CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11(A)
1.
Solution:
Constant terms are the numbers which has a fixed value whereas
variables have any value which is assigned according to
requirement.

2 2 32 z y 2
The terms are given as 8, x,6 xy,6 + x, −5 xy ,15az , , .
xy 3 x
Here, 8 is the only constant term present whereas all other are
variables.

2.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is 2 x ÷ 15 .
2x
It can be written as .
15
Since it has only one term, therefore, it is termed as monomial.
Thus, the given term is a monomial.

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(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is ax + 9 .
Since it has two terms, therefore, it is termed as binomial.
Thus, the given term is a binomial.

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is 3 x 2 × 5 x .

It can be written as 3 x 2 × 5 x =
15 x 3 .
Since it has only one term, therefore, it is termed as monomial.
Thus, the given term is a monomial.

(iv)
Solution:
The given expression is 5 + 2a − 3b .
Since it has three terms, therefore, it is termed as trinomial.
Thus, the given term is a trinomial.

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(v)
Solution:
7
The given expression is 2 y − z ÷ x .
3
7z
It can be written as 2 y − .
3x
Since it has two terms, therefore, it is termed as binomial.
Thus, the given term is a binomial.

(vi)
Solution:
The given expression is 3 p × q ÷ z .
3 pq
It can be written as .
z
Since it has only one term, therefore, it is termed as monomial.
Thus, the given term is a monomial.

(vii)
Solution:
The given expression is 12 z ÷ 5 x + 4 .

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 12 z
It can be written as + 4.
5x
Since it has two terms, therefore, it is termed as binomial.
Thus, the given term is a binomial.

(viii)
Solution:
The given expression is 12 − 5 z − 4 .
It can be written as 12 − 5 z − 4 = 8 − 5 z .
Since it has two terms, therefore, it is termed as binomial.
Thus, the given term is a binomial.

(ix)
Solution:

The given expression is a 3 − 3ab 2 × c .

It can be written as a 3 − 3ab 2c .

Since it has two terms, therefore, it is termed as binomial.
Thus, the given term is a binomial.

3.(i)
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Solution:
The given expression is −3axy .

It is written as ( −3a ) xy .

Now, from above expression, the coefficient of xy is −3a .

Therefore, the coefficient of xy in −3axy is −3a .

(ii)
Solution:

The given expression is p 2 yz 2 .

It is written as ( p 2 y ) z 2 .

Now, from above expression, the coefficient of z 2 is p 2 y .

Therefore, the coefficient of z 2 in p 2 yz 2 is p 2 y .

(iii)
Solution:
The given expression is − mn .
It is written as ( −1) mn .

Now, from above expression, the coefficient of mn is −1.

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Therefore, the coefficient of mn in − mn is −1.

(iv)
Solution: .

The given expression is −15 p 2 .

It is written as − (15 ) p 2 .

Now, from above expression, the coefficient of 15 is − p 2 .

Therefore, the coefficient of 15 in −15 p 2 is − p 2 .

4.(i)
Solution:
The expression is 7 y .

The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of

its variables.
Since there is only one variable with power 1, the degree of 7 y is 1.
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 1.

(ii)
Solution:

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The expression is − x 2 y .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponent is calculated as,
− x 2 y =+
2 1
=3
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 3.

(iii)
Solution:

The expression is xy 2 z .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponents is calculated as,

xy 2 z =1 + 2 + 1
=4
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 4.

(iv)
Solution:

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The expression is −9 y 2 z 3 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponents is calculated as,
−9 y 2 z 3 =
2+3
=5
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 5.

(v)
Solution:

The expression is 3m3n 4 .

The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponents is calculated as,
3m3n 4 = 3 + 4
=7
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 7.

(vi)
Solution:

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The expression is −2 p 2 q 3r 4 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponents is calculated as,
−2 p 2 q 3r 4 = 2 + 3 + 4
=9
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 9.

5.(i)
Solution:

The expression is 3 y 3 − x 2 y 2 + 4 x .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,
3 y3 → 3
− x2 y 2 → 2 + 2 =4
4x → 1
Since the term − x 2 y 2 has highest degree that is 4, so the degree is 4.

Therefore, the degree of given expression is 4.

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(ii)
Solution:

The expression is p 3q 2 − 6 p 2 q 5 + p 4 q 4 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,
p 3q 2 → 3 + 2 =5
−6 p 2 q 5 → 2 + 5 =7
p 4q 4 → 4 + 4 =8

Since the term p 4 q 4 has highest degree that is 8, so the degree is 8.

Therefore, the degree of given expression is 8.

(iii)
Solution:

The expression is −8mn 6 + 5m3n .

The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,

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−8mn 6 → 1 + 6 =7
5m3n → 3 + 1 =4
Since the term −8mn 6 has highest degree that is 7, so the degree is
7.
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 7.

(iv)
Solution:

The expression is 7 − 3x 2 y + y 2 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,
7→0
−3 x 2 y → 2 + 1 =3
y2 → 2

Since the term −3x 2 y has highest degree that is 3, so the degree is 3.

Therefore, the degree of given expression is 3.

(v)

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Solution:
The expression is 3 x − 15 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,
3x → 1
−15 → 0
Since the term 3x has highest degree that is 1, so the degree is 1.
Therefore, the degree of given expression is 1.

(vi)
Solution:

The expression is 2 y 2 z + 9 yz 3 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables. The degree of a polynomial is the degree of highest
term.
The degree of each monomial is calculated as,
2 y2 z → 2 + 1 =3
9 yz 3 → 1 + 3 =4

Since the term 9 yz 3 has highest degree that is 4, so the degree is 4.

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Therefore, the degree of given expression is 4.

6.(i)
Solution:

The given terms are 9 x 2 , xy, −3 x 2 , x 2 and − 2 xy .

The terms which have same alphabetic letters or variables are called
like terms whereas terms with different alphabetic letters are termed
as unlike terms.

Here, terms 9 x 2 , −3 x 2 , x 2 and terms xy, −2 xy have same alphabetic

letters termed as like terms.

Thus, 9 x 2 , −3 x 2 , x 2 are like terms and xy, −2 xy are like terms.

(ii)
Solution:

The given terms are ab, − a 2b, −3ab,5a 2b and − 8a 2b .

The terms which have same alphabetic letters or variables are called
like terms whereas terms with different alphabetic letters are termed
as unlike terms.

Here, terms ab, −3ab and terms − a 2b,5a 2b, − 8a 2b have same
alphabetic letters termed as like terms.

Thus, ab, −3ab are like terms and − a 2b,5a 2b, − 8a 2b are like terms.
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(iii)
Solution:
The given terms are 7 p,8 pq, −5 pq, −2 p and 3 p .
The terms which have same alphabetic letters or variables are called
like terms whereas terms with different alphabetic letters are termed
as unlike terms.
Here, terms 7 p, −2 p and 3 p and terms 8 pq, −5 pq have same
alphabetic letters termed as like terms.
Thus, 7 p, −2 p and 3 p are like terms and 8 pq, −5 pq are like terms.

7.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is y .
Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.
Here, 1 is multiplied to the variable y so the numerical coefficient is
1.
Therefore, coefficient of y is 1.

(ii)
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Solution:
The given expression is − y .
Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.
Here, −1 is multiplied to the variable − y so the numerical
coefficient is −1.
Therefore, coefficient of − y is −1.

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is 2x 2 y .

Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.

Here, 2 is multiplied to the variable x 2 y so the numerical

coefficient is 2 .

Therefore, coefficient of x 2 y is 2 .

(iv)
Solution:

The given expression is −8xy 3 .

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Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.

Here, −8 is multiplied to the variable xy 3 so the numerical

coefficient is −8 .

Therefore, coefficient of xy 3 is −8 .

(v)
Solution:

The given expression is 3 py 2 .

Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.

Here, 3 is multiplied to the variable py 2 so the numerical

coefficient is 3 .

Therefore, coefficient of py 2 is 3 .

(vi)

Solution: The given expression is −9a 2b3 .

Numerical coefficient is the number or constant that is multiplied to
a variable.

Here, −9 is multiplied to the variable a 2b3 so the numerical

coefficient is −9 .
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Therefore, coefficient of a 2b3 is −9 .

8.(i)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( −5x 3 y 2 z 2 ) z 2 .

Therefore, the coefficient of z 2 is −5x 3 y 2 z 2 .

(ii)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( −5x 3 z 4 ) y 2 .

Therefore, the coefficient of y 2 is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

(iii)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( −5x 3 yz 2 ) yz 2 .

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Therefore, the coefficient of yz 2 is −5x 3 yz 2 .

(iv)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( −5yz 4 ) x 3 y .

Therefore, the coefficient of x 3 y is −5yz 4 .

(v)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( 5x 2 z 4 )( − xy 2 ) .

Therefore, the coefficient of − xy 2 is 5x 2 z 4 .

(vi)
Solution:

The expression is −5x 3 y 2 z 4 .

It can be written as ( x 2 z 3 )( −5 xy 2 z ) .

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Therefore, the coefficient of −5xy 2 z is x 2 z 3 .
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the power or exponents of
its variables.
The sum of the exponents is calculated as,
−5 x 3 y 2 z 4 = 3 + 2 + 4
=9
Therefore, the degree of given expression −5x 3 y 2 z 4 is 9.

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 CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11(B)
1.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is 8 x + 5 x .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
8x + 5x =
13 x
Therefore, the answer is 13x .

(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is 8 x − 5 x .
The given expression is simplified as,
8x − 5x =
3x
Therefore, the answer is 3x .

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is 6 xy 2 + 9 xy 2 .

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The given expression is simplified as,

6 xy 2 + 9 xy 2 =
15 xy 2

Therefore, the answer is 15xy 2 .

(iv)
Solution:

The given expression is 6 xy 2 − 9 xy 2 .

The given expression is simplified as,

6 xy 2 − 9 xy 2 =
−3 xy 2

Therefore, the answer is −3xy 2 .

(v)
Solution:
The given expression is 8a,6a and 5b .

The given expression is simplified as,

8a + 6a + 5b = 14a + 5b
Therefore, the answer is 14a + 5b .

(vi)
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Solution:
The given expression is 5,7 xy,6 and 3xy .

The given expression is simplified as,

5 + 7 xy + 6 + 3xy= 7 xy + 3xy + 6 + 5
= 10 xy + 11

Therefore, the answer is 11 + 10xy .

(vii)
Solution:
The given expression is 4a + 3b − 7 a + 4b .
The given expression is simplified as,
4a + 3b − 7 a + 4b = ( 4a − 7a ) + ( 3b + 4b )
=−3a + 7b
= 7b − 3a
Therefore, the answer is 7b − 3a .

(viii)
Solution:
The given expression is −15 x + 13 x + 8 .
The given expression is simplified as,
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−15 x + 13 x + 8 =−2 x + 8
= 8 − 2x
Therefore, the answer is 8 − 2x .

(ix)
Solution:

The given expression is 6 x 2 y + 13 xy 2 − 4 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 .

The given expression is simplified as,

6 x 2 y + 13 xy 2 − 4 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 = ( 6 x 2 y − 4 x 2 y ) + (13 xy 2 + 2 xy 2 )
= 2 x 2 y + 15 xy 2

Therefore, the answer is 2 x 2 y + 15 xy 2 .

(x)
Solution:

The given expression is 16 x 2 − 9 x 2 and 25 xy 2 − 17 xy 2 .

The given expression is simplified as,

16 x 2 − 9 x 2 =
7 x2
25 xy 2 − 17 xy 2 =
8 xy 2

Therefore, the answer is 7 x 2 and 8 xy 2 .

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2. (i)
Solution:
The given expression is −9 x,3 x and 4 x .

The addition of given expression is calculated as,

−9 x + 3 x + 4 x = −9 x + 7 x
= −2 x
Therefore, the answer is −2x .

(ii)
Solution:

The given expression is 23 y 2 ,8 y 2 and − 12 y 2 .

The addition of given expression is calculated as,

23 y 2 + 8 y 2 + ( −12 y=
2
) 31y 2 − 12 y 2
= 19 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 19 y 2 .

(iii)
Solution:

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The given expression is 18 pq, −15 pq and 3 pq .

The addition of given expression is calculated as,

18 pq + ( −15 pq ) + 3 pq
= 3 pq + 3 pq
= 6 pq
Therefore, the answer is 6 pq .

3.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is 3m + 12m − 5m .
The given expression is simplified as,
3m + 12m − 5m = 15m − 5m
= 10m
Therefore, the answer is 10m .

