CHAPTER 9 : INTEGRATION

 [f ( x) + g(x)] dx =  f ( x) dx +  g( x) dx
(REVERSE operation/process of differentiation)
2.
Note : NOT inverse of differentiation, because integration is an

 ( 2
operation/process, NOT a function. 3
eg. – 8x(x +1)(x – 1) dx )
x
1
   
3 3 x
Basic Principle : If d [f(x)] = g(x), then g( x ) dx = f(x) + c = x 2 dx – 8 x 3 dx + 8 x dx = – 2x 4 + 4 x 2 + c
dx 2 

1 Integration by Basic Form (for n + 1 ≠ 0)

Modified Principle : If d [f(x)] = k.h(x), then d [ f(x)] = h(x)
dx dx k


f (x ) 1
[g(x) = k.h(x)]  h( x ) dx = + c or f(x) + c
xn (ax  b) n  1
 
k k
1. x n dx = +c 2. (ax + b)n dx = +c
n 1 (a )(n  1)

Constants of integration : May use (+ c1, + c2, + c3, . . . , + A, + B . . . ) etc

[f ( x)]n  1 + c
3.
 f ’(x).[f(x)]n dx =
(n  1)
(Special format)

Standard Notations :
 f '( x) dx = f(x) + c 1 and
 f ( x) dx = F(x) + c 2

Note : (Special Cases)

x  (ax  b)
1 1 1 1
dx = – dx = –

1 4. +c 5. +c
eg : Since d [ x m ] = mx m 1  x m  1 dx = xm + c 2 x 2 (a )(ax  b)
dx m

 x n dx = n  1 x n + c ,
1
Let m – 1 = n : (for n + 1 ≠ 0)
[ (4x + 3)
1 1 1
eg 1 : 2
+
( 4 x  3 )2 ]dx = 3(4) (4x + 3) 3
–
(4)( 4 x  3)
+c

1 1
Laws of Integration = (4x + 3)3 – +c
12 4( 4 x  3)

1.
 k.f ( x) dx = (k).  f ( x) dx = (k).F(x) + c eg 2 :
[
x
+
ln x
x ]dx = [( 2 )
1 2x
+
1
x ]
ln x dx
x 1
2
x 12

x 2 ln 3 3
x 3 ln 3
  ( x )+ c =
ln 3 ln 3
eg. dx = x 2 dx = +c
2  3 2  3 2  3 3 3(2  3 ) = ( 21 ).(2) x2  1 +
1
2
(ln x)2 + c = x2  1 +
1
2
(ln x)2 + c

9-1
Integration by Basic / Modified Principle (By known / found Derivative) 4
eg 4 : Find d
dx
( x ln x ) . Hence evaluate
 1
ln x dx.
x
 3 x  1 dx .
dy
eg 1 : If y = (x – 3) x  1 , find . Hence find
dx x 1 d
dx
( x ln x ) = ( x )( 1 ) + (ln x).(
1
)= 1
(2 + ln x)
dy 1 ( x  3)  2( x  1) 3x  1 x 2 x 2 x
= (x – 3). + x  1 .(1) = = 4 4

 1[ [ 4 x ]14 +  1 ln xx dx = 2[2 ln 4 – 0]
dx 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 1 2 4
  ln x dx =
] [ x ln x ] 
2 x x 1

 3 x  1 dx = (x – 3) x  1 + c 
1
 3 x  1 dx = 2(x – 3) x  1 + c , [2c1 = c] 4
2 x 1
Alternative :
x 1 
 1
ln x dx = 4 ln 4 – [8 – 4] = 4 ln 4 – 4
x

 x 1 
3 x  1 dx = 2 3 x  1 dx = 2(x – 3)
2 x 1
x 1 + c
2
eg 5 : Find d
dx ( 2x  1
) . Hence evaluate  0 3x  1
3
dx .
2
( 2 x 2  1)

2x  12
eg 2 : Find d  ln x  . Hence evaluate ln x dx.
dx  x  1 x 2
4x
2 x 2  1 . (2)  (2 x  1).
d  ln x  = (ln x).( 1 )+ 1
.(
1
)= 1
–
ln x
2x  1 2 2x2  1 2x  2
  d
( )= =
dx  x  x2 x x x 2
x 2
dx 2 3
2x  1 2
( 2 x  1) 2
( 2 x 2  1)
2
1 2

 ]1 –  1
ln x 2 2
ln x dx = 1 ln 2 – 0
 [ x12  lnx 2x ] dx = [ ]1  [ 2


2
2x  2
[ 22xx 11]
1
1 x x x2 2  dx = . . . . . . x( )
3 2
2 0 ( 2 x  1)
2 2 0

 ln x dx = [– 1 – (–1)] – 1 ln 2 = 1 (1 – ln 2)
2
x2
 x 1
2 2 2 1
1  dx = [1 – (–1)] = 1
3 2
0 ( 2 x  1)
2


2 2 2

  
Find d [(2x + 1) x  1 ]. Hence show that 2 x  1 dx = 46 . 3x  1 x 1 2x
eg 3 :
dx  dx = dx + dx
2 x 1 3 0 ( 2 x  1)
2 3
0 ( 2 x 2  1)
3
0 ( 2 x 2  1)
3

x  1 ] = 6x  3
d [(2x + 1) 1
x  1 ] = (2x + 1). + (2).
dx 2 x 1 2 x 1 2
( 2)

2

[ 2 x  1]
1 4x 1
5 5
=1+ dx = 1 +
3

 
6 x  3 dx = 5 2 x  1 dx = 2 [ 11(2) – 5(1) ] 2 0 ( 2 x 2  1) 2 2

2 2 x 1
[ (2x+1) x 1 ]
2

2 x 1 3
0

1 5
5 5
=1– [ 3 – 1] = 3
 ( 2 xx  11   2 x  1 dx = 34 +
34 5

2
2
x 1
) dx = 3

2 x 1 3
[4 x 1 ]
2

5

 2
2 x  1 dx = 34 + [ 4(2) – 4(1) ] = 46
x 1 3 3

9-2
Integration by Suitable Substitution 3 2u du
Alternative : Let 3x  1 = u  = du [ dx = ]
2 3x 1 dx 3
General pattern : Let g(x) = u  g’(x) = du [ g’(x) dx = du]
dx 2 u2  1 2u du 2 u3
   (u2  1) du
2x 4
3x 1
dx =
u
( 3
) 3
=
9
=
9 3
[u +c ]
 f (x). [g( x)]   h(u). [u]
n du
n (Express in terms of u) n
dx = f (x ). [u] ( )  du 4 4
g'( x ) = u(u2 – 3) + c = 3 x  1 (3x – 2) + c
27 27


