2) I

2
y 2
-
<

4y -
1
X -
I -

2 - 3

I
-

Range rule form

- 4

& yly > M

-

, y7 2] Assume
graph is
whe
-

perfect
.
interval notation -

5 /

( -
2
, 2)v(2 ,
a)
 Find the vertical asymptote (v) by equating the
Example 2 +(x)
=Xs 54 denominator by 0. If the value v does not make the
numerator zero, then the line x = v is a vertical asymptote.
Find the value of x that will make the numerator equal 2x2 9X -

5 = 0
SI
-

to zero but will not make the denominator equal to zero.

2x + 5x - 3 = 0
(2x + 1)/X
2x + 1 = 0
;
-
5)
X-
= 0

5 = 0
are :
(2x -

1)(X + 3) = 0 X
intercept x 5
: x = - =
2 i

09(2 0) ) 03
2x-1 x + e
= 0
, =
,
3 ,

Find the horizontal asymptote.

.

x
tix = 3
= -

55 To find the HA, Identify the degree of the denominator.

To find the y-intercept, if 0 is in the domain,
S2 a. If the degree of the numerator is equal to the
evaluate f(x) at x = 0.
degree of the denominator, identify the leading
coefficient of the numerator (a) and the denominator
-(x)
= 5xs (b). The write = a/b

b. If numerator < denominator, the the horizontal

f(0)
2 (0) + 5(0) -
3
=

-
E
asymptote is the equation y = 0.
5
2(0) -

9(0) -
5
c. If numerator > denominator, then there is no
horizontal asymptote .
y intercept :
(0 , 3/5)

53
Find the zeroes. The zeroes of a function are the values of
x which make the function zero. The real number zero is
y = Horizontal
asymptote
also an x-intercept of a function.
-
1
y = - 1y =

zeroes :
& 5 ,
-34
-(x)
=5Xs

I
-

4 -

3 -
2 - U I 2 3 4

i
0 .
44 0 -

0 24
. -
I 0-6 -

0 . 5 -

7 -
214 -

5
. 4

T
I

L
-

4 ... -
-

:.
j

-
on of the estation

3
 Additional Example Note
tells
that
us
our
the
STEPS
value of
for
y
Horizontal asymptote
that shall not be
included in the
Range of
D rational function
> (X) 3x 0
Range
-
.
-

=
X + x G
Find the horizontal asymptote.
-

55 To find the HA, Identify the degree of the denominator.

Domain
a. If the degree of the numerator is equal to the
=
+ x -
6-
X O
degree of the denominator, identify the leading
-

(X + 3)(x -

2) - O
y = m
coefficient of the numerator (a) and the denominator
(b). The write = a/b
x 3 X 2) -
I
+ 0
;
=
-

n < d
- 2 b. If numerator < denominator, the the horizontal
x + -
3 x
y =
0 6t

asymptote is the equation y = 0.

n > d
Rule Form n 4
c. If numerator > denominator, then there is no
Horizontal horizontal asymptote .
2xxe 12 x + -

3824
, asymptote
Interval Notation

c -
0 -

3)v( 3 2)V(2 a)
equation
,
at
.

looking
,
* Just our ,

even without solving x in terms of 4-

of which we isolate X-it is already
evident that
, range
therefore is
the degree I
·

of exponents > (X) 3x 0

(y(yeR 4 #
06
-
-

= ,

are not
=
X + x G
equal
-

h<d
· I meaning horizontal is y =0
Asymptote
 YOUR TURN
1. Determine the intercepts
, Challenge your self :

zeroes ,
and asymptoles
can you determine the
domain , range intercepts
of the equation.
, ,

zeroes and
asymptoles
( No graph needed ) .
of the rational Function :

X + 3x -
70 f(x) =

x + 1
f(x) =

(x + 10)(X2 -
10x + 2)

.
2 Determine the domain ,
5x + 1
>
-
f(x) =

range intercepts zeroes

, , , X -

4
and asymptotes .

Sketch the graph of the

equation and show a
table oF values from
-

8 to 8 .