(ii)
Solution:

The given expression is 7 n 2 − 9n 2 + 3n 2 .

The given expression is simplified as,
7 n 2 − 9n 2 + 3n 2 =
−2n 2 + 3n 2
= n2
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Therefore, the answer is n 2 .

(iii)
Solution:
The given expression is 25 zy − 8 zy − 6 zy .

The given expression is simplified as,

25 zy − 8 zy − 6 zy = 25 zy − 14 zy
= 11zy

Therefore, the answer is 11zy .

(iv)
Solution:

The given expression is −5ax 2 + 7 ax 2 − 12ax 2 .

The given expression is simplified as,
−5ax 2 + 7 ax 2 − 12ax 2 = 2ax 2 − 12ax 2
= −10ax 2
Therefore, the answer is −10ax 2 .

(v)
Solution:
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The given expression is −16am + 4mx + 4am − 15mx + 5am .
The given expression is simplified as,
( −16am + 4am + 5am ) + ( 4mx − 15mx )
−16am + 4mx + 4am − 15mx + 5am =
= ( −16am + 9am ) + ( −11mx )
−7 am − 11mx
=

Therefore, the answer is −7 am − 11mx .

4.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is a + b and 2a + 3b .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
a+b
2a + 3b
3a + 4b
Therefore, the answer is 3a + 4b .

(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is 2x + y and 3 x − 4 y .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

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2x + y
3x − 4 y
5x − 3 y

Therefore, the answer is 5 x − 3 y .

(iii)
Solution:
The given expression is −3a + 2b and 3a + b .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
−3a + 2b
3a + 1b
3b

Therefore, the answer is 3b.

(iv)
Solution:
The given expression is 4 + x,5 − 2 x and 6x .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

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4 + 1x
5 − 2x
+ 6x
9 + 5x
Therefore, the answer is 5 x + 9 .

5.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is 3 x + 8 y + 7 z ,6 y + 4 z − 2 x and 3 y − 4 x + 6 z .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

3x + 8 y + 7 z + 6 y + 4 z − 2 x + 3 y − 4 x + 6 z = ( 3x − 2 x − 4 x ) + (8 y + 6 y + 3 y )
+ (7z + 4z + 6z )
= ( 3x − 6 x ) + (8 y + 9 y )
+ (11z + 6 z )
=−3 x + 17 y + 17 z

Therefore, the answer is −3 x + 17 y + 17 z .

(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is 3a + 5b + 2c, 2a + 3b − c and a + b + c .
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The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
3a + 5b + 2c + 2a + 3b − c + a + b + c = ( 3a + 2a + a ) + ( 5b + 3b + b )
+ ( 2c − c + c )
= ( 5a + a ) + ( 8b + b ) + ( c + c )
= 6a + 9b + 2c
Therefore, the answer is 6a + 9b + 2c .

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is 4 x 2 + 8 xy − 2 y 2 and 8 xy − 5 y 2 + x 2 .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

4 x 2 + 8 xy − 2 y 2 + 8 xy − 5 y 2 + x 2 = (4x 2
+ x 2 ) + ( 8 xy + 8 xy ) + ( −2 y 2 − 5 y 2 )
=5 x 2 + 16 xy − 7 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 5 x 2 + 16 xy − 7 y 2 .

(iv) The given expression is 9 x 2 − 6 x + 7,5 − 4 x and 6 − 3x 2 .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

9 x 2 − 6 x + 7 + 5 − 4 x + 6 − 3 x=
2
(9x 2
− 3 x 2 ) + ( −6 x − 4 x ) + ( 7 + 5 + 6 )
= 6 x 2 − 10 x + 18
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Therefore, the answer is 6 x 2 − 10 x + 18 .

(v)
Solution:

The given expression is 5 x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 , −2 x 2 + 5 xy + 9 y 2 and

3 x 2 − xy − 4 y 2 .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
5 x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 − 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 9 y 2 + 3 x 2 − xy − 4 y 2
(5x 2
− 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 ) + ( −2 xy + 5 xy − xy ) + ( 3 y 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 y 2 )

( 3x 2
+ 3 x 2 ) + ( 3 xy − xy ) + (12 y 2 − 4 y 2 )
6 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 6 x 2 + 2 xy + 8 y 2 .

(vi)
Solution:

The given expression is a 2 + b 2 + 2ab, 2b 2 + c 2 + 2bc and

4c 2 − a 2 + 2ac .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,

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a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + 2b 2 + c 2 + 2bc + 4c 2 − a 2 + 2ac
(a 2
− a 2 ) + ( b 2 + 2b 2 ) + ( c 2 + 4c 2 ) + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
0 + 3b 2 + 5c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
3b 2 + 5c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
Therefore, the answer is 3b 2 + 5c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac .

(vii)
Solution:
The given expression is 9ax − 6bx + 8, 4ax + 8bx − 7 and
−6ax − 4bx − 3 .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
9ax − 6bx + 8 + 4ax + 8bx − 7 − 6ax − 4bx − 3
( 9ax + 4ax − 6ax ) + ( −6bx + 8bx − 4bx ) + (8 − 7 − 3)
(13ax − 6ax ) + ( 2bx − 4bx ) + (1 − 3)
7 ax − 2bx − 2
Therefore, the answer is 7 ax − 2bx − 2 .

(viii)
Solution:
The given expression is abc + 2ba + 3ac,4ca − 4ab + 2bca and
2ab − 3abc − 6ac .
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The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
abc + 2ba + 3ac + 4ca − 4ab + 2bca + 2ab − 3abc − 6ac
( abc + 2bca − 3abc ) + ( 2ba − 4ab + 2ab ) + ( 3ac + 4ca − 6ac )
( 3bca − 3abc ) + ( −2ab + 2ab ) + ( 7ca − 6ac )
0 + 0 + ca
ca
Therefore, the answer is ca .

(ix)
Solution:

The given expression is 4a 2 + 5b 2 − 6ab,3ab,6a 2 − 2b 2 and

4b 2 − 5ab .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
4a 2 + 5b 2 − 6ab + 3ab + 6a 2 − 2b 2 + 4b 2 − 5ab
( 4a + 6a ) + ( 5b − 2b + 4b ) + ( −6ab + 3ab − 5ab )
2 2 2 2 2

(10a ) + ( 3b + 4b ) + ( −3ab − 5ab )

2 2 2

10a 2 + 7b 2 − 8ab
Therefore, the answer is 10a 2 + 7b 2 − 8ab .

(x)

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Solution:

The given expression is x 2 + x − 2, 2 x − 3 x 2 + 5 and 2 x 2 − 5 x + 7 .

The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
x 2 + x − 2 + 2 x − 3x 2 + 5 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 7
( x − 3x + 2 x ) + ( x + 2 x − 5 x ) + ( −2 + 5 + 7 )
2 2 2

( −2 x + 2 x ) + ( 3x − 5 x ) + ( 3 + 7 )
2 2

−2 x + 10
Therefore, the answer is −2 x + 10 .

(xi)
Solution:

The given expression is 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1, 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 − 3 x + 6, x 2 + 8

and 5 x 3 − 7 x .
The addition of the given expression is calculated as,
4 x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1 + 2 x3 − 5 x 2 − 3x + 6 + x 2 + 8 + 5 x3 − 7 x
(4x 3
+ 2 x 3 + 5 x 3 ) + ( 2 x 2 − 5 x 2 + x 2 ) + ( − x − 3 x − 7 x ) + (1 + 6 + 8 )

(6x 3
+ 5 x 3 ) + ( −3 x 2 + x 2 ) + ( −4 x − 7 x ) + ( 7 + 8 )
11x 3 − 2 x 2 − 11x + 15
Therefore, the answer is 11x 3 − 2 x 2 − 11x + 15 .

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6.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is x and 3y .

The sum of the given expression is calculated as,

x + 3y
Therefore, the answer is x + 3 y .

(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is −2a and +5 .
The sum of the given expression is calculated as,
−2a + 5
Therefore, the answer is −2a + 5 .

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is −4x 2 and +7x .

The sum of the given expression is calculated as,

− 4 x2 + 7 x

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Therefore, the answer is − 4 x 2 + 7 x .

(iv)
Solution:
The given expression is +4a and −7b .
The sum of the given expression is calculated as,
+4a − 7b
Therefore, the answer is 4a − 7b .

(v)
Solution:

The given expression is x 3 + 3 x 2 y and 2 y 2 .

The sum of the given expression is calculated as,

x3 + 3x 2 y + 2 y 2

Therefore, the answer is x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 2 y 2 .

(vi)
Solution:
The given expression is 11 and −by .
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The sum of the given expression is calculated as,
11 − by
Therefore, the answer is 11 − by .

7.
Solution:
The sides of a triangle is given as 2 x + 3 y, x + 5 y and 7 x − 2 y .

Now, the perimeter is the sum of all sides that is,

Perimeter = 2 x + 3 y + x + 5 y + 7 x − 2 y
= 2x + x + 7x + 3y + 5 y − 2 y
= 10 x + 8 y − 2 y
= 10 x + 6 y

Therefore, the perimeter is 10 x + 6 y .

8.
Solution:
The sides of a rectangle is given as 6a + 9b and 8a − 4b .
Consider length as 6a + 9b and breadth as 8a − 4b .
Now, the perimeter is 2 ( l + b ) that is,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 = 2 (l + b )
Perimeter
= 2 ( 6a + 9b + 8a − 4b )
= 2 (14a + 5b )
= 2 (14a ) + 2 ( 5b )
= 28a + 10b
Therefore, the perimeter is 28a + 10b .

9.(i)
Solution:
The given expression is 2a + b and a + b .
The subtraction of 2a + b and a + b is calculated as,
( 2a + b ) − ( a + b )
2a + b − a − b
a+0
a
Therefore, the answer is a .

(ii)
Solution:
The given expression is −2b + 2c and b + 3c .
The subtraction of −2b + 2c and b + 3c is calculated as,
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
−2b + 2c − ( b + 3c )
−2b + 2c − b − 3c
−2b − b + 2c − 3c
−3b − c
Therefore, the answer is −3b − c .

(iii)
Solution:
The given expression is 5a + b and −6b + 2a .
The subtraction of 5a + b and −6b + 2a is calculated as,
5a + b − ( −6b + 2a )
5a + b + 6b − 2a
5a − 2a + b + 6b
3a + 7b
Therefore, the answer is 3a + 7b .

(iv)
Solution:

The given expression is a 3 − 1 + a and 3a − 2a 2 .

The subtraction of a 3 − 1 + a and 3a − 2a 2 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

a 3 − 1 + a − ( 3a − 2a 2 )
a 3 − 1 + a − 3a + 2a 2
a 3 + 2a 2 − 2a − 1
Therefore, the answer is a 3 + 2a 2 − 2a − 1.

(v)
Solution:
The given expression is p + 2 and 1.
The subtraction of p + 2 and 1 is calculated as,
p + 2 −1
p +1

Therefore, the answer is p + 1.

(vi)
Solution:
The given expression is x + 2 y + z and − x − y − 3 z .
The subtraction of x + 2 y + z and − x − y − 3 z is calculated as,

x + 2 y + z − ( − x − y − 3z )
x + 2 y + z + x + y + 3z
2x + 3y + 4z
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Therefore, the answer is 2 x + 3 y + 4 z .

(vii)
Solution:

The given expression is 3a 2 − 8ab − 2b 2 and 3a 2 − 4ab + 6b 2 .

The subtraction of 3a 2 − 8ab − 2b 2 and 3a 2 − 4ab + 6b 2 is calculated

as,

3a 2 − 8ab − 2b 2 − ( 3a 2 − 4ab + 6b 2 )
3a 2 − 8ab − 2b 2 − 3a 2 + 4ab − 6b 2
3a 2 − 3a 2 − 8ab + 4ab − 2b 2 − 6b 2
−4ab − 8b 2
Therefore, the answer is −4ab − 8b 2 .

(viii)
Solution:

The given expression is 4 pq − 6 p 2 − 2q 2 and 9 p 2 .

The subtraction of 4 pq − 6 p 2 − 2q 2 and 9 p 2 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

4 pq − 6 p 2 − 2q 2 − 9 p 2
4 pq − 2q 2 − 6 p 2 − 9 p 2
4 pq − 2q 2 − 15 p 2
4 pq − 15 p 2 − 2q 2

Therefore, the answer is 4 pq − 15 p 2 − 2q 2 .