Note : For definite integral (sub. the limits as well with corresponding values of u)
 cos θ
6
eg 3 : Using the substitution u = 3 + 2 sin θ, evaluate dθ.
b g( b) g( b)
0 (3  2 sin θ )2

  
n n du n
f (x ). [g( x )] dx = f (x ). [u] ( g'( x ) ) h( u). [u] du du = 2 cos θ du
a g( a ) g( a ) u = 3 + 2 sin θ 
dθ
[ 2 cos θ
= dθ]

 4 4

  
6 cos θ cos θ . du 1 du
dθ = =
 (3 x  1)
2x 2 cos θ
eg 1 : By using a suitable substitution, find dx . 0 (3  2 sin θ )2 3
2
(u) 3 2(u)2
3
1 1 4 1 1 1 1
= [
2 (1)u
] +c
3
= – [
2 4
–
3
=
24 ]
Let (3x + 1) = u  3 = du
dx
[ dx = d3u ]
1 1
2 u  1 du
 (3 x  1)   
2x 2 1 1
dx = ( ) = 9 ( u2  u3 ) du eg 4 : Using an appropriate substitution, evaluate x 2 (1  x ) 3 dx.
3
(u)3 3 3 0

2 1 1 2(6 x  1) u=1–x  du = –1 [ – du = dx]

= [ 
9 (1)u (2) u2
]+ c = 9u2 2
(1 – 2u) + c = –
9(3 x  1)2
+c dx
1 1 0 1 1 1 4 7

 0
x 2 (1  x ) 3 dx =  1
(1 – u)2. (u) 3 (– du) =
 0[(u) 3  2(u) 3  (u) 3]du

2x
eg 2 : By using a suitable substitution, find dx . 3 4
3 7
3 10 1
3x 1 = [4 ( u) 3  2( )(u) 3
7

10
(u) 3 ] = [34  76  103]– [0  0  0]= 140
0
27

Let (3x + 1) = u  3 = du
dx
[ dx = d3u ] 1
( 1)
3 1 Alternative : Let (1  x ) 3 = u  = du [ dx = –3u2 du]
2 dx
u  1 du 2 2

  ( 3(1 
2x 2 2 1 2 u u x) 3
3x 1
dx =
u
( 3
)3 =
9
u
u
) du =
9 3
[
 1 ]+ c 1 1 0 1
  
2 2
4 4
x 2 (1  x) 3 dx = (1 – u3)2.u(–3u2 du) = 3(u3 – 2u6 + u9) du
= u (u – 3) + c = 3 x  1 (3x – 2) + c 0 1 0
27 27 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 27
=3 [4 u4 – 7 u7 + 10 u10]0 = 3[4 – 7 + 10]– 3[0 – 0 + 0] = 140

9-3
Integration by Special (Formats / Functions) 3
( x  2)2

5 2
eg 9 : Show that 2
dx = + 4 ln .
(A) Integration of Simple Rational Functions 2 x 3 3
3 3 3
( x  2) 2 2
( x  4 x  4)
  
4 4
(1  x  x 2 ) dx
x 
1 1 1 dx = dx =
1. dx = ln x + c 2. dx = ln (ax+ b) + c 2 x 2
2 x 2
2
(ax  b) a
[ x – 4 ln x – x ]2 = [3 – 4 ln 3 – 34 ] – [2 – 4 ln 2 – 2] = 53 + 4 ln 32
4 3
=

 f ( x) dx = ln f(x) + c
f' ( x )
3.
2x  1 1
2x  1
eg 10 : Express 2
( x  1)(2  x )
partial fractions. Hence, evaluate
 0
2
( x  1)(2  x )
dx .

x x
x 1 2x 1
eg 1 : dx = dx = ln (x2 – 9) + c 2x  1 Ax  B C ( Ax  B )(2  x )  C( x 2  1)
2
9 2 2
9 2 ≡ + =
( x 2  1)(2  x ) x2  1 2 x ( x 2  1)(2  x )
 2x + 1 ≡ (Ax + B)(2 – x) + C(x2 + 1)
6 x2
 2x  2x
4x 4 2
eg 2 : 3
dx = 3
dx = ln (2x3 – 5) + c x = 2 : 5 = 0 + C(5)  C=1 [x2] : 0 = –A + C A=1 
5 6 5 3
2x  1 1 x
[x ] 0
: 1 = 2B + C  B=0  = 2 +
3x 3x ( x 2  1)(2  x ) x 1 2 x
 2e  2e x  1 dx = 6 ln ( 2e x + 1) + c
e 1 6e 1 3
eg 3 : dx = 1
2x  1 1

 
3x
1 6 3 x 1 1 1

0
2
( x  1)(2  x )
dx = ( 2 + ) dx = [ 2 ln (x2 + 1) – ln (2 – x) ]0
0 x 1 2 x
3 x
 9e
 2e  2  3e
1 1 1 1 3
eg 4 : dx = dx = – ln (2 + 3e 3 x ) + c =[ ln 2 – 0] – [0 – ln 2] = ln 2
3x (9) 3 x 2 2
3 9

 sin x
 
1


18  4 x  x 2
eg 11 : Express 18  4 x  x 2 in PF. Hence, evaluate
2
eg 5 : tan x dx = (–1) dx = – ln cos x + c
2 dx .
cos x ( 4  3 x )(1  x ) 0 ( 4  3 x )(1  x )

18  4 x  x 2 ≡ A B C
 
cos x + +
eg 6 : cot x dx = dx = ln sin x + c 4  3 x (1  x )
sin x ( 4  3 x )(1  x )2 (1  x )2
 18 – 4x – x2 ≡ A(1 + x)2 + B(4 – 3x)(1 + x) + C(4 – 3x)
x9 x9
x  ( x  3)( x  3) dx [ ( x  3)  ( x  3)]dx x = –1 : 21 = 0 + 0 + C(7)  C = 3 x = 4 : 98 = A( 49 ) + 0 + 0  A = 2
2 1
eg 7 : 2
dx = 3 9 9
9
 18  4 x  x 2 ≡
2 2 1 3
= 2 ln (x – 9) – ln (x + 3) + c
[x2] : –1 = A – 3B  B = 1 + +
( 4  3 x )(1  x ) 4  3x 1 x (1  x )2
1 1

