EXAMPLE TOPIC 3

STRESS
1. A bar with cross-section of 20cm and 40cm, tensional by pulling on both ends by force of 20kN.
Determine the stress in the bar.

𝑃 20 × 103
𝜎= = = 25 𝑁⁄𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 20 × 40

2. A steel rod has a cross-sectional area of 175mm2 and applied a compressive force 370N. Calculate
the stress in the rod.
𝑃 370
𝜎= = = 2.11 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 175

3. A bar which has a cross section of 50mm x 30mm, carries compression force of 500kN. Calculate
the stress in the bar.
𝑃 500 × 103
𝜎= = = 333.33 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 50 × 30

4. A bar has a cross section area 20mm2 and carries stress of 31N/mm2. Determine the load on the
bar.
𝑃
𝜎 = ; 𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴 = 31 × 20 = 620𝑁
𝐴

5. Find the minimum diameter of an alloy cable, tensile strength 75MPa, needed to support a load of
15kN.
𝑃 𝑃 𝜋 2 𝑃
𝜎= ; 𝐴= ; 𝑑 = ;
𝐴 𝜎 4 𝜎
3
4𝑃 4 × 15 × 10
𝑑2 = = ; 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝑑 = 0.02𝑚 @ 15.9𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝜎 𝜋 × 75 × 106

6. Calculate the tensile stress in a suspension bridge supporting cable, of diameter of 50 mm, which
pulls up on the roadway with a force of 4kN.
𝑃 𝑃 4 × 103
𝜎= =𝜋 = 2)
= 2.04 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 2 𝜋(50
4 (𝑑 )

7. Calculate the tensile stress in a nylon fishing line of diameter 0.36 mm which a fish is pulling with
a force of 20 N
𝑃 𝑃 4 × 20
𝜎= =𝜋 = 2)
= 196.49 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 2 𝜋(0.36
4 (𝑑 )
8. A hollow rod outer diameter of 55mm and inner diameter of 30mm made of steel and subjected to
a compressive force 410kN. Determine compressive stress caused by the rod.
𝑃 𝑃 4 × 410 × 103
𝜎= =𝜋 = = 245.66 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 ) 𝜋(552 − 302 )
4

9. A cast iron column has an internal diameter of 200mm. What is the minimum external diameter of
the column so that it can bear the load of 1.6 MN with the stress of not more than 90N/mm2?

𝑃 𝑃 𝜋 𝑃 4𝑃
𝜎= ; 𝐴 = ; (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 ) = ; (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 ) =
𝐴 𝜎 4 𝜎 𝜎
2 2
4 × 1.6 × 106
𝐷 − 200 = ; 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝐷 = 250.27𝑚𝑚 @ 250𝑚𝑚
𝜋 × 90

10. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100mm must carry a tensile load of 400kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

𝑃 𝑃 𝜋 𝑃 4𝑃
𝜎= ; 𝐴 = ; (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 ) = ; (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 ) =
𝐴 𝜎 4 𝜎 𝜎
2 2
4 × 400 × 103
𝐷 − 100 = ; 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 𝐷 = 119.35𝑚𝑚 @ 120𝑚𝑚
𝜋 × 120 × 106 × 1000−2

STRAIN
11. Elongation occurs in a bar 3m length is 0.5mm. Calculate the strain.
𝛿𝐿 0.5
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 166.67 × 10−6
𝐿 3 × 103

12. A 300mm long bar, bear a tensile force. Determine the strain if the bar elongated 0.02mm.
𝛿𝐿 0.02
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 66.67 × 10−6
𝐿 300
 STRESS & STRAIN
13. A concrete block as shown below carries a compressive load of 90kN. Block shortening with
0.03mm. Determine:
i. Compressive stress
ii. Strain

𝑃 𝑃 4 × 90
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = =𝜋 = 2
= 1.15 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 (𝑑2 ) 𝜋(10 )
4
𝛿𝐿 0.03
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 7.5 × 10−4
𝐿 40

14. A hollow rod 600mm along has an outside and inside 30mm and 20mm diameter respectively. It is
imposed a load of 50kN and elongated a length of 0.2mm. Determine direct stress and strain of the
rod

𝑃 𝑃 4 × 50 × 103
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = =𝜋 = 2 − 202 )
= 203.72 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 2 2
(𝐷 − 𝑑 ) 𝜋(30
4
𝛿𝐿 0.2
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 3.33 × 10−4
𝐿 600

STRESS, STRAIN & MODULUS YOUNG

15. A steel bar 50cm x 7.5cm x 2.5 cm imposed load of 18kN. Determine the stress and strain in the
bar if given the Young's modulus of 215 GN/m2.