(ix)
Solution:

The given expression is 10abc and 2a 2 + 2abc − 4b 2 .

The subtraction of 10abc and 2a 2 + 2abc − 4b 2 is calculated as,

10abc − ( 2a 2 + 2abc − 4b 2 )
10abc − 2a 2 − 2abc + 4b 2
10abc − 2abc − 2a 2 + 4b 2
8abc − 2a 2 + 4b 2
Therefore, the answer is 8abc − 2a 2 + 4b 2 .

(x)
Solution:

The given expression is a 2 + ab + c 2 and a 2 − d 2 .

The subtraction of a 2 + ab + c 2 and a 2 − d 2 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
a 2 + ab + c 2 − ( a 2 − d 2 )
a 2 + ab + c 2 − a 2 + d 2
a 2 − a 2 + ab + c 2 + d 2
ab + c 2 + d 2
Therefore, the answer is ab + c 2 + d 2 .

10.(i)
Solution:
The subtraction of 4x from 8 − x is calculated as,
8 − x − (4x)
8 − x − 4x
8 − 5x
Therefore, the answer is 8 − 5x .

(ii)
Solution:
The subtraction of −8c from c + 3d is calculated as,
c + 3d − ( −8c )
c + 3d + 8c
9c + 3d

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

Therefore, the answer is 9c + 3d .

(iii)
Solution:
The subtraction of −5a − 2b from b + 6c is calculated as,
b + 6c − ( −5a − 2b )
b + 6c + 5a + 2b
5a + 3b + 6c
Therefore, the answer is 5a + 3b + 6c .

(iv)
Solution:

The subtraction of 4 p + p 2 from 3 p 2 − 8 p is calculated as,

3 p2 − 8 p − ( 4 p + p2 )
3 p2 − 8 p − 4 p − p2
2 p 2 − 12 p

Therefore, the answer is 2 p 2 − 12 p .

(v)
Solution:
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
The subtraction of 5a − 3b + 2c from 4a − b − 2c is calculated as,
4a − b − 2c − ( 5a − 3b + 2c )
4a − b − 2c − 5a + 3b − 2c
− a + 2b − 4c
Therefore, the answer is − a + 2b − 4c .

(vi)
Solution:
The subtraction of − xy + yz − zx from xy − yz + xz is calculated as,

xy − yz + xz − ( − xy + yz − zx )
xy − yz + xz + xy − yz + zx
2 xy − 2 yz + 2 zx
2 ( xy − yz + zx )

Therefore, the answer is 2 ( xy − yz + zx ) .

(vii)
Solution:

The subtraction of 2 x 2 − 7 xy − y 2 from 3 x 2 − 5 xy + 3 y 2 is calculated

as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

3 x 2 − 5 xy + 3 y 2 − ( 2 x 2 − 7 xy − y 2 )
3 x 2 − 5 xy + 3 y 2 − 2 x 2 + 7 xy + y 2
3 x 2 − 2 x 2 + 7 xy − 5 xy + 3 y 2 + y 2
x 2 + 2 xy + 4 y 2

Therefore, the answer is x 2 + 2 xy + 4 y 2 .

(viii)
Solution:

The subtraction of a 2 − 3ab − 6b 2 from 2b 2 − a 2 + 2ab is calculated

as,

2b 2 − a 2 + 2ab − ( a 2 − 3ab − 6b 2 )
2b 2 − a 2 + 2ab − a 2 + 3ab + 6b 2
− a 2 − a 2 + 2b 2 + 6b 2 + 2ab + 3ab
−2a 2 + 8b 2 + 5ab
Therefore, the answer is −2a 2 + 8b 2 + 5ab .

(ix)
Solution:

The subtraction of 4 x 2 − 5 x 2 y + y 2 from −3 y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 7 x 2 − 9 x 2 y is

calculated as,
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
−3 y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 7 x 2 − 9 x 2 y − ( 4 x 2 − 5 x 2 y + y 2 )
−3 y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 7 x 2 − 9 x 2 y − 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 y − y 2
−3 y 2 − y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 7 x 2 − 4 x 2 − 9 x 2 y + 5 x 2 y
−4 y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 11x 2 − 4 x 2 y

Therefore, the answer is −4 y 2 + 5 xy 2 − 11x 2 − 4 x 2 y .

(x)
Solution:

The subtraction of 6m3 + 4m 2 + 7 m − 3 from 3m3 + 4 is calculated

as,

3m3 + 4 − ( 6m3 + 4m 2 + 7 m − 3)
3m3 + 4 − 6m3 − 4m 2 − 7 m + 3
3m3 − 6m3 − 4m 2 − 7 m + 3 + 4
−3m3 − 4m 2 − 7 m + 7
Therefore, the answer is −3m3 − 4m 2 − 7 m + 7 .

11.
Solution:

The addition of the expression 4a 2 + 3 − 8a and 9a − 7 is calculated

as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

4 a 2 + 3 − 8a + 9 a − 7 = 4 a 2 − 8a + 9 a − 7 + 3
= 4a 2 + a − 4
Therefore, the sum is 4a 2 + a − 4 .

Now, the subtraction of −5a 2 − 3a + 1 from 4a 2 + a − 4 is calculated

as follows:

4a 2 + a − 4 − ( −5a 2 − 3a + 1)
4a 2 + a − 4 + 5a 2 + 3a − 1
4a 2 + 5a 2 + a + 3a − 1 − 4
9a 2 + 4a − 5
Therefore, the answer is 9a 2 + 4a − 5 .

12.
Solution:

It is given that the expression 8 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 10 exceeds

4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 7 x − 3.
The subtraction of 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 7 x − 3 from 8 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 10 is
calculated as follows:

8 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 10 − ( 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 7 x − 3)
8 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 10 − 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 7 x + 3
8 x 3 − 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 2 x 2 + 9 x − 7 x + 3 − 10
4 x3 − 8 x 2 + 2 x − 7
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Therefore, the answer is 4 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 2 x − 7 .

13.
Solution:

It is given that the expression is 2a 3 − a 2 + 5a − 6 and to determine

the added amount to obtain − a 3 + a 2 − a + 1.

Therefore, the subtraction of 2a 3 − a 2 + 5a − 6 from − a 3 + a 2 − a + 1

is calculated as follows:

− a 3 + a 2 − a + 1 − ( 2 a 3 − a 2 + 5a − 6 )
− a 3 + a 2 − a + 1 − 2 a 3 + a 2 − 5a + 6
− a 3 − 2 a 3 + a 2 + a 2 − 5a − a + 1 + 6
−3a 3 + 2a 2 − 6a + 7
Therefore, the amount that must be added is −3a 3 + 2a 2 − 6a + 7 to
obtain − a 3 + a 2 − a + 1.

14.
Solution:
The required result is obtained by subtracting the expression
−4ab + 2b 2 from a 2 + b 2 + 2ab as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

a 2 + b 2 + 2ab − ( −4ab + 2b 2 )
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + 4ab − 2b 2
a 2 + b 2 − 2b 2 + 2ab + 4ab
a 2 − b 2 + 6ab
Thus, the required answer is a 2 − b 2 + 6ab .

15.
Solution:
The required result is obtained by subtracting the expression
m 2 + 3n 2 − 5 p 2 from 4m 2 + 4n 2 + 4 p 2 as follows:

4m 2 + 4n 2 + 4 p 2 − ( m 2 + 3n 2 − 5 p 2 )
4m 2 + 4n 2 + 4 p 2 − m 2 − 3n 2 + 5 p 2
4m 2 − m 2 + 4n 2 − 3n 2 + 5 p 2 + 4 p 2
3m 2 + n 2 + 9 p 2

Thus, the required answer is 3m 2 + n 2 + 9 p 2 .

16.
Solution:
The required result is obtained by subtracting the expression
3 x 3 − 2 x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3 from 4 x 3 − 3 x 2 y − 7 xy 2 + 2 y 3 as follows:
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
4 x 3 − 3 x 2 y − 7 xy 2 + 2 y 3 − ( 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3 )
4 x 3 − 3 x 2 y − 7 xy 2 + 2 y 3 − 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3
4 x 3 − 3 x 3 − 3 x 2 y + 2 x 2 y − 7 xy 2 − xy 2 + y 3 + 2 y 3
x 3 − x 2 y − 8 xy 2 + 3 y 3

Thus, the required answer is x 3 − x 2 y − 8 xy 2 + 3 y 3 .

17.
Solution:

The addition of the expression 3a 2 − 2a + 5 and a 2 − 5a − 7 is

calculated as,
3a 2 − 2a + 5 + a 2 − 5a − 7 = 3a 2 + a 2 − 2a − 5a − 7 + 5
= 4a 2 − 7 a − 2
Therefore, the sum is 4a 2 − 7 a − 2 .

The addition of the expression 5a 2 − 9a + 3 and 2a − a 2 − 1 is

calculated as,
5a 2 − 9 a + 3 + 2 a − a 2 − 1 = 5a 2 − a 2 − 9 a + 2 a − 1 + 3
= 4a 2 − 7 a + 2
Therefore, the sum is 4a 2 − 7 a + 2 .

Now, the subtraction of 4a 2 − 7 a − 2 from 4a 2 − 7 a + 2 is calculated

as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

4a 2 − 7 a + 2 − ( 4a 2 − 7 a − 2 )
4a 2 − 7 a + 2 − 4a 2 + 7 a + 2
4a 2 − 4a 2 − 7 a + 7 a + 2 + 2
4
Therefore, the answer is 4 .

18.
Solution:

The perimeter of a rectangle is 28 x 3 + 16 x 2 + 8 x + 4 and one of the

sides is 8 x 2 + 4 x .

Consider one side is length as 8 x 2 + 4 x and breadth as b .

Now, the perimeter is P= 2l + 2b .
The other side that is breadth is calculated as follows:

4 2 ( 8 x 2 + 4 x ) + 2b
28 x 3 + 16 x 2 + 8 x +=
28 x 3 + 16 x 2 + 8 x + 4 − 2 ( 8 x 2 + 4 x ) =2b
28 x 3 + 16 x 2 + 8 x + 4 − 16 x 2 − 8 x =2b
28 x 3 + 4
=b
2
28 x 3 4
+ = b
2 2
14 x 3 + 2 = b
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Therefore, the other side is 14 x 3 + 2 .

19.
Solution:

The perimeter of a triangle is 14a 2 + 20a + 13 and two of its sides

are 3a 2 + 5a + 1 and a 2 + 10a − 6 .
Perimeter is the sum of all sides.
The third side is calculated as follows:
14a 2 + 20a + 13= 3a 2 + 5a + 1 + a 2 + 10a − 6 + third side
14a 2 + 20a + 13= 4a 2 + 15a − 5 + third side
14a 2 + 20a + 13 − 4a 2 − 15a + 5 =third side
14a 2 − 4a 2 − 15a + 20a + 13 + 5 =third side
10a 2 + 5a + 18 =
third side
Therefore, the third side is 10a 2 + 5a + 18 .

20.(i)
Solution:

The given expression is x = 4a 2 + b 2 − 6ab , y = 3b 2 − 2a 2 + 8ab and

z = 6a 2 + 8b 2 − 6ab .
Now, the value of the expression x + y + z is calculated as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

x + y + z = 4a 2 + b 2 − 6ab + 3b 2 − 2a 2 + 8ab + 6a 2 + 8b 2 − 6ab
= 4a 2 − 2a 2 + 6a 2 + b 2 + 3b 2 + 8b 2 + 8ab − 6ab − 6ab
= 2a 2 + 6a 2 + 4b 2 + 8b 2 + 2ab − 6ab
=8a 2 + 12b 2 − 4ab
Therefore, the answer is 8a 2 + 12b 2 − 4ab .

(ii)
Solution:

The given expression is x = 4a 2 + b 2 − 6ab , y = 3b 2 − 2a 2 + 8ab and

z = 6a 2 + 8b 2 − 6ab .
Now, the value of the expression x − y − z is calculated as follows:

x − y − z= 4a 2 + b 2 − 6ab − ( 3b 2 − 2a 2 + 8ab ) − ( 6a 2 + 8b 2 − 6ab )

= 4a 2 + b 2 − 6ab − 3b 2 + 2a 2 − 8ab − 6a 2 − 8b 2 + 6ab
= 4a 2 + 2a 2 − 6a 2 + b 2 − 3b 2 − 8b 2 − 8ab − 6ab + 6ab
−10b 2 − 8ab
=
Therefore, the answer is −10b 2 − 8ab .