 
2x 1 18  4 x  x 2 1 3
 (x [ ( 4 23 x + 1  x
x 1
) dx
eg 8 : 2
 1)( x  2)
dx 2
( x  1)

( x  2)
dx
] 0 ( 4  3 x )(1  x )
2 dx =
0
+
(1  x )2
2 3 1 3 2 7 3
=
1
2
ln (x2 + 1) – ln (x + 2) + c = – [ 3
ln (4 – 3x) + ln (1 + x) –
1 x ]0 = [ln 2 – 2 ] – [– 3 ln 4 – 3] = 3 ln 2 + 2

9-4
 x 8
Integration By Cover-Up Rule (For Denominator with distinct linear factors only) eg 4 :
x
4
dx =
x 2
4
dx =
4
ln ( ) + c = 1 ln ( x  2 2 ) + c
2
8  ( 8 )2 2 8 x 8 2 x2 2
 p(a)  q 
 ( x  a)( x  b) dx =   (a)  b . ( x  a)  (b)  a . ( x  b)  dx
px  q 1 p(b)  q 1


1
1
eg 5 : Using the substitution u = 1 + x , evaluate dx .
0 1 x
eg 1 : du = 1
u=1+ x 
dx
[ 2(u – 1) du = dx]
x 1 x 1 2 x
  [
4 1 1
2
x  3x
dx =
x ( x  3)
dx = 
3( x  3) 3( x  3) ]
dx = [ 4 ln (x – 3) – ln x ] + c
3


1 2 2
  [ u  u]du
1 1 1
dx = . 2(u – 1) du = 2
0 1 x 1 u 1
x8 x8 ( 12) ( 6)
eg 2 :
 2
x  2x  8
dx =
( x  2)( x  4)
dx =
 [ 
( 6)( x  4) (6)( x  2) ]dx =2 [ 32 (u)
3
2  2( u) 2
1
]
2
= 2 [ 32 (2 2 )  2( 2 )]– 2[ 32  2]= 34 (2 – 2 )
1

[ ( x  4)  ( x  2) ]dx = 2 ln (x + 4) – ln (x – 2) + c
2 1
=
e2
e
1
eg 6 : Evaluate dx .
x ln x
Special formats :
Let u = ln x  du = 1 [ x du = dx]

1 1 a x dx
dx = ln ( )+ c , for –a < x < a x
a2  x2 2a a x e2 2 2
e  
1 1 1 2
[ln u] = ln 2 – 0 = ln 2

1 1 1 x dx = . x du = du =
For a = 1 : dx = ln ( )+ c , for –1 < x < 1 x ln x 1 xu 1 u 1
1 x 2 2 1 x
Alternative
 x  a 2a x  a ) + c ,
1 1 xa
dx = ln ( for x > a
2 2 e2 e2 ( 1 ) e2
e 
1
dx = x dx =
[ln (ln x)] = ln 2 – 0 = ln 2

 x  1 dx = 2 ln ( x  1) + c ,
1 1 x 1 x ln x e ln x e
For a = 1 : 2
for x > 1


x
4 x eg 7 : Using the substitution u = x , evaluate dx .
eg 1 :
 16  x
1
2
dx =

1
dx =
1
ln (
4 x
) + c = 81 ln ( 44  xx ) + c 4 x 1
42  x 2 2(4)
u= x  du = 1 = 1 [ 2u du = dx]
2 x dx 2u
eg 2 :
 4x
8
2
dx =
2 2
8
dx =
8
ln (
2 x
) + c = 2 ln ( 22  xx ) + c 2 x
 x2 2(2) 9


3 3 u 1
  [1  u  1]du = 2[u  2 ln ( u  1)]
x u 1 1 3
dx = . 2u du = 2
4 x 1 2 u 12 2 2 2
x 3
eg 3 :
x
6
dx =

6
dx = ln (
6
) + c = 3 ln ( x  3 ) + c 1 1 1 1 3
2
3 x 2  ( 3 )2 2 3 x 3 x 3 [
= 2 3
2 2 2
] [
ln ( ) – 2 2  ln ( ) = 2 + ln
3 2
]

9-5
(B) Integration of Exponential Functions (C) Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1. Integration of Basic Trigonometric Functions

 e x dx = e x + c  eax b 1
1. 2. dx = eax  b + c 1
a  sin x dx = – cos x + c  sin (ax+ b) dx =–
a
cos (ax+ b) + c

1
 cos x dx = sin x + c  cos (ax+ b) dx =
a
sin (ax+ b) + c

3.
 f'( x).ef(x) dx = ef(x) + c (Special format)
 sec2 x dx = tan x + c  sec2(ax+ b) dx =
1
a
tan (ax+ b) + c

2. Integration By Basic Trigo Identities


1
Note : e ax dx = e ax + c (Simplified case 2 with b = 0)
 2 (1 – cos 2x) dx
1 1 1
a
 sin2 x dx = =
2
(x – sin 2x) + c
2

 2 (1 + cos 2x) dx
1 1 1
 cos2 x dx = = (x + sin 2x) + c
eg 1 :
e 2x
( e x – e  4 x ) dx =
 (e 3x
–e  2x
) dx 2 2

1 1  2x 1 1
 tan2 x dx =  (sec2 x – 1) dx = tan x – x + c
= e3 x – + c = e3 x + e  2 x + c
 = 
e cot2 x dx (cosec2 x – 1) dx = – cot x – x + c
3 ( 2) 3 2

 2 sin 2x dx
1 1 1 1
(2e3 x  3)2 (4e6 x  12e3 x  9)  sin x cos x dx = = (– cos 2x) + c = – cos 2x + c
 
2 2 4
eg 2 : dx = dx
e2 x e2 x


9  2x
= (4e 4 x – 12e x + 9e  2 x ) dx = e 4 x – 12e x – e +c 3. Basic Integration formula (Inverse Trigo Integrals)
2