𝑃 18 × 103
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = = = 9.6 × 106 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 0.075 × 0.025
𝜎 𝜎 9.6 × 106
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝜀 = = = 4.47 × 10−5
𝜀 𝐸 215 × 109

16. The rectangular bar with dimensions of 75mm width and 25mm depth is loaded with a compression
load of 20N. Calculate the stress and strain of the bat. Given E = 215 x 109N/m2.

𝑃 20
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = = = 10.67 𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝐴 75 × 25
𝜎 𝜎 10.67
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝜀 = = = 49.63 × 10−12
𝜀 𝐸 215 × 109

17. A steel rod has a cross section of 12.0cm2 and length 4m is subjected to a tensile load of 200kN.
The elongation occurs in the rod is 2mm. Determine:
i. The tensile stress
ii. The strain
iii. Young’s Modulus for the steel
 𝑃 200
𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = = = 166.67 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 12 × 100−2
𝛿𝐿 2
𝑖𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀 = = = 0.5 × 10−3
𝐿 4 × 1000
𝜎 166.67
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = = = 3335.34 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝜀 0.5 × 10−3

18. A 4kN load hung on the end of the wire is 1m long and 0.003m in diameter. If the Young's Modulus
of the material of the wire is 3.77x1010Pa. Calculate the elongation occurs.
𝜎 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = = ; 𝛿𝐿 =
𝜀 𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
4 × 103 × 1
𝛿𝐿 = 𝜋 = 0.015𝑚 @ 15𝑚𝑚
(0.003 2 ) × 3.77 × 1010
4

19. A 100mm long rod has a diameter of 15mm. If an axial tensile load of 100kN is applied,
determine its change in length. Given E = 200GPa
𝜎 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = = ; 𝛿𝐿 =
𝜀 𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
100 × 103 × 0.1
𝛿𝐿 = 𝜋 = 0.00028𝑚 @0.28𝑚𝑚
(0.015 2 ) × 200 × 109
4

20. A material with a diameter of 20mm and 15m long subjected to a tensile force of 100kN. Calculate:
i. Tensile stress
ii. Strain if elongation occurring is 0.03m
iii. Modulus of elasticity
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 318.31 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 1 × 10−3 ; 𝐸 = 318.31 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

21. In tension experiments, the wire length 1m and diameter 3mm, yield on 8KN load and elongation
is 30mm. Determine:
i. Strain
ii. Stress
iii. Modulus Young
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜀 = 0.03; 𝜎 = 1.13 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐸 = 37.67 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

22. A rod 2.5m long with cross section of 1290mm2 having elongation 1.5mm when subjected to a
tensile force of 142kN. Calculate:
i. The tensile stress in the rod.
ii. Strain.
iii. Modulus of elasticity
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 110.08 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 6 × 10−4 ; 𝐸 = 1.83 × 105 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
23. A steel rod, 3m length carries the load of 20kN if elongation cannot exceed 0.2mm. Calculate:
i. Minimum area of the rod
ii. The tensile stress
iii. Strain
E = 206kN/mm2
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐴 = 1456.31𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜎 = 17.73 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 6.67 × 10−5

24. Find the diameter of an 18m long steel wire that will sketch no more than 0.009m when a load of
3800N is hung on the end of the wire. The Young’s Modulus for steel wire is 200 x 109N/m2.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑑 = 6.96𝑚𝑚 @7𝑚𝑚

25. A 3.0m long rod with a sectional area of 1543mm2 elongates as much as 0.84mm when subjected
to tensile force of 136kN. Calculate:
i. Tensile stress in the rod
ii. Strain
iii. Modulus of Elasticity
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 88.14 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 2.8 × 10−4 ; 𝐸 = 314.79 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