21.(i)
Solution:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

The given expression is m = 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 and n =
−3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
.
Now, the value of the expression 2m − n is calculated as follows:

− n 2 ( 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 ) − ( −3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 )
2m=
= 18 x 2 − 8 xy + 10 y 2 + 3 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
= 18 x 2 + 3 x 2 + 10 y 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 8 xy
= 21x 2 + 11 y 2 − 10 xy

Therefore, the answer is 21x 2 + 11 y 2 − 10 xy .

(ii)
Solution:

The given expression is m = 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 and n =

−3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
.
Now, the value of the expression m + 2n is calculated as follows:

m + 2n = 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 + 2 ( −3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 )
= 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 − 6 x 2 + 4 xy − 2 y 2
= 9 x 2 − 6 x 2 + 5 y 2 − 2 y 2 − 4 xy + 4 xy
= 3x 2 + 3 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(iii)
Solution:

The given expression is m = 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 and n =

−3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
.
Now, the value of the expression m − 3n is calculated as follows:

m − 3n = 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 − 3 ( −3 x 2 + 2 xy − y 2 )
= 9 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 + 9 x 2 − 6 xy + 3 y 2
= 9 x 2 + 9 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 3 y 2 − 4 xy − 6 xy
= 18 x 2 + 8 y 2 − 10 xy

Therefore, the answer is 18 x 2 + 8 y 2 − 10 xy .

22.(i)
Solution:
The given expression 3 x + 5 ( 2 x + 6 ) − 7 x is simplified as follows:

3 x + 5 ( 2 x + 6 ) − 7 x = 3 x + 10 x + 30 − 7 x
= 13 x − 7 x + 30
= 6 x + 30
Therefore, the answer is 6 x + 30 .

(ii)
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Solution:
The given expression 3 ( 4 y − 10 ) + 2 ( y − 1) is simplified as follows:

3 ( 4 y − 10 ) + 2 ( y − 1)= 12 y − 30 + 2 y − 2
= 12 y + 2 y − 30 − 2
= 14 y − 32
Therefore, the answer is 14 y − 32 .

(iii)
Solution:
The given expression − ( 7 + 6 x ) − 7 ( x + 2 ) is simplified as follows:

− ( 7 + 6 x ) − 7 ( x + 2 ) =−7 − 6 x − 7 x − 14
=−6 x − 7 x − 7 − 14
=−13 x − 21
Therefore, the answer is −13 x − 21.

(iv)
Solution:
The given expression x − ( x − y ) − y − ( y − x ) is simplified as
follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

x − ( x − y) − y − ( y − x) = x − x + y − y − y + x
=− y + x
= x− y
Therefore, the answer is x − y .

(v)
Solution:
The given expression 4 x + 7 y − ( 5 y − 8 ) − 2 x is simplified as
follows:
4 x + 7 y − ( 5 y − 8) − 2 x = 4 x + 7 y − 5 y + 8 − 2 x
= 4x − 2x + 7 y − 5 y + 8
= 2x + 2 y + 8
Therefore, the answer is 2 x + 2 y + 8 .

(vi) The given expression −2m + 5 + 4 ( m − 3) is simplified as

follows:
−2m + 5 + 4 ( m − 3) =−2m + 5 + 4m − 12
= 4m − 2m − 12 + 5
= 2m − 7
Therefore, the answer is 2m − 7 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(vii) The given expression 2 x − y + 5 − ( x − y ) is simplified as
follows:
2x − y + 5 − ( x − y ) = 2x − y + 5 − x + y
= 2x − x − y + y + 5
= x+5
Therefore, the answer is x + 5 .

(viii)
Solution:
The given expression 2 ( x − y ) − ( x − 8 ) is simplified as follows:

2 ( x − y ) − ( x − 8) = 2 x − 2 y − x + 8
= 2x − x − 2 y + 8
=x − 2 y + 8
Therefore, the answer is x − 2 y + 8 .

(ix)
Solution:
The given expression 4 ( 3 x − 8 ) − 3 ( 5 x + 3) − 2 ( 6 x − 8 ) is simplified
as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

4 ( 3 x − 8 ) − 3 ( 5 x + 3) − 2 ( 6 x − 8 )= 12 x − 32 − 15 x − 9 − 12 x + 16
= 12 x − 15 x − 12 x + 16 − 32 − 9
=−15 x − 16 − 9
−15 x − 25
=
Therefore, the answer is −15 x − 25 .

(x)
Solution:
The given expression 5 ( x − 4 ) − 3 ( x − 4 ) + 7 ( x − 4 ) is simplified as
follows:
5 ( x − 4 ) − 3 ( x − 4 ) + 7 ( x − 4 ) = 5 x − 20 − 3 x + 12 + 7 x − 28
= 5 x − 3 x + 7 x − 20 + 12 − 28
= 2 x + 7 x − 8 − 28
= 9 x − 36
Therefore, the answer is 9 x − 36 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11(C)
1.(i)
Solution:

The multiplication of 3 x,5 x 2 y and 2 y is calculated as,

Product = ( 3 x ) ( 5 x 2 y ) ( 2 y )
= 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y
= 30 x 3 y

Therefore, the product is 30x 3 y .

(ii)
Solution:

The multiplication of 5,3a and 2ab 2 is calculated as,

Product = ( 5 )( 3a ) ( 2ab 2 )
= 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ a ⋅ a
= 30a 2b 2
Therefore, the product is 30a 2b 2 .

(iii)
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Solution:
The multiplication of 5 x + 2 y and 3xy is calculated as,

Product
= ( 5 x + 2 y )( 3xy )
= 5 x ( 3 xy ) + 2 y ( 3 xy )
= 15 x 2 y + 6 xy 2

Therefore, the product is 15 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 .

(iv)
Solution:
The multiplication of 6a − 5b and −2a is calculated as,
Product =( 6a − 5b )( −2a )
= ( −2a )( 6a ) + ( −2a )( −5b )
−12a 2 + 10ab
=
Therefore, the product is −12a 2 + 10ab .

(v)
Solution:
The multiplication of 4a + 5b and 4a − 5b is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 ( 4a + 5b )( 4a − 5b )
Product =
= ( 4a )( 4a − 5b ) + ( 5b )( 4a − 5b )
=16a 2 − 20ab + 20ab − 25b 2
= 16a 2 − 25b 2
Therefore, the product is 16a 2 − 25b 2 .

(vi)
Solution:

The multiplication of 9 xy + 2 y 2 and 2 x − 3 y is calculated as,

( 9 xy + 2 y 2 ) ( 2 x − 3 y )
Product =
= ( 9 xy )( 2 x − 3 y ) + ( 2 y 2 ) ( 2 x − 3 y )
= 18 x 2 y − 27 xy 2 + 4 xy 2 − 6 y 3
= 18 x 2 y − 23 xy 2 − 6 y 3

Therefore, the product is 18 x 2 y − 23 xy 2 − 6 y 3 .

(vii)
Solution:

The multiplication of −3m 2 n + 5mn − 4mn 2 and 6m 2 n is calculated

as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 ( −3m2n + 5mn − 4mn2 )( 6m2n )
Product =
= ( −3m 2 n )( 6m 2 n ) + ( 5mn ) ( 6m 2 n ) + ( −4mn 2 )( 6m 2 n )
−18m 4 n 2 + 30m3n 2 − 24m3n3
=
Therefore, the product is −18m 4 n 2 + 30m3n 2 − 24m3n3 .

(viii)
Solution:

The multiplication of 6 xy 2 − 7 x 2 y 2 + 10 x 3 and −3x 2 y 3 is calculated

as,

Product = ( 6 xy 2 − 7 x 2 y 2 + 10 x 3 )( −3 x 2 y 3 )
= ( 6 xy )( −3x y ) + ( −7 x y )( −3x y ) + (10 x )( −3x y )
2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3

−18 x 3 y 5 + 21x 4 y 5 − 30 x 5 y 3
=

Therefore, the product is −18 x 3 y 5 + 21x 4 y 5 − 30 x 5 y 3 .

2.(i)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 3a + 2b
× − 3 xy
−9axy − 6bxy

Therefore, the answer is −9axy − 6bxy .

(ii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
9x − 5 y
× − 3 xy
−27 x 2 y + 15 xy 2

Therefore, the answer is −27 x 2 y + 15 xy 2 .

(iii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
3 xy − 2 x 2 − 6 x
× − 5x2 y
−15 x 3 y 2 + 10 x 4 y + 30 x 3 y

Therefore, the answer is −15 x 3 y 2 + 10 x 4 y + 30 x 3 y .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
(iv)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
a+b
× a+b
a 2 + ab
ab + b 2
a 2 + 2ab + b 2

Therefore, the answer is a 2 + 2ab + b 2 .

(v)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
ax − b
× 2ax + 2b 2
2a 2 x 2 − 2abx + 2axb 2 − 2b3

Therefore, the answer is 2a 2 x 2 − 2abx + 2ab 2 x − 2b3 .

(vi)
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
2a − b + 3c
× 2a − 4b
4a 2 − 2ab + 6ac
− 8ab + 4b 2 − 12bc
4a 2 − 10ab + 6ac + 4b 2 − 12bc

Therefore, the answer is 4a 2 − 10ab + 6ac + 4b 2 − 12bc .

(vii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
3m 2 + 6m − 2n
× 5n − 3m
15m 2 n + 30mn − 10n 2 − 9m3 − 18m 2
+ 6mn
15m 2 n + 36mn − 10n 2 − 9m3 − 18m 2

Therefore, the answer is 15m 2 n + 36mn − 10n 2 − 9m3 − 18m 2 .

(viii)
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
6 − 3x + 2 x 2
× 1 + 5x − x2
6 − 3x + 2 x 2
+ 30 x − 15 x 2 + 10 x 3
− 6 x 2 + 3x3 − 2 x 4
6 + 27 x − 19 x 2 + 13 x 3 − 2 x 4

Therefore, the answer is 6 + 27 x − 19 x 2 + 13 x 3 − 2 x 4 .

(ix)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression is evaluated as follows:
4 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 6 x − 8
× 3 + 2 x − x2
12 x 3 − 30 x 2 + 18 x − 24
8 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 16 x
4 x 5 +10 x 4 − 6 x 3 + 8 x 2
4 x 5 +18 x 4 − 14 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 2 x − 24

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 5 +18 x 4 − 14 x 3 − 10 x 2 + 2 x − 24 .

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3.(i)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( c + 5 )( c − 3) is
calculated as,
( c + 5)( c − 3) = c ( c − 3) + 5 ( c − 3)
= c 2 − 3c + 5c − 15
= c 2 + 2c − 15
Therefore, the answer is c 2 + 2c − 15 .

(ii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 3c − 5d )( 4c − 6d ) is
calculated as,
( 3c − 5d )( 4c − 6d )= 3c ( 4c − 6d ) − 5d ( 4c − 6d )
=12c 2 − 18cd − 20cd + 30d 2
=12c 2 − 38cd + 30d 2
Therefore, the answer is 12c 2 − 38cd + 30d 2 .

(iii)

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Solution:
1 1  1 1 
The simplification of the given expression  a + b  a − b  is
2 2  2 2 
calculated as,

1 1  1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 
 a + b  a − b= a  a − b  + b  a − b
 2 2  2 2  2  2 2  2  2 2 
1 1 1 1
= a 2 − ab + ab − b 2
4 4 4 4
1 2 1 2
= a − b
4 4
1 2 1 2
Therefore, the answer is a − b .
4 4

(iv)
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) ( a + b ) is

calculated as,

(a 2
+ 2ab + b 2 ) ( a + b ) = a ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) + b ( a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )
=a 3 + 2a 2b + ab 2 + a 2b + 2ab 2 + b3
=a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
Therefore, the answer is a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3 .

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(v)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( 3x − 1) ( 4 x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 3) is calculated as,
( 3x − 1) ( 4 x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x −=
3) 3 x ( 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 3) − 1( 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 3)
= 12 x 4 − 6 x 3 + 18 x 2 − 9 x − 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 6 x + 3
= 12 x 4 − 6 x 3 − 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 18 x 2 − 9 x − 6 x + 3
= 12 x 4 − 10 x 3 + 20 x 2 − 15 x + 3

Therefore, the answer is 12 x 4 − 10 x 3 + 20 x 2 − 15 x + 3 .