 1 x 
1 1
dx = tan–1 x + c dx = sin–1 x + c or – cos–1 x + c

 xe 
1 1 2
x2 x2 x2 1 x 2
eg 3 : dx = 2xe dx = e +c
2 2
 a  x dx = a tan ( a )+ c
1 1 x –1
2 2

 
e x
 a  x dx = sin ( a ) + c
1 x x 1 x –1 x
eg 4 : dx = 2 e dx = 2e +c or – cos–1( )+c
x 2 x 2 2 a

1 1

 x ex x
3 1 x x
eg 5 : 1
dx = 3 2
e dx = 3e +c
2

9-6
  1

 
4 1
eg 1 : Evaluate 6
4 sin3 2x dx. eg 4 : Evaluate dx .
0 0 1 4 x 2
  
Let 2x = u : 2 = du
 6
0
4 sin3 2x dx =
 0
6
4 sin2 2x. sin 2x dx =
 0
6
4 (1 – cos2 2x) sin 2x dx
1
dx
1 1
1  
 
  du
=
 6
[4 sin 2x – 4 cos 2
2x. sin 2x] dx = [ 2
–2 cos 2x + cos3 2x ] 6
4

0
1
1 4 x 2
dx =
0
2 1
1 u2
.
2
dx = [ 21 sin u ]
–1 2
0
= (
2 6
) –0=
12
0 3 0

1
[ )  2 ( 1) ] – [2(1)  32 (1) ] = 125
3
= 2( 3
5


2 3 2 1
eg 5 : Evaluate dx .
2 5  4 x  x2

Let x – 2 = u : 1 = du
eg 2 : Evaluate
 6
0
4 sin4 2x dx.
5
dx
5 3

  9  ( x  2)  9  u
1 1 1
   dx = dx = du

  
2
8 4
4 sin 2x dx =
8 2 2
(2 sin 2x) dx = 8
(1 – cos 4x) dx 2 2 5  4x  x 2 2 0 2

] = 2 – 0 = 2
0 0 0
u 3
  = [ sin –1
3 0

 [1 – 2 cos 4x + cos2 4x] dx =  1

=
8 8
[1 – 2 cos 4x + 2
(1 + cos 8x)] dx
0 0 Alternative
 Let x – 2 = 3u : 1 = 3 du
1 1 1
= [ x – sin 4x + x + sin 8x ] 8 dx
2 2 16 0 5 5 1

  
1 1 1
 1  1 dx = dx = (3 du)
=[ – + + 0]– [ 0 – 0 + 0 + 0]= (3 – 8) 2 5  4x  x 2 2 9  ( x  2) 2 0 9  9u 2
8 2 16 16
1
 

1 1
=
0 1 u 2
du = [ sin u ]
–1
0
=
2
–0=
2


x2
eg 3 : Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ, find dx .
4  x2 4


1
dx eg 6 : Evaluate dx .
x = 2 sin θ : = 2 cos θ 3 x 2  6 x  10
dθ
Let x – 3 = u : 1 = du
 
x2 (2 sin θ )2
4  x2
dx =
4  (2 sin θ )2
. 2 cos θ dθ = 4 sin2 θ dθ  4
dx


4 1

 (x  3)  1  u
1 1 1
dx = dx = 2
du
x x 2
x  6 x  10 2
1

–1 –1
= 2 (1 – cos 2θ) dθ = 2θ – sin 2θ + c = 2 sin ( ) – sin [2 sin ( )] + c 3 3 0
2 2
  1
= [ tan u ] = –1
–0=
4 4 0

9-7
 3
4 x2  3 x  2
 2x  3
1
eg 7 : Evaluate
1
3
x x
dx . eg 10 : Using the substitution x + 1 = 2 tan θ, evaluate
 1 x2  2x  5
dx .

4 x2  3 x  2 Ax  B C x + 1 = 2 tan θ  dx = 2 sec2 θ
= +  4x2 + 3x + 2 = (Ax + B)(x) + C(x2 + 1) dθ
x x3
x 12 x
1
2x  3 1
2x  2 1

  
1
[x0] : 2 = C , [x1] : 3 = B , [x2] : 4 = A + C  A = 2 dx = dx + dx
1
2
x  2x  5 1
2
x  2x  5 1 ( x  1)2  4
3 2
4x  3x  2 3
2x  3 3

  
2 2x 3 2 
dx =  dx =   dx
=  ln (x2 + 2x + 5) 

2 1 1
1 x x3
1 x 1 x 1
2
x 1 2
x 1 x +
4
(2 sec2 θ dθ)
 
 1 (2 tan θ )2  4
3 3  0
= [ ln (x2 + 1) + 3 tan–1 x + 2 ln x ] = [ ln 4 +  + ln 3 ] – [ ln 2 + + 0] = ln 6 +  
1 
(  0) = ln 2 + 8
1 4 4

1 1
= [ln 8 – ln 4] +
[]
4
dθ = ln 2 + θ 4 = ln 2 +
0 2 2 0 2 4


7
2 x2 3
eg 8 : Using a suitable substitution, show that dx = 2 ln 2 + 6 – .
x  11 2 3


2
eg 11 : Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ, evaluate 4  x 2 dx .
du = 1 0
Let u = x  2   2u d u = 1
dx 2 x2 dx dx = 2 cos θ
x = 2 sin θ 
dθ


7
2 x2 3
2 u 3

  [2  u
4u 18  
dx = (2udu) =  ]du 3

  
3 3
2
x  11 0
2
(u  2)  11 0
2
9 2
u 9 4  x 2 dx = 4  4sin2 θ (2 cos θ dθ) = 4 cos2 θ dθ
0 0 0

=  2u + 2 ln(u2 + 9) – 6 tan–1 ( )  = [6 + 2 ln 18 – 6( )] – [0 + 2 ln 9 – 0]
u 3
 
 0

3 4 2 3 2 3
3
=
3
2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = [ 2θ + sin 2θ ]30 = [ 3  + 2 ] –[ 0 + 0] = 3
+
2
= 2 ln 2 + 6 – 
0
2
1