26. A hollow rod 800mm long has the outer and inner diameter 30mm and 15mm respectively. It
imposed a force of 60kN and appears elongated 0.25mm. Determine:
i. Stress in the rod
ii. Strain
iii. Modulus Young
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 113.18 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 3.13 × 10−9 ; 𝐸 = 362.18 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

27. A 100mm diameter brass rod has a Modulus of Elasticity of E = 100GPa. If it is 4m long and
subjected to an axial tensile load of 6kN, determine its elongation
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝛿𝐿 = 3.06 × 10−5 𝑚

28. One rod imposed with 142kN tension force and has 1.5mm elongation. If the Modulus of elasticity
is 1.83 x 105 N/mm2 and tensile stress is 110.08N/mm2. Calculate:
i. Strain
ii. Original length of the rod
iii. Cross sectional area of rod
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜀 = 6.02 × 10−4 ; 𝐿 = 2491.69𝑚𝑚; 𝐴 = 1289.97𝑚𝑚2

29. A cylindrical rod 3m long has an area of 1500mm2. The rod is elongated to 1.5mm when tension
load of 140kN is applied. Calculate:
i. Stress in the rod
ii. Strain in the rod
iii. Modulus of Elasticity
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 93.33 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 5 × 10−4 ; 𝐸 = 186.66 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
 30. A material of circular cross section with a diameter of 20mm imposed a tensile force of 100kN
weight. Determine:
i. Tensile stress
ii. Strain if elongation occurs at 0.01m
iii. Modulus of elasticity

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝜎 = 318.31 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜀 = 1 × 10−3 ; 𝐸 = 318.31 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

SECTIONAL BAR

31. A steel rod consists of 2 different cross section as shown in figure below subjected to a tensile load
of 25kN, Given Young’s Modulus = 205GPa. Determine:
i. The stress occurs at each section of the steel rod.
ii. Total elongation occurs in the rod.

𝑃 25 25
𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎1 ==𝜋 = 0.22 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜎1 = 𝜋 = 0.11 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 2
(12 ) (172 )
4 4
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2 25 150 200
𝑖𝑖. Σ𝛿𝐿 = ( + )= 9 −2
(𝜋 +𝜋 ) = 2.69 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 205 × 10 × 1000 2
(12 ) 2
(17 )
4 4

32. A copper bar has a cross-section of each 20mm x 20mm square and rigidly connected to the rod
15mm diameter. The bar sketched at the 15kN tensile load. Given Ecopper = 110GPa. Calculate:
i. Stresses on each side of the bar (answers in units of N and m)
ii. Elongation in each of the bar.
 𝑃 15 × 103 15 × 103
𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎1 = = = 37.5 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2 ; 𝜎1 = 𝜋 = 84.88 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝐴 20 × 20 2
(15 )
4
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 =
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿 15 × 103 × 2000
𝑖𝑖. 𝛿𝐿1 = = = 0.68 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸 20 × 20 × 110 × 109 × 1000−2
𝑃𝐿 15 × 103 × 1500
𝛿𝐿2 = =𝜋 = 1.16 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸 (15 2 ) × 110 × 109 × 1000−2
4

33. A 4m long steel bar tensile force of 5 N. Calculate the elongation bar if E = 2.0 x 106 N/cm2.

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2 + 𝛿𝐿3
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 5 100 100 200
Σ𝛿𝐿 = ( + + )= 6
(𝜋 +𝜋 +𝜋 )
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴2 2.0 × 10 (3.22 ) (2.82 ) (2.52 )
4 4 4
𝛿𝐿 = 1.74 × 10−4 𝑐𝑚

34. The copper bar has a square cross-section subjected to tensile force of 30kN. Part AB and BC each
have a cross sectional area of 900cm2 and 400cm2. Calculate the stress and elongation in each
section bar. Given Ecopper = 110 GPa.
Give the answer in units of N and m.