(vi)
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression ( 4m − 2 ) ( m 2 + 5m − 6 ) is

calculated as,

6)
( 4 m − 2 ) ( m 2 + 5m − = 4 m ( m 2 + 5m − 6 ) − 2 ( m 2 + 5m − 6 )
= 4m3 + 20m 2 − 24m − 2m 2 − 10m + 12
= 4m3 + 20m 2 − 2m 2 − 24m − 10m + 12
= 4m3 + 18m 2 − 34m + 12
Therefore, the answer is 4m3 + 18m 2 − 34m + 12 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(vii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
(8 − 12 x + 7 x 2 − 6 x3 ) ( 5 − 2 x ) is calculated as,
(8 − 12 x + 7 x 2
− 6 x 3 ) ( 5 − 2 x ) = 5 ( 8 − 12 x + 7 x 2 − 6 x 3 )
−2 x ( 8 − 12 x + 7 x 2 − 6 x 3 )
=40 − 60 x + 35 x 2 − 30 x 3 − 16 x + 24 x 2 − 14 x 3
+12 x 4
=40 − 60 x − 16 x + 24 x 2 + 35 x 2 − 30 x 3 − 14 x 3
+12 x 4
=40 − 76 x + 59 x 2 − 44 x 3 + 12 x 4

Therefore, the answer is 40 − 76 x + 59 x 2 − 44 x 3 + 12 x 4 .

(viii)
Solution: The simplification of the given expression
( 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1)( 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 ) is calculated as,

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(4x 2
2 ) 4 x 2 ( 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 ) − 4 x ( 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 )
− 4 x + 1)( 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 +=
+1( 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 )
= 8 x 5 − 12 x 4 + 8 x 2 − 8 x 4 + 12 x 3
−8 x + 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2
= 8 x 5 − 12 x 4 − 8 x 4 + 12 x 3 + 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 8 x 2
−8 x + 2
= 8 x 5 − 20 x 4 + 14 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 8 x + 2

Therefore, the answer is 8 x 5 − 20 x 4 + 14 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 8 x + 2 .

(ix)
Solution: The simplification of the given expression
( 6 p 2 − 8 pq + 2q 2 ) ( −5 p ) is calculated as,
(6 p 2
− 8 pq + 2q 2 ) ( −5 p ) = 6 p 2 ( −5 p ) − 8 pq ( −5 p ) + 2q 2 ( −5 p )
−30 p 3 + 40 p 2 q − 10 pq 2
=

Therefore, the answer is −30 p 3 + 40 p 2 q − 10 pq 2 .

(x)
Solution:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

The simplification of the given expression
−4 y (15 x + 12 y − 8 z )( x − 2 y ) is calculated as,

−4 y (15 x + 12 y − 8 z )( x − 2 y ) =
−4 y ( x − 2 y )(15 x + 12 y − 8 z )
( −4 xy + 8 y 2 ) (15 x + 12 y − 8 z )
=
−4 xy (15 x + 12 y − 8 z ) + 8 y 2 (15 x + 12 y − 8 z )
=
−60 x 2 y − 48 xy 2 + 32 xyz + 120 xy 2 + 96 y 3
=
−64 y 2 z
−60 x 2 y + 72 xy 2 + 32 xyz + 96 y 3 − 64 y 2 z
=

Therefore, the answer is −60 x 2 y + 72 xy 2 + 32 xyz + 96 y 3 − 64 y 2 z .

(xi)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( a 2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) ( a + b + c ) is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

  
 a a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca + b 
 ( ) 
( a 2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) ( a + b + c )= ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) 
  2 2 2
 
 +c  a + b + c 

  − ab − bc − ca  
 a 3 + ab 2 + ac 2 − a 2b − abc − ca 2 
 2 3 2 2 2 
+ a b + b + bc − ab − b c − cba
= 
 + ca 2 + cb 2 + c 3 − cab − bc 2 
 
 −c a 
2

= a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc

Therefore, the answer is a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc .

4.(i)
Solution: The simplification of the given expression ( a + b )( a − b )
is calculated as,
( a + b )( a − b )= a (a − b) + b (a − b)
= a 2 − ab + ab − b 2
= a 2 − b2
Therefore, the answer is a 2 − b 2 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(ii)
Solution:

Using the simplification of ( a + b )( a − b ) is a 2 − b 2 . The simplified

form of the given expression ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( a + b )( a − b ) is calculated
as,

(a 2
+ b 2 ) ( a + b )( a − b ) = (a 2
+ b 2 )( a 2 − b 2 )
= a 2 ( a 2 − b2 ) + b2 ( a 2 − b2 )
=a 4 − a 2b 2 + a 2b 2 − b 4
= a 4 − b4
Therefore, the answer is a 4 − b 4 .

(iii)
Solution:

Using the simplification of ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( a + b )( a − b ) is a 4 − b 4 . The

simplified form of the given expression
( a 4 + b4 )( a 2 + b2 ) ( a + b )( a − b ) is calculated as,
(a 4
+ b 4 )( a 2 + b 2 ) ( a + b )( a − b ) =
( a 4 + b4 )( a 4 − b4 )
= a 4 ( a 4 − b4 ) + b4 ( a 4 − b4 )
=a 8 − a 4b 4 + a 4b 4 − b 8
= a 8 − b8
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
Therefore, the answer is a8 − b8 .

5.(i)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 3 x − 2 y )( 4 x + 3 y ) is
calculated as,
( 3x − 2 y )( 4 x + 3 y =) 3x ( 4 x + 3 y ) − 2 y ( 4 x + 3 y )
= 12 x 2 + 9 xy − 8 xy − 6 y 2
= 12 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 12 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 .

(ii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( 3x − 2 y )( 4 x + 3 y )(8 x − 5 y ) is calculated as,

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( 3x − 2 y )( 4 x + 3 y )(8 x − 5 y=) ( 3x ( 4 x + 3 y ) − 2 y ( 4 x + 3 y ) ) (8 x − 5 y )
= (12 x 2 + 9 xy − 8 xy − 6 y 2 ) ( 8 x − 5 y )
= (12 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 ) ( 8 x − 5 y )
= 8 x (12 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 ) − 5 y (12 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 )
= 96 x 3 + 8 x 2 y − 48 xy 2 − 60 x 2 y − 5 xy 2 + 30 y 3
=96 x 3 − 52 x 2 y − 53 xy 2 + 30 y 3
Therefore, the answer is 96 x 3 − 52 x 2 y − 53 xy 2 + 30 y 3 .

(iii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( a + 5 )( 3a − 2 )( 5a + 1) is
calculated as,

1) ( a ( 3a − 2 ) + 5 ( 3a − 2 ) ) ( 5a + 1)
( a + 5)( 3a − 2 )( 5a +=
= ( 3a 2 − 2a + 15a − 10 ) ( 5a + 1)
= ( 3a 2 + 13a − 10 ) ( 5a + 1)
= 5a ( 3a 2 + 13a − 10 ) + 1( 3a 2 + 13a − 10 )
= 15a 3 + 65a 2 − 50a + 3a 2 + 13a − 10
= 15a 3 + 68a 2 − 37 a − 10
Therefore, the answer is 15a 3 + 68a 2 − 37 a − 10 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(iv)
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression ( a + 1) ( a 2 − a + 1) is

calculated as,

( a + 1) ( a 2 − a + 1=) a ( a 2 − a + 1) + 1( a 2 − a + 1)
= a3 − a 2 + a + a 2 − a + 1
= a3 + 1
The simplification of the given expression ( a − 1) ( a 2 + a + 1) is
calculated as,

( a − 1) ( a 2 + a + 1=) a ( a 2 + a + 1) − 1( a 2 + a + 1)
= a3 + a 2 + a − a 2 − a − 1
= a3 − 1
Now, the addition of both expressions ( a + 1) ( a 2 − a + 1) and
( a − 1) ( a 2 + a + 1) is evaluated as follows:
( a + 1) ( a 2 − a + 1) + ( a − 1) ( a 2 + a + 1) = a3 + 1 + a3 − 1
= 2a 3
Therefore, the answer is 2a 3 .

(v)

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( 5m − 2n )( 5m + 2n ) ( 25m2 + 4n 2 ) is calculated as,
( 5m − 2n )( 5m + 2n ) ( 25m2 + 4n=
2
) ( 5 m ( 5 m + 2 n ) − 2 n ( 5m + 2 n ) )
( 25m + 4n ) 2 2

= ( 25m + 10mn − 10mn − 4n )

2 2

( 25m + 4n ) 2 2

= ( 25m − 4n )( 25m + 4n )
2 2 2 2

= 25m ( 25m + 4n ) − 4n ( 25m

2 2 2 2 2
+ 4n 2 )
=625m 4 + 100m 2 n 2 − 100m 2 n 2 − 16n 4
= 625m 4 − 16n 4

Therefore, the answer is 625m 4 − 16n 4 .

6.(i)
Solution:

The multiplication of the expression mn 4 , m3n and 5m 2 n3 is

calculated as follows:

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mn 4 ⋅ m3n ⋅ 5m 2 n3 = 5 ⋅ m ⋅ m3 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ n 4 ⋅ n ⋅ n3
= 5m (
1+ 3+ 2 )
n(
4 +1+ 3)

= 5m 6 n 8
Therefore, the answer is 5m6 n8 .

(ii)
Solution:
The multiplication of the expression 2mnpq, 4mnpq and 5mnpq is
calculated as follows:
2mnpq ⋅ 4mnpq ⋅ 5mnpq =
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ mnpq ⋅ mnpq ⋅ mnpq
= 40m(
1+1+1)
n(
1+1+1)
p(
1+1+1)
q(
1+1+1)

= 40m3n3 p 3q 3

Therefore, the answer is 40m3n3 p 3q 3 .

(iii)
Solution:

The multiplication of the expression pq − pm and p 2 m is calculated

as follows:

( pq − pm ) p 2 m = p 2 m ( pq − pm )
= p 3qm − p 3m 2

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

Therefore, the answer is p 3qm − p 3m 2 .

(iv)
Solution:

The multiplication of the expression x 3 − 3 y 3 and 4x 2 y 2 is

calculated as follows:

(x 3
− 3 y 3 ) 4 x 2 y 2 =4 x 2 y 2 ( x 3 − 3 y 3 )
= 4 x 5 y 2 − 12 x 2 y 5

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 5 y 2 − 12 x 2 y 5 .

(v)
Solution:

The multiplication of the expression a 3 − 4ab and 2a 2b is calculated

as follows:

(a 3
− 4ab ) 2a 2b =2a 2b ( a 3 − 4ab )
= 2a 5b − 8a 3b 2
Therefore, the answer is 2a 5b − 8a 3b 2 .

(vi)

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Solution:

The multiplication of the expression x 2 + 5 yx − 3 y 2 and 2x 2 y is

calculated as follows:

(x 2
+ 5 yx − 3 y 2 ) 2 x=
2
y 2 x 2 y ( x 2 + 5 yx − 3 y 2 )
=2 x 4 y + 10 x 3 y 2 − 6 x 2 y 3

Therefore, the answer is 2 x 4 y + 10 x 3 y 2 − 6 x 2 y 3 .

7.(i)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x + 3 y ) is
calculated as,
( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x + 3 y=) 2x (2x + 3y ) + 3y (2x + 3y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy + 6 xy + 9 y 2
=4 x 2 + 12 xy + 9 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 2 + 12 xy + 9 y 2 .

(ii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 2 x − 3 y )( 2 x + 3 y ) is
calculated as,
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
( 2 x − 3 y )( 2 x + 3 y=) 2x (2x + 3y ) − 3y (2x + 3y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy − 6 xy − 9 y 2
= 4 x2 − 9 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 .

(iii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y ) is
calculated as,
( 2 x + 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y=) 2x ( 2x − 3y ) + 3y ( 2x − 3y )
= 4 x 2 − 6 xy + 6 xy − 9 y 2
= 4 x2 − 9 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 .

(iv)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 2 x − 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y ) is
calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

( 2 x − 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y=) 2x ( 2x − 3y ) − 3y ( 2x − 3y )
= 4 x 2 − 6 xy − 6 xy + 9 y 2
=4 x 2 − 12 xy + 9 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 4 x 2 − 12 xy + 9 y 2 .