1 1

2
dx eg 12 : By substituting 2x = tan θ, show that dx = + .
eg 9 : Using a suitable substitution, find . 0
2
(4 x  1) 2 16 8
3  2x  x2
Let 2x = tan θ  2 dx = sec2 θ
Let x – 1 = 2u : 1 = 2 du dθ
dx
1  

  
x 1
  
1 1
dx
=
dx
=
2du
= sin–1 u + c = sin–1 ( )+c 2
dx =
4
(1 sec2 θ dθ) =
1 4 1
dθ
3  2x  x 2
4  ( x  1) 2
4  4u 2 2 0 (4 x 2  1)2 0 (tan2 θ  1)2 2 2 0 sec2 θ
  

 
1 1 1 1
Alternative x–1=u: 1 = du
dx
=
2
4
0
2
cos θ dθ =
4
4
0
(1 + cos 2θ) dθ =
4 [
θ+
2
sin 2θ ]04
 

x 1
 
dx dx du u 1 1 1 1
=
2
= = sin–1
2
+ c = sin–1 (
2
)+c =
4 [ 4
+
2 ] [ –
4
0+0 = +
16 8 ]
3  2x  x 2
4  ( x  1) 4u 2

9-8
(D) Integration By Parts 1
eg 4 : Find the value of
 0
(1 + 2x) ln (1 + x) dx.

 u dx dx = uv –  v dx dx
dv dx
1
 ( 1 + 2x) ln (1 + x) dx = (x + x ).ln (1 + x) –  ( x + x ). 1 x dx
2 2

1. Identify the TWO factors. 1 2

2. The factor which is not integrable is u. 
= x(1 + x).ln (1 + x) – x dx = x(1 + x).ln (1 + x) –
2
x +c
1 1

1 2
3. If both factors are integrable, then the factor wih a reduced derivative is u.
0
[
(1 + 2x) ln (1 + x) dx = x(1 + x).ln (1 + x) –
2
x ]0
1
e [
= 2 ln 2 – ] – [0 – 0] = 2 ln 2 – 21
eg 1 : Find the exact value of
 1
(2x + 1) ln x dx. 2
Alternative
e e e 1 1 1

 1
[
(2x + 1). ln x dx = (x2 + x).ln x ] 1 –  1 (x2 + x). x1 dx  0
[
(1 + 2x) ln (1 + x) dx = x(1 + x).ln (1 + x) ] 0 –  0 (x + x2). 11 x dx
1 1

e
= [( e 2 + e ) – 0 ] –
 (x + 1) dx = (e2 + e) –
e
[ 21 x2 + x ] 1 = [2 ln 2 – 0] –
0
x dx = 2 ln 2 – [ 21 x2 ] 0 = 2 ln 2 – [ 21 – 0] = 2 ln 2 – 21
1
1 2 1 1 2
= (e2 + e) – [ e + e] + [ + 1]= (e + 3)

 sin
2 2 2 –1
eg 5 : Find x dx.

eg 2 : Find
 ln ( x  1) dx.
 sin  (1). sin 
–1 –1 1
x dx = x dx = x . sin–1 x – ( x ). dx
1 x 2
  
1
ln ( x  1) dx = (1) . ln ( x  1) dx = x . ln (x + 1) – ( x ) . dx ( 2 x )

x 1 1
= x . sin–1 x + dx = x . sin–1 x + 1 x 2 + c
2 1 x 2

1
= x ln (x + 1) – (1  ) dx
x 1
= x ln (x + 1) – [x – ln (x + 1)] + c = (x + 1) ln (x + 1) – x + c
eg 6 : Find
 8 x cos x dx.2

eg 3 : Find
 x sec 2
x dx .
 8 x cos x dx =  4 x (1 + cos 2x) dx =  4 x dx +  2 x . (2cos 2x) dx
2

 x . sec 2

x dx = x . tan x – (1). tan x dx
 sin x
2

= 2x + [ 2x . sin 2x – (2) . sin 2x dx ] = 2x + 2x sin 2x + cos 2x + c 2

= x tan x +
 cos x dx = x tan x + ln cos x + c

9-9
 1 e ( x  1) ln x
eg 7 : By using the substitution u = sin–1 x, find the exact value of

2
0
x sin1 x
1 x 2
dx . eg 9 : Using the substitution u = ln x, evaluate
 1 x2
dx .

1
u = sin–1 x  du =
1 u = ln x  du =
dx dx x
1 x2
e ( x  1) ln x 1
( x  1)u 1
1
x sin1 x
 
 dx =
 (xdu) =
 (ue u + u) du
   x2 x2
2 6 (sinu) (u) 2 6
dx = ( 1  x d u) = u sin u du 1 0 0
0 1 x 2 0 1 x 2 0 1 1
1 
1 1
e u  +  1  0
    =  u.(  e  u ) –
 0  (1).( e u ) du +  u2  = [e 1  0] –
2 0   2




0 0
[
= u.(–cos u) ] 60 –
6
( –cos u).(1) du = [u.(–cos u)] 6
[
+ sin u ] 60 1 3 2
0 0
=  e 1 – [e 1  1] + = –
2 2 e
1  3 6 3
= [ 6 (– 3
2
) – 0] + [sin 
6
]
–0 =
2
–
12
or
12
 4x
2
eg 10 : Find cos 2x dx.
1

2
x2 cos–1 x dx =
 4x  2x 
eg 8 : Show that . 2 2
0 9 cos 2x dx = (2 cos 2x) dx = 2x2(sin 2x) – ( 4 x ) (sin 2x) dx


1 1


1 1  1 1 1
 [ ]
1 3 = 2x2 sin 2x –
x2 cos–1 x dx =  x 3 . cos 1 x  – x . dx (4x)( – cos 2x) – ( 4) ( – cos 2x) dx
2 2
0 3 0 0 3 1 x2
1 = 2x2 sin 2x + 2x cos 2x –
 2 cos 2x dx

1 x3 2 x
= [0 – 0 ] + dx [Let u = 1 x 2
 du =
dx
]
3 0 1 x2 2 1 x2 = 2x2 sin 2x + 2x cos 2x – sin 2x + c
0 0


x3 1 x2 0 1 1 3 

1 1 e
(u2 – 1) du = u  u

= . du =
3 1 x21 x 3 1 3  3 1 eg 11 : Evaluate x (ln x )2 dx.
1
1 1
= [0 – 0] – [ 31 – 1] = 2
e e e