𝑃 30 × 103 2
30 × 103
𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎1 = = = 333.33 𝑘𝑁 ⁄ 𝑚 ; 𝜎1 = = 750 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝐴 900 × 100−2 400 × 100−2
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 =
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝐿 30 × 103 × 2
𝑖𝑖. 𝛿𝐿1 = = = 6.06 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐴𝐸 900 × 100−2 × 110 × 109
𝑃𝐿 30 × 103 × 0.75
𝛿𝐿2 = = = 5.11 × 10−6 𝑚
𝐴𝐸 400 × 100−2 × 110 × 109
35. Determine the stresses changes in parts 1 and 2 of a sectional bar when subjected to a tensile force
of 20kN. Part 1 has a circular cross section 20mm while the second has a square cross-section of
30mm. Calculate the amount of elongation that occurs.
Given that E = 210GN/m2

𝑃 20 × 103 20 × 103
𝑖. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎1 == 𝜋 = 63.66 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝜎1 = = 22.22 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 2
(20 ) 30 × 30
4
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2 20 × 103 300 100
𝑖𝑖. Σ𝛿𝐿 = ( + )= 9 −2
(𝜋 + ) = 0.1 𝑚𝑚
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 210 × 10 × 1000 (202 ) (30 × 30)
4

36. The bar has a square end of 60mm x 60mm. If the central part of the bar is also a square cross-
section, specify the size and length of the central part of the bar. Given the stress in the middle of
the bar is 140 MN / m2 and a total elongation is 0.14 mm. [E = 200 GN/m2]

𝐿𝑒𝑡 , 𝐿1 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑏 2
𝑃 𝑃 87.5 × 103
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 = = 2 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 2 = ; 𝑠𝑜, 𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑏 140 × 106 × 1000−2
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔, 𝐸 = ; 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝛿𝐿 = 2𝛿𝐿1 + 𝛿𝐿2
𝐴𝛿𝐿 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2
Σ𝛿𝐿 = (2 × + )
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2
87.5 × 103 3000 − 𝐿2 𝐿2
0.14 = 9 −2
(2 × + ), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿2 = 1.9𝑚
200 × 10 × 1000 60 × 60 (25 × 25)
37. The bar shown below is subjected to a tensile load of 160kN. If the stress in the middle portion is
limited to 150N/mm2, determine the diameter of the middle portion. Find also the length of the
middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is to be 0.2mm. Young’s modulus is given as equal
to 2.1 x 105 N/mm2.

38. A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminum bar as shown below. Assuming
that the bars are prevented from buckling sidewise, calculate the magnitude of force P,
which will cause the total length of the member to decrease 0.20mm. The value of elastic
modulus for steel and aluminum are 210kN/mm2 and 70kN/mm2 respectively.

39. Determine the total compression of a bar made up of three circular cross-sections as shown
in figure below, the diameter being is 10mm, 20mm and 30mm of the top, middle and the
bottom portions respectively. Take ES = 210GPa, EB = 105GPa and EC = 100GPa.

40. A concrete column with cross-section of 500mm x 500mm reinforced with four 25mm
diameter steel bar. The column carrying an axial force 500kN. Calculate the compressive
stress in concrete and steel.
Esteel = 200GN/m2; Econcrete = 20MN/m2
GRAPH

41. In a tensile test on a specimen of mild steel, 12.5mm diameter and gauge length 200mm, the
following results were recorded:
Load (N) 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Elongation 0.040 0.080 0.121 0.161 0.201 0.242 0.282 0.322
(mm)

Determine the value of Young’s Modulus of elasticity, the percentage of reduction of area and
percentage elongation.
Given:
Final neck diameter: 7.35mm
Final specimen length: 268.7mm
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
35000 − 15000
𝑚= = 124.23 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚
0.282 − 0.121
𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐸 = 𝑚 ×
𝐴
200
∴ 𝐸 = 124.23 × 𝜋 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎𝒎𝟐
2
4 (12.5 )
𝜋
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (7.352 ) = 42.43𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (12.52 ) = 122.72𝑚𝑚2
4
122.72 − 42.43
∴ % 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟑%
122.72
268.7 − 200
∴ % 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟕%
268.7