(v)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( −2 x + 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y ) is
calculated as,
( −2 x + 3 y )( 2 x − 3 y ) =−2 x ( 2 x − 3 y ) + 3 y ( 2 x − 3 y )
−4 x 2 + 6 xy + 6 xy − 9 y 2
=
−4 x 2 + 12 xy − 9 y 2
=

Therefore, the answer is −4 x 2 + 12 xy − 9 y 2 .

(vi)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( xy + 2b )( xy − 2b ) is
calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

( xy + 2b )( xy − 2b )= xy ( xy − 2b ) + 2b ( xy − 2b )
= x 2 y 2 − 2 xyb + 2 xyb − 4b 2
= x 2 y 2 − 4b 2

Therefore, the answer is x 2 y 2 − 4b 2 .

(vii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( x − a )( x + 3b ) is
calculated as,
( x − a )( x + 3b ) = x ( x + 3b ) − a ( x + 3b )
= x 2 + 3bx − ax − 3ab
Therefore, the answer is x 2 + 3bx − ax − 3ab .

(viii)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 2 x + 5 y + 6 )( 3 x + y − 8 )
is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

( 2 x + 5 y + 6 )( 3x + y −=
8) 2 x ( 3x + y − 8) + 5 y ( 3x + y − 8) + 6 ( 3x + y − 8)
= 6 x 2 + 2 xy − 16 x + 15 xy + 5 y 2 − 40 y + 18 x + 6 y
−48
= 6 x 2 + 17 xy + 2 x + 5 y 2 − 34 y − 48

Therefore, the answer is 6 x 2 + 17 xy + 2 x + 5 y 2 − 34 y − 48 .

(ix) The simplification of the given expression

( 3x − 5 y + 2 )( 5 x − 4 y − 3) is calculated as,
( 3x − 5 y + 2 )( 5 x − 4 y − 3=) 3 x ( 5 x − 4 y − 3) − 5 y ( 5 x − 4 y − 3)
+2 ( 5 x − 4 y − 3)
= 15 x 2 − 12 xy − 9 x − 25 xy + 20 y 2 + 15 y + 10 x
−8 y − 6
= 15 x 2 − 37 xy + x + 20 y 2 + 7 y − 6

Therefore, the answer is 15 x 2 − 37 xy + x + 20 y 2 + 7 y − 6 .

(x)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( 6 x − 2 y )( 3 x − y ) is
calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

( 6 x − 2 y )( 3x − y=) 6 x ( 3x − y ) − 2 y ( 3x − y )
= 18 x 2 − 6 xy − 6 xy + 2 y 2
= 18 x 2 − 12 xy + 2 y 2

Therefore, the answer is 18 x 2 − 12 xy + 2 y 2 .

(xi)
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
(1 + 6 x 2 − 4 x3 )( −1 + 3x − 3x 2 ) is calculated as,
(1 + 6 x 2
− 4 x 3 )( −1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 ) = 1( −1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 ) + 6 x 2 ( −1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 )
−4 x 3 ( −1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 )
=−1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 − 6 x 2 + 18 x 3 − 18 x 4 + 4 x 3
−12 x 4 + 12 x 5
=−1 + 3 x − 3 x 2 − 6 x 2 + 18 x 3 + 4 x 3 − 18 x 4
−12 x 4 + 12 x 5
=−1 + 3 x − 9 x 2 + 22 x 3 − 30 x 4 + 12 x 5

Therefore, the answer is −1 + 3 x − 9 x 2 + 22 x 3 − 30 x 4 + 12 x 5 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11(D)
1.(i)
Solution:

The division of −16ab 2c by 6abc is calculated as,

−16ab 2c −8 ⋅ 2 ⋅ ab 2c
=
6abc 2 ⋅ 3abc
8
= − b
3
8
Therefore, the answer is − b .
3

(ii)
Solution:

The division of 25x 2 y by −5y 2 is calculated as,

25 x 2 y 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x 2 y
2
=
−5 y −5 ⋅ y 2
5x2
= −
y

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 5x 2
Therefore, the answer is − .
y

(iii)
Solution:
The division of 8 x + 24 by 4 is calculated as,
8 x + 24 8 x 24
= +
4 4 4
= 2x + 6
Therefore, the answer is 2 x + 6 .

(iv)
Solution:

The division of 4a 2 − a by − a is calculated as,

4a 2 − a 4a 2 a
= −
−a −a −a
=−4a + 1
Therefore, the answer is −4a + 1.

(v)
Solution:
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
The division of 8m − 16 by −8 is calculated as,
8m − 16 8m 16
= −
−8 −8 −8
=− m + 2
Therefore, the answer is − m + 2 .

(vi)
Solution:
The division of −50 + 40 p by 10 p is calculated as,
−50 + 40 p 50 40 p
=− +
10 p 10 p 10 p
5
=− +4
p

5
Therefore, the answer is − + 4.
p

(vii)
Solution:

The division of 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 by − x is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

4 x 3 − 2 x 2 4 x 3 −2 x 2
= +
−x −x −x
=−4 x 2 + 2 x
Therefore, the answer is −4 x 2 + 2 x .

(viii)
Solution:

The division of 10a 3 − 15a 2b by −5a 2 is calculated as,

10a 3 − 15a 2b 10a 3 15a 2b
= −
−5a 2 −5a 2 −5a 2
=−2a + 3b
Therefore, the answer is −2a + 3b .

(ix)
Solution:

The division of 12 x 3 y − 8 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 3 by 4xy is calculated as,

12 x 3 y − 8 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 3 12 x 3 y 8 x 2 y 2 4 x 2 y 3
= − +
4 xy 4 xy 4 xy 4 xy
= 3 x 2 − 2 xy + xy 2

Therefore, the answer is 3 x 2 − 2 xy + xy 2 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

(x)
Solution:

The division of 9a 4b − 15a 3b 2 + 12a 2b3 by −3a 2b is calculated as,

9a 4b − 15a 3b 2 + 12a 2b3 9a 4b 15a 3b 2 12a 2b3

2
= − +
−3a b −3a b −3a b −3a 2b
2 2

= −3a 2 + 5ab − 4b 2
Therefore, the answer is −3a 2 + 5ab − 4b 2 .

2.(i)
Solution:

The division of n 2 − 2n + 1 by n − 1 is calculated as,

n −1
n − 1 n 2 − 2n + 1
n2 − n
− +
− n +1
−n + 1
+ −
0

Therefore, the answer is n − 1.

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
(ii)
Solution:

The division of m 2 − 2mn + n 2 by m − n is calculated as,

m−n
m − n m − 2mn + n 2
2

m 2 − mn
− +
− mn + n 2
− mn + n 2
+ −
0

Therefore, the answer is m − n .

(iii)
Solution:

The division of 4a 2 + 4a + 1 by 2a + 1 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 2a + 1
2a + 1 4a 2 + 4a + 1
4a 2 + 2a
− −
2a + 1
2a + 1
− −
0

Therefore, the answer is 2a + 1.

(iv)
Solution:

The division of p 2 + 4 p + 4 by p + 2 is calculated as,

p+2
p + 2 p2 + 4 p + 4
p2 + 2 p
− −
2p + 4
2p + 4
− −
0

Therefore, the answer is p + 2 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
(v)
Solution:

The division of x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 by x + 2 y is calculated as,

x + 2y
x + 2 y x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2
x 2 + 2 xy
− −
2 xy + 4 y 2
2 xy + 4 y 2
− −
0

Therefore, the answer is x + 2 y .

(vi)
Solution:

The division of 2a 2 − 11a + 12 by a − 4 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 2a − 3
a − 4 2a 2 − 11a + 12
2 a 2 − 8a
− +
− 3a + 12
− 3a + 12
+ −
0

Therefore, the answer is 2a − 3 .

(vii)
Solution:

The division of 6 x 2 + 5 x − 6 by 2 x + 3 is calculated as,

3x − 2
2 x + 3 6 x2 + 5x − 6
6 x2 + 9 x
− −
− 4x − 6
− 4x − 6
+ +
0

Therefore, the answer is 3 x − 2 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
(viii)
Solution:

The division of 8a 2 + 4a − 60 by 2a − 5 is calculated as,

4a + 12
2
2a − 5 8a + 4a − 60
8a 2 − 20a
− +
24a − 60
24a − 60
− +
0

Therefore, the answer is 4a + 12 .

(ix)
Solution:

The division of 9 x 2 − 24 xy + 16 y 2 by 3 x − 4 y is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 3x − 4 y
3 x − 4 y 9 x 2 − 24 xy + 16 y 2
9 x 2 − 12 xy
− +
− 12 xy + 16 y 2
− 12 xy + 16 y 2
+ −
0

Therefore, the answer is 3 x − 4 y .

(x)
Solution:

The division of 15 x 2 + 31xy + 14 y 2 by 5 x + 7 y is calculated as,

3x + 2 y
5 x + 7 y 15 x 2 + 31xy + 14 y 2
15 x 2 + 21xy
− −
10 xy + 14 y 2
10 xy + 14 y 2
− −
0

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

Therefore, the answer is 3 x + 2 y .

(xi)
Solution:

The division of 35a 3 + 3a 2b − 2ab 2 by 5a − b is calculated as,

7 a 2 + 2ab
5a − b 35a 3 + 3a 2b − 2ab 2
35a 3 − 7 a 2b
− +
10a 2b − 2ab 2
10a 2b − 2ab 2
− +
0

Therefore, the answer is 7 a 2 + 2ab .

(xii)
Solution:

The division of 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 21x + 10 by 3 x − 2 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 2 x 2 + 3x − 5
3 x − 2 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 21x + 10
6 x3 − 4 x 2
− +
9 x 2 − 21x
9 x2 − 6 x
− +
− 15 x + 10
− 15 x + 10
+ −
0

Therefore, the answer is 2 x 2 + 3 x − 5 .

3.
Solution:

It is given that the area of rectangle is 6 x 2 − 4 xy − 10 y 2 sq. units.

Consider the length as 2 x + 2 y units.

Area 6 x 2 − 4 xy − 10 y 2
The value of breadth is that is .
Length 2x + 2 y
It is evaluated as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 3x − 5 y
2 x + 2 y 6 x 2 − 4 xy − 10 y 2
6 x 2 + 6 xy
− −
− 10 xy − 10 y 2
− 10 xy − 10 y 2
+ +
0

Therefore, the breadth is 3 x − 5 y .

4.
Solution:

It is given that the area of rectangle is 25 x 2 + 20 xy + 3 y 2 sq. units.

Consider the length as 5 x + 3 y units.

Area 25 x 2 + 20 xy + 3 y 2
The value of breadth is that is .
Length 5x + 3 y
It is evaluated as follows:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 5x + y
5 x + 3 y 25 x 2 + 20 xy + 3 y 2
25 x 2 + 15 xy
− −
5 xy + 3 y 2
5 xy + 3 y 2
− −
0

Therefore, the breadth is 5x + y .

The perimeter of rectangular field is calculated as,
P 2 (l + b )
=
= 2 (5x + 3 y + 5x + y )
= 2 (10 x + 4 y )
= 20 x + 8 y

Thus, the perimeter is 20 x + 8 y .

5.(i)
Solution:

The division of 2m3n5 by − mn is calculated as,

2m3n5
= −2m 2 n 4
− mn
Therefore, the answer is −2m 2 n 4 .
Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
(ii)
Solution:

The division of 5 x 2 − 3 x by x is calculated as,

5 x 2 − 3x 5 x 2 3x
= −
x x x
= 5x − 3
Therefore, the answer is 5 x − 3 .

(iii)
Solution:

The division of 10 x 3 y − 9 xy 2 − 4 x 2 y 2 by xy is calculated as,

10 x 3 y − 9 xy 2 − 4 x 2 y 2 10 x 3 y 9 xy 2 4 x 2 y 2
= − −
xy xy xy xy
= 10 x 2 − 9 y − 4 xy

Therefore, the answer is 10 x 2 − 9 y − 4 xy .

(iv)
Solution:

The division of 3 y 3 − 9ay 2 − 6ab 2 y by −3y is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise
3 y 3 − 9ay 2 − 6ab 2 y 3 y 3 9ay 2 6ab 2 y
= − −
−3 y −3 y −3 y −3 y
=− y 2 + 3ay + 2ab 2

Therefore, the answer is − y 2 + 3ay + 2ab 2 .