 1 
 ( 2 x ).(2)(ln x)( x ) dx
1 1
3 3 9 x (ln x )2 dx = ( x 2 ).(ln x )2  – 2
1  2 1 1
Alternative
– (( x ).(ln x ) –
e

 ( 2 x ).( x ) dx )
e e 1
[Let u = 1 – x2  du = –2x] = [ 21 e2 – 0] –  x.ln x dx =
1 2
e
 1 
2 1 2
dx 1 2  2  1 1
0
0 x 3  du 0 u 1 1 2  e
 
1 1 e 1

. u3  2 u  1 2 1 1  1
= du = du =  = e – [ e 2 – 0] + x dx =  x 2  = (e2 – 1)
3 1 u 2 x 6 1 u 6  3 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 4
1 1
= [0 – 0] –
6 6
[ 32 – 2] = 92

9-10
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION – AREA
3. Area Between Two Curves (Common Limits – Irrespective of the Axis)
1. Basic Area (Between Curve and Axis) b

(a)
y = f(x)
(b) x
(a)
●
A=
 a [g(x) – f(x)] dx
(b, k)
x=a x=b y = g(x) or
x=a x=b
y = g(x) k
 h [f
x y = f(x) –1
A= (y) – g–1(y)] dy
b b b b
●
a | f(x) | dx =  a | g(x) | dx = 
(a, h)
A= f(x) dx A= – g(x) dx
a a

(b) (c)
y = g(x)
(c) y (d) y y=k
y=b y=b
y = g(x)
x=a x=b
y = f(x)
x = h(y) x = f(y)
y = f(x) y=h

y=a y=a
b k
b b b b
A=
a [g(x) – f(x)] dx A=
 h [f –1
(y) – g–1(y)] dy
A=
 a | h(y) | dy =  a h(y) dy A=
 a | f(y) | dy =  a – f(y) dy
4. Area Between Two Curves (Different Limit/s)

(a) (b) y = g(x)

2. Sum of Area Below Two Curves and Axis
y = f(x)
y = f(x) y = g(x)
b k
a b a x
y = g(x) A= f(x) dx + g(x) dx a h k b
k b x
y = f(x)
a k x
b b b b k
A=
a g(x) dx –
k f(x) dx A=
a g(x) dx –
 h f(x) dx

9-11
 eg 4 : Find the area bounded by the curves, y = 8x – x2 and y = x2(x – 3),
x given that the curves intersect at the points (–2, –20). (0, 0) and (4, 16).
eg 1 : Find the area bounded by the curves, y = 3e + 1, x = 2 and the axes.
2 y y = x2(x – 3)
 x (4, 16)
A= [ 3e + 1] dx y 
0 y = 3e  x + 1
4 y = 8x – x 2
= [ – 3e x + x ] 0
2
0 3 8 x
(–2, –20)
= [ – 3e–2 + 2 ] – [ –3 + 0 ] 
= 5 – 3e–2 0 2 x
0 4
A=
 [x2(x – 3) – (8x – x2)] dx +  [(8x – x2) – x2(x – 3)] dx
eg 2 : Find the area bounded by the curves, y = e  x – 1, x = 2 and the axes. 2 0
0 4
2
 [x3 – 2x2 – 8x] dx +  [8x + 2x2 – x3] dx

=
A= – [ e  x – 1] dx y 2 0
0
2 4 3 0 3
x4 4
= [ e x + x ] 0
2
0 x = [ x4 –
2x
3
– 4x2 ]  2 + [4x2 + 2 3x 4
– ]0
16 128
= [e–2 + 2 ] – [ 1 + 0 ] y = e x – 1 = [0 – 0 – 0] [ – 4+
3
– 16 ] [ + 64 +
3
– 64 ] – [ 0 + 0 – 0 ] = 148
3
–2
=e +1
eg 5 : Find the area bounded by the curves, y = 2 ln x, y = ln (x + 6) and the axes.
8
eg 3 : Find the area bounded by the curves, y = 4e x  2 , y = , x = 4 and the axes. Given that the two curves intersects at the point (3, ln 9).
x 3 3

Given that the curves, y = 4e x  2 and y =

8
intersects at the point (2, 4).
A=
 0
ln ( x + 6) dx –
 1
2 ln x dx
x
3 3  1
 
3 x 3
2 4 = [x ln (x +6)] – dx – [2x ln x] 1 + 2 x   dx
 
8
A= 4e x  2 dx + dx y
0 0 x6 1  x
0 2 x 3 3
= [x ln (x +6) – x + 6 ln (x +6)] – [2x ln x – 2x ] 1
2 4
= [ 4e x  2 ] 0 + [ 8 ln x ] 2  (2, 4) 8 0
y=
–2
y = 4e x  2 x = (3 ln 9 – 3 + 6 ln 9) – (6 ln 6) – (6 ln 3 – 6) + (0 – 2) = 1 + 6 ln
3
= [ 4e – 0 ] – [ 8 ln 4 – 8 ln 2 ] 2
0 4 x
= 4e–2 – 8 ln 2 ln 9 ln 9
 
1 y
A= e dy – (e y – 6) dy y (3, ln 9)
2
0 ln 6

ln 9 ln 9 ln 6
1 
=  ey – e y  6 y  y = ln (x + 6)
2 0   ln 6 y = 2 ln x
1
= (9 – 1) – [(9 – 6) – 6(ln 9 – ln 6)] –5 0 1 x
2
3
= 1 + 6 ln
2

9-12
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION – Volume of Revolution

1. Basic Volume Rotation (Between Curve and Axis) 3. Volume Rotation Between Two Curves (Common Limits)
b b
(a)
y = f(x) b
y = g(x) Vx =
a [g(x)]2 dx –
 a [f(x)] 2
dx

x=a x=b
Vx =
 a [f(x)] 2
dx y = f(x)
or
b
 a ([g(x)]
x
Vx =  2
– [f(x)]2 dx )
a b x

(b)
y
b
4. Volume Between Two Curves (Different Limit/s)
b
 a [h(y)]
x = h(y) Vy = 2
dy (a)
b b
a
y = g(x)
y = f(x)
Vx =
a [g(x)]2 dx –
 k [f(x)] 2
dx

a
k b x

2. Volume Rotation Below Two Curves and Axis

y = f(x) (b)
k y = g(x)
b
b
y = g(x) Vx =
 a [f(x)] 2
dx + [g(x)] dx
2
b k

a b k x
Vx =
a [g(x)]2 dx –
 h
[f(x)]2 dx

x
a h k b
y = f(x)

9-13
eg 1 : Given curves y = ln (x + 3) and y = ln 2x. Alternative 2 [8(d)]
3 3
(a) Sketch the two curves on the same coordinate axes.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two curves.
(d) Area =
 0
ln ( x + 3) dx –
 0.5
ln 2x dx

3 3
 2 
 
x 3
= [x ln (x +3)] 0 – dx – [x ln 2x] 0.5 +
3
(c) Find the point of intersection of the curve y = ln (x + 3) and the y-axis. x  dx
0 x3 0.5  2 x 
(d) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the two curves, x-axis and y-axis. 3
= [x ln (x +3) – x + 3 ln (x +3) ] 0 – [x ln 2x –x ] 0.5
3
(e) Calculate the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded
by the two curves, x-axis and y-axis about the y-axis completely. 1 1
= (3 ln 6 – 3 + 3 ln 6) – (3 ln 3) – (3 ln 6 – 3) + (– ) = 3 ln 2 –
2 2
(a) y y = ln 2x
A
● y = ln (x + 3) ln6 2 ln6


1 y
(e) V =
 0
 e  dy –
2 

ln3
(e y – 3)2 dy

ln3 2 ln6  1 
2 

1 y
–3 –2 0 0.5 x OR V = 
 0
 e  dy + 
2  ln3
 e y   (e y  3)2  dy
 2  

 ln6
1 
ln6
=  e2 y  –   e2 y  6e y  9 y 
8 0 2  ln3

(b) ln (x + 3) = ln 2x  x + 3 = 2x  Intersection point = A(3, ln 6)  1

= (62 – 1) –  [ (62 – 32) – 6(6 – 3) + 9(ln 6 – ln 3)]
8 2
35 9 71
(c) x = 0 : (0, ln 3) = –  [9 ln 2 – ] =  [ – 9 ln 2]
8 2 8

ln6 ln6
ln6 ln6 1 
– e y  3 y 
 
1 y
(d) Area = e dy – (e y – 3) dy =  e y 
0 2 ln3 2 0   ln3
1 1
= (6 – 1) – [(6 – 3) – 3(ln 6 – ln 3)] = 3 ln 2 –
2 2

Alternative 1 [8(d)]
ln3 ln6 ln3 ln6

 
1 y 1 y 1   1 
(d) Area = e dy + e  (e y – 3) dy =  e y  + 3 y  e y 
0 2 ln3 2 2 0  2  ln3
1 1 1
= (3 – 1) + [3(ln 6 – ln 3) – (6 – 3)] = 3 ln 2 –
2 2 2

9-14
eg 2 : The curve y = x + cos x and the straight line y = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, where Alternative (c)
A and B are the points of intersection as shown in the diagram. 1  2  1 4
y (c) Vcone = ( ) . = 
(a) Find the coordinates of the points y = x + cos x 3 2 2 24
A and B.  
y=x
(b) Calculate the area bounded by the
curve and the straight line.
B
● 
V1 =  2 [ (x + cos x)2 ] dx = 
0  2
0
[ x2 + 2x cos x + cos2 x ] dx
(c) Calculate the volume of the solid
generated when the region bounded ●  2 x cos x dx = 2x sin x –  2 sin x dx = 2x sin x + 2 cos x
by the y-axis, the curve and the A
 cos x dx =  2 [1+ cos 2x ] dx = 2 [x + 2 sin 2x]
2 1 1 1
straight line is revolved completely
about the x-axis. 0 2 x

x3 x sin 2 x 4
(a) x + cos x = x  cos x = 0  V =[    2 x sin x  2 cos x] 2 –
3 2 4 0 24
 3   3 3

 x=
[ 24  4 4
4 2
, A( , ) , B( , ) 5 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 =  0   2  0] – [2 ] – =  – 2
24 4

3 3


2
(b) Area = [ x – (x + cos x)] dx = [– sin x ] 2 = [ 1 ] – [ –1 ] = 2

2 2

 
(c) V = 
 [ (x + cos x)2 – (x)2] dx =
 [ 2x cos x + cos2 x ] dx
2 2
0 0

 2 x cos x dx = 2x sin x –  2 sin x dx = 2x sin x + 2 cos x

 cos x dx =  2 [1+ cos 2x ] dx = 2 [x + 2 sin 2x]
2 1 1 1


 V = 2 + 2 [0 – 1] +
2
[( 2 + 0) – (0 + 0)] = 54  2 – 2

9-15
eg 3 : The equations of two curves are y2 = x3 and y2 = 2 – x2, where x ≥ 0. Alternative (b)
(a) Sketch the curves on the same coordinate axes, and find the points 1 2

 
3
Area = 2 x 2 dx + 2 2  x 2 dx [Let x = 2 cos u  dx = – 2 sin u]
of intersection.
0 1
du
(b) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curves.
2  

  
(c) Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by 2 4 2 2
2  x dx = 2  2 cos u (– 2 sin u du) = 2 sin2 u du
the curves in (b) is revolved completely about the y-axis. 1  
2 4
(a) y  
y2 = x 3  1
x 3 = 2 – x2  x3 + x2 – 2 = 0

1
=
2
(1 cos 2u) du = u – [ sin 2u
2

]
= –
2 (x – 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = 0  x = 1 2 4
4
2
4
●  (1, 1) and (1, –1) 1


3 5 1
2
y2 = 2 – x 2 x2 dx = 2
5
[ x2 0 ] =
5
0
2 x 2  1  1
 Area = 2( ) + 2( – )= –
● 5 4 2 2 5
– 2 Alternative (b) – 2
1


3
Area = Area of segment + 2 x 2 dx
0
1
1 2
Area of sector = ( 2 )2


dy 4
(b) Area = 2 [ 2 y – 2
y3 ] dy [Let y = 2 sin u 
du
= 2 cos u] 1
0 Area of triangle = 2. (1)2
2
 
1 
  
4 4
2  y 2 dy = 2  2 sin2 u 2 cos u du = 2 cos2 u du Area of segment = –1
2
0 0 0
1