(v)
Solution:

The division of x 5 − 15 x 4 − 10 x 2 by −5x 2 is calculated as,

x 5 − 15 x 4 − 10 x 2 x5 15 x 4 10 x 2
= − −
−5 x 2 −5 x 2 −5 x 2 −5 x 2
1
= − x3 + 3x 2 + 2
5
1
Therefore, the answer is − x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 .
5

(vi)
Solution:

The division of 12a 2 + ax − 6 x 2 by 3a − 2 x is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 4a + 3 x
3a − 2 x 12a 2 + ax − 6 x 2
12a 2 + 8ax
− −
9ax − 6 x 2
9ax − 6 x 2
− +
0

Therefore, the answer is 4a + 3 x .

(vii)
Solution:

The division of 6 x 2 − xy − 35 y 2 by 2 x − 5 y is calculated as,

3x + 7 y
2 x − 5 y 6 x 2 − xy − 35 y 2
6 x 2 − 15 xy
− +
14 xy − 35 y 2
14 xy − 35 y 2
− +
0

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

Therefore, the answer is 3 x + 7 y .

(viii)
Solution:

The division of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 by x 2 − 4 x + 3 is calculated as,

x−2
2 3 2
x − 4 x + 3 x − 6 x + 11x − 6
x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x
− + −
− 2 x2 + 8x − 6
− 2 x2 + 8x − 6
+ − +
0

Therefore, the answer is x − 2 .

(ix)
Solution:

The division of m3 − 4m 2 + m + 6 by m 2 − m − 2 is calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 m−3
m 2 − m − 2 m3 − 4m 2 + m + 6
m3 − m 2 − 2m
− + +
− 3m 2 + 3m + 6
− 3m 2 + 3m + 6
+ − −
0

Therefore, the answer is m − 3 .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

 CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11E
1.
Solution:
x x
The simplification of the given expression + is calculated as,
2 4
x x 2x + x
+ =
2 4 4
3x
=
4
3x
Therefore, the answer is .
4

2.
Solution:
a 2a
The simplification of the given expression + is calculated as,
10 5

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 a 2a a + 4a
+ =
10 5 10
5a
=
10
a
=
2
a
Therefore, the answer is .
2

3.
Solution:
y 3y
The simplification of the given expression + is calculated as,
4 5
y 3 y 5 y + 12 y
+ =
4 5 20
17 y
=
20
17 y
Therefore, the answer is .
20

4.
Solution:
x x
The simplification of the given expression − is calculated as,
2 8
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
x x 4x − x
− =
2 8 8
3x
=
8
3x
Therefore, the answer is .
8

5.
Solution:
3y y
The simplification of the given expression − is calculated as,
4 5
3 y y 15 y − 4 y
− =
4 5 20
11 y
=
20
11 y
Therefore, the answer is .
20

6.
Solution:
2p 3p
The simplification of the given expression − is calculated as,
3 5

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

2 p 3 p 10 p − 9 p
− =
3 5 15
p
=
15
p
Therefore, the answer is .
15

7.
Solution:
k k 2k
The simplification of the given expression + + is calculated
2 3 5
as,
k k 2k 15k + 10k + 12k
+ + = ( L.C.M of 2,3,5 is 30 )
2 3 5 30
37 k
=
30
37 k
Therefore, the answer is .
30

8.
Solution:
2 x 3x 3x
The simplification of the given expression + − is
5 4 5
calculated as,
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
2 x 3 x 3 x 8 x + 15 x − 12 x
+ − = ( L.C.M of 4,5 is 20 )
5 4 5 20
23 x − 12 x
=
20
11x
=
20
11x
Therefore, the answer is .
20

9.
Solution:
4a 2a a
The simplification of the given expression − + is
7 3 7
calculated as,
4a 2a a 12a − 14a + 3a
− + = ( L.C.M of 3,7 is 21)
7 3 7 21
15a − 14a
=
21
a
=
21
a
Therefore, the answer is .
21

10.
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
Solution:
2b 7b 13b
The simplification of the given expression − + is
5 15 3
calculated as,
2b 7b 13b 6b − 7b + 65b
− + = ( L.C.M of 3,5,15 is 15)
5 15 3 15
71b − 7b
=
15
64b
=
15
64b
Therefore, the answer is .
15

11.
Solution:
6 k  8k k 
The simplification of the given expression −  −  is
7  9 3
calculated as,
6k  8k k  54k − ( 56k − 21k )
− −  = ( L.C.M of 7,9,3 is 63)
7  9 3 63
54k − ( 35k )
=
63
19k
=
63
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
 19k
Therefore, the answer is .
63

12.
Solution:
3a 4a  a 2a 
The simplification of the given expression + − +  is
8 5 2 5 
calculated as,
3a 4a  a 2a  3a 4a  5a + 4a 
+ − + = + − 
8 5 2 5  8 5  10 
3a 4a 9a
= + −
8 5 10
15a + 32a − 36a
= ( L.C.M of 8,5,10 is 40 )
40
47 a − 36a
=
40
11a
=
40
11a
Therefore, the answer is .
40

13.
Solution:

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 x x
The simplification of the given expression x + + is calculated
2 3
as,
x x 6 x + 3x + 2 x
x+ + = ( L.C.M of 2,3 is 6 )
2 3 6
11x
=
6
11x
Therefore, the answer is .
6

14.
Solution:
y 19 y
The simplification of the given expression + y− is calculated
5 15
as,
y 19 y 3 y + 15 y − 19 y
+ y− = ( L.C.M of 5,15 is 15)
5 15 15
18 y − 19 y
=
15
y
= −
15
y
Therefore, the answer is − .
15

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

15.
Solution:
x x +1
The simplification of the given expression + is calculated as,
5 2
x x + 1 2 x + 5x + 5
+ = ( L.C.M of 5, 2 is 10 )
5 2 10
7x + 5
=
10
7x + 5
Therefore, the answer is .
10

16.
Solution:
x+2
The simplification of the given expression x + is calculated as,
3
x + 2 3x + x + 2
x+ =
3 3
4x + 2
=
3
4x + 2
Therefore, the answer is .
3

17.
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
Solution:
3y y + 2
The simplification of the given expression − is calculated
5 2
as,

3 y y + 2 6 y − ( 5 y + 10 )
− = ( L.C.M of 5, 2 is 10 )
5 2 10
6 y − 5 y − 10
=
10
y − 10
=
10
y − 10
Therefore, the answer is .
10

18.
Solution:
2a + 1 3a − 1
The simplification of the given expression + is
3 2
calculated as,

2a + 1 3a − 1 2 ( 2a + 1) + 3 ( 3a − 1)
+ =
3 2 6
4a + 2 + 9a − 3
= ( L.C.M of 3, 2 is 6 )
6
13a − 1
=
6
Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions
 13a − 1
Therefore, the answer is .
6

19.
Solution:
k + 1 2k − 1 k + 3
The simplification of the given expression + − is
2 3 4
calculated as,

k + 1 2k − 1 k + 3 6 ( k + 1) + 4 ( 2k − 1) − 3 ( k + 3)
+ − =
2 3 4 12
6k + 6 + 8k − 4 − 3k − 9
= ( L.C.M of 3, 2, 4 is 12 )
12
14k − 3k + 6 − 13
=
12
11k − 7
=
12

11k − 7
Therefore, the answer is .
12

20.
Solution:

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 m m−2
The simplification of the given expression − + m is
5 3
calculated as,

m m−2 3m − 5 ( m − 2 ) + 15m
− +m=
5 3 15
3m − 5m + 10 + 15m
= ( L.C.M of 3,5 is 15)
15
−2m + 15m + 10
=
15
13m + 10
=
15
13m + 10
Therefore, the answer is .
15

21.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
5 ( x − 4 ) 2 ( 5 x − 3) 6 ( x − 4 )
+ + is calculated as,
3 5 7

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

5 ( x − 4 ) 2 ( 5 x − 3) 6 ( x − 4 ) 175 ( x − 4 ) + 42 ( 5 x − 3) + 90 ( x − 4 )
+ + =
3 5 7 105
175 x − 700 + 210 x − 126 + 90 x − 360
=
105
 L.C.M of 3,5,7 
 is 105 
 
175 x + 210 x + 90 x − 700 − 126 − 360
=
105
475 x − 1186
=
105

475 x − 1186
Therefore, the answer is .
105

22.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
 p  p  2p 
 p +  2 p +  3 p −  is calculated as,
 3  2  3 

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 p  p  2p   1  1  2
 p +  2 p +  3 p −  = p  1 + p
  2 + p
  3 − 
 3  2  3   3  2  3
 3 +1  4 +1  9 − 2 
= p  p  p 
 3   2   3 
 4  5  7 
= p 3    
 3  2  3 
 70 
= p3  
 9 
70 3
= p
9
70 3
Therefore, the answer is p .
9

23.
Solution:
7  p 7p 
The simplification of the given expression of  +  is
30  3 15 
calculated as,

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 7  p 7p  7  p 7p 
of  +  = ⋅ + 
30  3 15  30  3 15 
7  5p + 7p 
= ⋅ 
30  15 
7  12 p 
= ⋅ 
30  15 
7  2⋅6p 
= ⋅ 
6 ⋅ 5  15 
14 p
=
75
14 p
Therefore, the answer is .
75

24.
Solution:
 p  9p 
The simplification of the given expression  2 p +  ÷  + 4 p  is
 7   10 
calculated as,

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 p  9p   14 p + p   9 p + 40 p 
 2 p + ÷
  +
= 4 p   ÷ 
 7   10   14   10 
 15 p   49 p 
=  ÷ 
 14   10 
 15 p   10 
=  × 
 14   49 p 
150
=
343
150
Therefore, the answer is .
343

25.
Solution:
 5k 3k  k
The simplification of the given expression  −  ÷ is
 8 5  4
calculated as,

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 5k 3k  k  25k − 24k  k
 −= ÷  ÷
 8 5  4  40  4
 k  k
=  ÷
 40  4
 k  4
=  × 
 40   k 
4
=
40
1
=
10
1
Therefore, the answer is .
10

26.
Solution:
 y 2y   2 y −1 
The simplification of the given expression  + ÷
  y + 
6 3   3 
is calculated as,

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 y 2y   2 y −1   y + 4 y   3y + 2 y −1 
 + ÷
  y + =   ÷ 
6 3   3   6   3 
 5 y   5 y −1 
=  ÷ 
 6   3 
 5y   3 
=  × 
 6   5 y −1 
5y
=
2 ( 5 y − 1)
5y
=
10 y − 2

5y
Therefore, the answer is .
10 y − 2

Class VIII www.vedantu.com NCERT Solutions

 CHAPTER-11-FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

EXERCISE 11(F)
1.
Solution:

The given expression is x − y − z = x − ( ).

Now, the expression x − y − z is simplified as,
x− y−z =x− y−z
=x − ( y + z )

Therefore, the answer is x − y − z = x − ( y + z ) .

2.
Solution:

The given expression is x 2 − xy 2 − 2 xy − y 2 = x 2 − ( ).

Now, the expression x 2 − xy 2 − 2 xy − y 2 is simplified as,

x 2 − xy 2 − 2 xy − y 2 =x 2 − xy 2 − 2 xy − y 2
=x 2 − ( xy 2 + 2 xy + y 2 )

Therefore, the answer is

x 2 − xy 2 − 2 xy − y 2 = x 2 − ( xy 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

3.
Solution:

The given expression is 4a − 9 + 2b − 6 = 4a − ( ).

Now, the expression 4a − 9 + 2b − 6 is simplified as,
4a − 9 + 2b − 6 = 4a − 9 + 2b − 6
= 4a − ( 9 − 2b + 6 )

Therefore, the answer is 4a − 9 + 2b − 6 = 4a − ( 9 − 2b + 6 ) .

4.
Solution:

The given expression is x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 3 x − 2 y = x 2 − ( ).

Now, the expression x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 3 x − 2 y is simplified as,

x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 2 y = x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 2 y
= x 2 − ( y 2 − z 2 − 3x + 2 y )

Therefore, the answer is

x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 3x − 2 y = x 2 − ( y 2 − z 2 − 3x + 2 y ) .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

5.
Solution:
The given expression is
−2a 2 + 4ab − 6a 2b 2 + 8ab 2 =
−2a ( ).
Now, the expression −2a 2 + 4ab − 6a 2b 2 + 8ab 2 is simplified as,
−2a 2 + 4ab − 6a 2b 2 + 8ab 2
−2a ⋅ a + 2 ⋅ 2ab − 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ b 2 + 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ab 2
−2a ( a − 2b + 3ab 2 − 4b 2 )

Therefore, the answer is

−2a ( a − 2b + 3ab 2 − 4b 2 ) .
−2a 2 + 4ab − 6a 2b 2 + 8ab 2 =

6.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression 2 x − ( x + 2 y − z ) is
calculated as,
2x − ( x + 2 y − z ) = 2x − x − 2 y + z
=x − 2 y + z

Therefore, the answer is x − 2 y + z .