3 5 1
 2
 x 2 dx = [ 2 x 2 ] 0 =


1 1 5
=
4
(1 cos 2u) du = u + [ 2
]04 =
sin 2u
4
+
2
0 5
0  2  1
1 2
 Area = – 1 + 2( )= –


5 1 2 5 2 5
3
y3 dy = [ 35 ]0y3 =
5
0
1 4 7


1
 Area = 2 ( 4 + 21 – 35 ) = 2 – 51 (c) Vy = 
0
[(2  y 2 ) – y 3 ] dy =  [2 y  31 y 3  37 y 3 ] 0 =  (2  31  37 )
Volume = 2(Vy) = 52 
21

9-16
 y
6
x2 ( y  3) 2
eg 4 : The equation of a curve is
+ =1
4 9 Alternative (a)
(a) Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve.
3 1 2 1
(b) Calculate the volume of the solid formed when the region (a) y – 3 = ± 9(1  x ) = ±3 1  x 2
4 4
is revolved completely about the y-axis.
–2 0 2 x Let x = 2 sin θ : dx = 2 cos θ
dθ
4 1 dy
(a) x = ± 4  ( y  3)2 = ±2 1  ( y  3)2 Let y – 3 = 3 sin θ : = 3 cos θ 2  

  
9 9 dθ 1 2 2 2
3 1  x dx = 3 1  sin2 θ (2 cos θ dθ) = 6 cos2 θ dθ
 0 4 0 0


6 6
 
4 1 2
4 ( y  3)2 dy = 2 1 ( y  3)2 dy = 2 1  sin2 θ (3 cos θ dθ)  
 

9 9 1  2 3

0 0 2
2 = 3 (cos 2θ + 1) dθ = 3  sin 2θ  θ  = 3[0 + ] – 3[0 – 0] =
  0  2 0 2 2

 
2 2 2

 [3  3 1 4 x ]  3 dx = 4( 2 ) = 6
= 6 cos2 θ dθ = 3(cos 2θ + 1) dθ 1 2 3
 
Area = 4 or
2 2 0
 2 2
 
 3  3 1 4 x dx –  3  3 1 4 x dx] = 4( 2 ) = 6
1 1 3
1  2
= 3  sin 2θ  θ  = 3[0 + ] – 3[ 0 – 2 ] = 3 Area = 2[ 2 2
or
 2   2 0 0
2 2

 3  [3  3 1 4 x ] dx = 4( 2 ) = 6
1 3 2
6 Area = 4

4
Area = 2 4  ( y  3)2 dx = 2(3) = 6 0
0 9
2

 3 1  4 x dx = 3
Note : (By the same method) 1 2
Note : (By the same method)
3 6

 
1 3 1 3 2
2 1  ( y  3 ) 2 dy =  or 2 1  ( y  3 ) 2 dy = 
9 2 9 2 2


0 3 1
6
Area = 2 [3  3 1  x ]  3 dx = 2(3) = 6
2
or


4 4 2 4
Area = (
4  ( y  3)2   4  ( y  3)2 dx = 2(3) = 6 ) or
2 2

 3  3 1 4 x dx –  3  3 1 4 x dx = 2(3) = 6
0 9 9 1 1
2 2
Area = or
3


4 3 2 2
Area = 4 4  ( y  3 )2 d x = 4 (  ) = 6  or
2

 3  [3  3 1 4 x ] dx = 2(3) = 6
0 9 2 1 2
Area = 2 or
3


4 4 2
Area = 2
9 9
(
4  ( y  3)2   4  ( y  3)2 dx = 2(3) = 6 ) or
0
6


4 3
4 ( y  3 )2 d x = 4 (  ) = 6  6 6


Area = 4 or 4  4 
3 9 2 (c) V =  4 ( y  3 )2 d y =   4 y  ( y  3)3  = [24 – 4] – [0 – 4] = 16
0 9  27 0
6


4 4
Area = 2
9 9
(
4  ( y  3)2   4  ( y  3)2 dx = 2(3) = 6 )
3

9-17
eg 5 : Two curves with equations y eg 6 : A curve with parametric equations y
x
y = 6e + 1 and y = 8 – ex are shown 1
x = t2 and y = t3 – 8t, where t ≥ 0,
in the graph. The two curves intersect P 4
at P(0, 7) and Q(ln 6, 2). y = 8 – ex passes through the origin, O, and
Q y = 6e  x + 1 intersects the x-axis at P is shown
(a) Calculate the area of the shaded in the diagram.
region bounded by the to curves.
0 x (a) Find the values of t at O and P. O
(b) Calculate the volume generated P x
when the shaded region is revolved completely about the x-axis. (b) Calculate the area of the region
enclosed by the curve and the x-axis.
[ 7x – ex + 6e x  ln0 6
ln 6
(a) A =
 0
[ 8 – ex – ( 6e  x + 1)] dx =
(a) At O, P (y = 0) : t(t2 – 8) = 0  t = 0, ±2 2
 1 [Since t ≥ 0] t = 0, 2 2  tO = 0 , tP = 2 2
[
= 7 ln 6 – 6 + 6   ] – [0 – 1 + 6] = 7 ln 6 – 10
6

(b) y = ( 2 x )3 – 8( 2 x ) = 8( x )3– 16 x
ln 6
(b)V = 
 [ (8 – ex)2 – ( 6e  x + 1)2] dx 2
 [ 8( [ 323 ( ]
16 2
0
Area = –
0
x )3 –16 x ] dx = x )3 –
5
( x )5
0
ln 6
=
 0
[63 – 16ex + e2 x – 36e 2 x – 12e  x ] dx = [ 643 2–
64
5
2 ] – [0 – 0] =
128
15
2

=  63x – 16ex +
[ 1 2x
2
e + 18e  2 x + 12e  x  ln 6
0 Alternative (b)
2 1
(b) dx = t
= [(63 ln 6 – 16(6) + 21 (6)2 + 18 61   1
+ 12 
6
) – (0 – 16 + 21 + 18 + 12)] dt 2
2 2 2 2
 
1 1 4
= 9(7 ln 6 – 10) Area = – ( t 3 – 8t) ( t dt) = (4t2 – t ) dt
0 2 0 2

= [
4 3
3
t –
1 5
10
t ] 2 2
0
=[
64
3
2–
64
5
2 ] – [0 – 0]
128
= 2
15

9-18