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

7.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
p + q − ( p − q ) + ( 2 p − 3q ) is calculated as,

p + q − ( p − q ) + ( 2 p − 3q ) = p + q − p + q + ( 2 p − 3q )
= p − p + 2 p + q + q − 3q
= 2 p + 2q − 3q
= 2p −q

Therefore, the answer is 2 p − q .

8.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression 9 x − ( −4 x + 5 ) is
calculated as,
9 x − ( −4 x + 5 )= 9 x + 4 x − 5
= 13 x − 5
Therefore, the answer is 13 x − 5 .

9.
Solution:

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

The simplification of the given expression 6a − ( −5a − 8b ) + ( 3a + b )
is calculated as,
6a − ( −5a − 8b ) + ( 3a + b )= 6a + 5a + 8b + 3a + b
= 6a + 5a + 3a + b + 8b
= 11a + 3a + 9b
= 14a + 9b
Therefore, the answer is 14a + 9b .

10.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression ( p − 2q ) − ( 3q − r ) is
calculated as,
( p − 2q ) − ( 3q − r ) = p − 2q − 3q + r
= p − 5q + r

Therefore, the answer is p − 5q + r .

11.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression 9a ( 2b − 3a + 7c ) is
calculated as,

Class VII www.vedantu.com Selina Concise

9a ( 2b − 3a + 7c ) = 9a ⋅ 2b − 9a ⋅ 3a + 9a ⋅ 7c
= 18ab − 27 a 2 + 63ca
Therefore, the answer is 18ab − 27 a 2 + 63ca .

12.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression −5m ( −2m + 3n − 7 p ) is
calculated as,
−5m ( −2m + 3n − 7 p )
( −5m ) ⋅ ( −2m ) + ( −5m ) ⋅ ( 3n ) + ( −5m ) ⋅ ( −7 p )
10m 2 − 15mn + 35mp

Therefore, the answer is 10m 2 − 15mn + 35mp .

13.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression −2x ( x + y ) + x 2 is
calculated as,

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−2 x ( x + y ) + x 2 =−2 x ⋅ x − 2 x ⋅ y + x 2
−2 x 2 − 2 xy + x 2
=
−2 x 2 + x 2 − 2 xy
=
=− x 2 − 2 xy

Therefore, the answer is − x 2 − 2 xy .

14.
Solution:

 1  1
The simplification of the given expression b  2b −  − 2b  b −  is
 b  b
calculated as,

 1  1
b  2b −  − 2b  b − 
 b  b
 1  1
b ⋅ 2b + b ⋅  −  − 2b ⋅ b − 2b ⋅  − 
 b  b
2b 2 − 1 − 2b 2 + 2
2b 2 − 2b 2 + 2 − 1
1
Therefore, the answer is 1.

15.

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Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
8 ( 2a + 3b − c ) − 10 ( a + 2b + 3c ) is calculated as,

8 ⋅ 2a + 8 ⋅ 3b − 8 ⋅ c − 10 ⋅ a 
8 ( 2a + 3b − c ) − 10 ( a + 2b + 3c ) = −10 ⋅ 2b − 10 ⋅ 3c 
 
16a + 24b − 8c − 10a 
= 
 −20b − 30c 
16a − 10a − 20b + 24b 
= 
 −8c − 30c 
= 6a + 4b − 38c
Therefore, the answer is 6a + 4b − 38c .

16.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
 1  1  1
a  a +  − b  b −  − c  c +  is calculated as,
 a  b  c

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   1  1 
a
  a + −
  b b − 
 1  1  1   a  b 
a a +  − bb −  − c c +  = 
 a  b  c   1 
−
 c c +  
  c 
= a 2 + 1 − b2 + 1 − c2 − 1
= a 2 − b2 − c2 + 2 − 1
= a 2 − b2 − c2 + 1
Therefore, the answer is a 2 − b 2 − c 2 + 1 .

17.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression 5 x ( 2 x + 3 y ) − 2 x ( x − 9 y )
is calculated as,
a5 x ( 2 x + 3 y ) − 2 x ( x − 9 y ) = 10 x 2 + 15 xy − 2 x 2 + 18 xy
= 10 x 2 − 2 x 2 + 18 xy + 15 xy
= 8 x 2 + 33 xy

Therefore, the answer is 8 x 2 + 33 xy .

18.
Solution:

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The simplification of the given expression a + ( b + c − d ) is
calculated as,
a + (b + c − d ) = a + (b + c − d )
= a+b+c−d
Therefore, the answer is a + b + c − d .

19.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression 5 − 8 x − 6 − x is
calculated as,
5 − 8 x − 6 − x =−8 x − x − 6 + 5
=−9 x − 1
Therefore, the answer is −9 x − 1.

20.
Solution:

(
The simplification of the given expression 2a + b − a − b is)
calculated as,

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 ( )
2a + b − a − b = 2a + ( b − a + b )
=2a + ( 2b − a )
= 2a − a + 2b
= a + 2b
Therefore, the answer is a + 2b .

21.
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression 3 x +  4 x − ( 6 x − 3)  is

calculated as,

3 x +  4 x − ( 6 x − 3)  = 3 x + [ 4 x − 6 x + 3]
= 3 x + [ −2 x + 3]
= 3x − 2 x + 3
= x+3
Therefore, the answer is x + 3 .

22.
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression 5b − {6a + ( 8 − b − a )} is

calculated as,

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5b − {6a + ( 8 − b − a )} = 5b − {6a + 8 − b − a}
= 5b − {6a − a + 8 − b}
= 5b − {5a + 8 − b}
= 5b − 5a − 8 + b
= 5b + b − 5a − 8
= 6b − 5a − 8
Therefore, the answer is 6b − 5a − 8 .

23.
Solution:

The simplification of the given expression 2 x − 5 y − ( 3 x − y ) + x 

is calculated as,

2 x − 5 y − ( 3 x − y ) + x  = 2 x − [5 y − 3 x + y + x ]
= 2 x − [5 y + y − 3 x + x ]
=2 x − [ 6 y − 2 x ]
= 2x − 6 y + 2x
= 4x − 6 y

Therefore, the answer is 4 x − 6 y .

24.
Solution:
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The simplification of the given expression 6a − 3 ( a + b − 2 ) is
calculated as,
6a − 3 ( a + b − 2 ) = 6a − 3a − 3b + 6
= 3a − 3b + 6
Therefore, the answer is 3a − 3b + 6 .

25.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
8  m + 2n − p − 7 ( 2m − n + 3 p )  is calculated as,

 m + 2n − p − 14m + 
8  m + 2n − p − 7 ( 2m − n + 3 p )  = 8 
7 n − 21 p 
 m − 14m + 2n + 7 n − p 
= 8 
 −21 p 
=8[ −13m + 9n − 22 p ]
−104m + 72n − 176 p
=

Therefore, the answer is −104m + 72n − 176 p .

26.
Solution:

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The simplification of the given expression
{9 − ( 4 p − 6q )} − {3q − ( 5 p − 10 )} is calculated as,
 3q − 5 
{9 − ( 4 p − 6q )} − {3q − ( 5 p − 10 )} = {9 − 4 p + 6q} −  p + 10
  
9 − 4 p + 6q − 3q + 5 p 
= 
 −10 
 −4 p + 5 p + 6q − 3q 
= 
 −10 + 9 
= p + 3q − 1

Therefore, the answer is p + 3q − 1 .

27.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
2  a − 3{a + 5 ( a − 2 ) + 7} is calculated as,

2  a − 3{a + 5 ( a − 2 ) + 7} = 2  a − 3{a + 5a − 10 + 7}

=2  a − 3{6a − 3}
= 2 [ a − 18a + 9]
=2 [ −17 a + 9]
−34a + 18
=

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Therefore, the answer is −34a + 18 .

28.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
{ ( )}
5a − 6a − 9a − 10a − 4a − 3a  is calculated as,
 

{ (
5a − 6a − 9a − 10a − 4a − 3a 
  )}
5a − 6a − {9a − (10a − a )}
5a − 6a − {9a − 10a + a}
5a − 6a − {− a + a}
5a − 6 a
−a
Therefore, the answer is − a .

29.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
9 x + 5 −  4 x − {3 x − 2 ( 4 x − 3)} is calculated as,

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9 x + 5 −  4 x − {3 x − 2 ( 4 x − 3)}
9 x + 5 −  4 x − {3 x − 8 x + 6}
9 x + 5 −  4 x − {−5 x + 6}
9 x + 5 − [ 4 x + 5 x − 6]
9 x + 5 − [9 x − 6]
9x + 5 − 9x + 6
5+6
11
Therefore, the answer is 11.

30.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( x + y − z ) z + ( z + x − y ) y − ( x + y − z ) z is calculated as,
( x + y − z) x + ( z + x − y) y − ( x + y − z) z
x 2 + xy − zx + zy + xy − y 2 − xz − yz + z 2
x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy − zx + zy − xz − yz
x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy − 2 zx

Therefore, the answer is x 2 − y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy − 2 zx .

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31.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
−1  a − 3{b − 4 ( a − b − 8 ) + 4a} + 10  is calculated as,

−1  a − 3{b − 4 ( a − b − 8 ) + 4a} + 10 
−1  a − 3{b − 4a + 4b + 32 + 4a} + 10 
−1  a − 3{5b + 32} + 10 
−1[ a − 15b − 96 + 10]
−1[ a − 15b − 86]
− a + 15b + 86
Therefore, the answer is − a + 15b + 86 .

32.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression

{ ( ) }
p 2 −  x 2 − x 2 − q 2 − x 2 − q 2 − 2 y 2  is calculated as,
 

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 { (
p2 −  x2 − x2 − q2 − x2 − q2 − 2 y 2 
  ) }
{
p2 −  x2 − x2 − ( q2 − x2 + q2 ) − 2 y 2 
  }
p 2 −  x 2 − { x 2 + x 2 − 2q 2 − 2 y 2 }

p 2 −  x 2 − 2 x 2 + 2q 2 + 2 y 2 
p 2 −  − x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2q 2 
p 2 + x 2 − 2 y 2 − 2q 2

Therefore, the answer is p 2 + x 2 − 2 y 2 − 2q 2 .

33.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
{ ( ) (
10 − 4a − 7 − a − 5 − 5a − 1 + a )} is calculated as,
10 − {4a − ( 7 − a − 5 ) − ( 5a − 1 + a )}

10 − {4a − ( 7 − a + 5 ) − ( 5a − 1 − a )}
10 − {4a − (12 − a ) − ( 4a − 1)}
10 − {4a − 12 + a − 4a + 1}
10 − {a − 11}
10 − a + 11
21 − a
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Therefore, the answer is 21 − a .

34.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( ( ))
7 a − 8a − 11a − 12a − 6a − 5a  is calculated as,
 

( (
7 a − 8a − 11a − 12a − 6a − 5a 
 ))

7 a − 8a − (11a − (12a − a ) ) 
7 a − 8a − (11a − 11a ) 
7 a − 8a
−a
Therefore, the answer is − a .

35.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
{ ( )}
8 x −  4 y − 4 x + 2 x − 2 y − 2 x  is calculated as,
 

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 { (
8x − 4 y − 4 x + 2 x − 2 y − 2 x 
 )}
8 x −  4 y − {4 x + ( 2 x − 2 y + 2 x )}

8 x −  4 y − {4 x + ( 4 x − 2 y )}
8 x −  4 y − {4 x + 4 x − 2 y}
8x − [4 y − 8x + 2 y]
8 x − [ −8 x + 6 y ]
8x + 8x − 6 y
16 x − 6 y

Therefore, the answer is 16 x − 6 y .

36.
Solution:
The simplification of the given expression
( )
x − 3 y − 4 z − 3 x + 2 z − 5 y − 7 x is calculated as,

(
x − 3 y − 4 z − 3x + 2 z − 5 y − 7 x )
x − ( 3 y − 4 z + 3x + 2 z − 5 y + 7 x )
x − (10 x − 2 z − 2 y )
x − 10 x + 2 y + 2 z
−9 x + 2 y + 2 z

Therefore, the answer is −9 x + 2 y + 2 z .

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