0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views28 pagesAutomation System Using Radio-Frequency
Uploaded by
neerajkohli.juitCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
44 views28 pagesAutomation System Using Radio-Frequency
Uploaded by
neerajkohli.juitCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 28
7
4M
,
Coy) )
Jaypee University of Information Technology
Solan (H.P)
LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER
‘Acc. Num. $PO,3042 Call Num:
General Guidelines:
4 Library books should bo used with great care.
4% Tearing, folding, cutting of library books or making
‘any marks on them is not permitted and shall lead
to disciplinary action,
Any defect noticed at the time of borrowing books
‘must be brought to the library staff immediately.
Otherwise the borrower may be required to replace
the book by a new copy.
The loss of LRG book(s) must be immediately
brought to the notice of the Librarian in writing
Learning Resource Centre-JUIT
INIA
‘S$P03043 Automation System Using Radio Frequency
By
ASHISH GUPTA -031022
ASHISH SHARMA-031037
NEERAJ KOHLI-031049
MAY - 2007
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
WAKNAGHAT JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
dished by H.P. State Legislative vide Act No. 14 of 2002
nat, P.O. Dumehar Bani, | 5 (H.P.) INDIA
CERTIFICATE,
This is to certify that the work entitled, “Device Automation using Radio
Frequency” submitted by Ashish Gupta, Ashish Sharma, Neeraj Kohli in partial
fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology, of Jaypee
University of Information Technology, in 2007 has been carried out under my
supervision, This work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other
university or institute of award of this or any other degree o diploma.
Supervisor:
eo
Tapas Chakarvarty
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Jaypee University of Information Technology,
Waknaghat, Solan, HP.
INDIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“TELL ME AND I WILL FORGET
TEACH ME AND I WILL REMEMBER
INVOLVE ME AND I WILL LEARN”
No research endeavor is a sole exercise; various individuals in their own capacit
some point or other contributed in bringing of fruition of the research endeavor, in
acknowledging their guidance, support and assistance, we humbly thank them.
We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr, Tapas
Chakarvarty, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, under
whose able guidance we managed to give our endeavor the desired shape, his help,
stimulating suggestions and constant encouragement helped us at every phase of the
project. His enthusiasm and the view of producing quality substance has casted a
deep and a long lasting impression on us.
Finally, we thank all our colleagues for their constant support and encouragement.
Their unobtrusive support and suggestions bolstered our confidence as usual. Their
inspiring words will be a guiding force in all our endeavors to attain greater heights.
6
i oe
AN a
Ashish Gupta ASfish Sharma Ne¢yaj Kohli Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Figure 7:
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10:
Figure 11
Figure 13:
Figure 14:
Figure 15:
LIST OF FIGURES
Cireuit Diagram of complete hardware module
‘The hardware overview-front view
Microcontroller Unit
‘The AT89S51 Pin configuration
Program Memory
ATS89C52. data memory organization
Crystal Oscillator a) Equivalent Diagram b) External view
Stabilizing capacitor
Seven segment display
NOT Gate 7404
Picture indicating switch button in the module
Voltage Regulator
Transmitter module
Receiver module
Picture indicating relays in the module AC
ALE
FCC
GND
1G
LED
MoV
No
PSEN
RAM
RST
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
Alternating Current
Address Latch Enable
Direct Current
Extemal Access Enable
Federal Communications Commission
Ground
Integrated Circuit
Light Emitting Diode
Move
Normally Closed
Normally Open
Program Store Enable
Random Access Memory
Reset ABSTRACT
‘The aim of
tomation is to control devices from a central control point. In this
and implementation of a low cost but yet flexible RF
project, we present the de
based automation system. The communication between the devices is wireless, The
project is designed for simple in the design is enhanced to be suitable for most of the
appliances. The system is designed to be low cost and flexible with the increasing
variety of devices to be controlled. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW TO THE PROJECT
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Overview
1.2.1 Hard Ware
1.2.2 The Software Section
1.3 Working of the Hardware
CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE DISCRIPTION
2.1 Microcontroller Unit
2.1.1 Microcontroller
2.1.1.1 Programming the Flash
2.1.1.2 Memory Organization
2.2 Crystal Oscillator
2.3 Stabili
1g Capacitor
2.4 Seven Segment Display
2.5 Not Gate IC 7404
2.6 Switches,
2.7 Voltage Regulator
2.7.1 Voltage Regulator IC
2.7.2 Filter Capacitors
2.8 Transmitter Section
2.9 Receiver Section
2.10 Relays,
ii
ii
vi
9
10
10 CHAP
3.1 Algorithm
3.2 Pseudo Code
3.3 Flowchart
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW TO TH
PROJECT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Automation is today’s fact, where more things are being completed every day
automatically, usually the basic tasks of tuming on or off certain devices and beyond,
either remotely or in close proximity. Wireless home automation system is the first move
towards achieving the same aim. With the development of low cost electronic
components home automation migrated from being an industrial application to home
automation, The home automation, our point of concern deals with the control of home
appliances from a central location, Market researches claim that most of the homes will
be equipped with home automation systems in the very near future,
Basically, home automation system is an automatic control of a few lights, For others,
ion. Still others may choose to install advanced
security may be the central applic:
controllers or use voice recognition. As a very basic definition, we tend to refer to home
automation as anything that gives you remote or automatic control of things around the
home.
Home automation system can be of many benefits like convenience, safety and fun and
many devices can be controlled by it like Lighting, Security Systems & Access, control,
Home Theater & Entertainment ,Phone Systems ,Thermostats Irigation, Networking,
1.2 BASIC OVERVIEW
We have
led the project into two major sections:
1) The hardware section
2) The software section 1.2.1 HARD WARE SECTION
3
3
= Rom
iene
ae Bs
fe
Figure 1: Cireuit Diagram of complete hardware module
Here p1 port is taking the inputs and p2 port is driving the outputs. Such that when input
at p1.0 is triggered then port at p2.0 excites the relay trigger it and switch onoff the
corresponding appliance connected to it
We have divided the hardware system into different modules namely
1. Microcontroller
2. LCD interface
3. Switches
4, Voltage regulators
5. Communication interface
6. Power Supply
7. Other components |
|
|
Figure 2: The hardware overview-front view
1.2.2 THE SOFTWARE SECTION
We have done programming on Kiel Compiler. The code is written in assembly language.
Code is given in the accompanied Compact Disk.
1.3 WORKING OF THE HARDWARE
he transmitter sends
The circuit designed uses a transmitter and a receiver section. a
signal over a frequency to the receiver. The transmitter has a power source that provides
the power for the controls and transmission of the signal. This module operates at 35
MHz, This frequency has been allocated by the FCC for basic consumer items. This
transmitter sends bursts of radio waves that oscillate with a frequency of 35,000,000
cycles per second (35 MHz) as pulse modulation. The receiver is constantly monitoring
the assigned frequency for a signal. When the receiver receives the radio bursts from the
transmitter, it sends the signal to a filter that blocks out any signals picked up by the
antenna other than 35 MHz. The remaining signal is converted back into an electrical
pulse sequence. The pulse sequence is sent to the IC, which decodes the sequence and
servers as input to the microcontroller unit for further action. CHAPTER 2
HARDWARE DISCRIPTION
2,1 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
Figure 3: Microcontroller Unit
‘The MICROCONTROLLER MODULE comprises of following components:
AT Mel’s AT89S51 microcontroller
© Stabilizing Capacitor
© Crystal Oscillator
2.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER
Figure 4: The AT89851 Pin configuration
4 Pin Description
vce:
GND:
Port 0:
Port 1:
Port 2
Supply voltage.
Ground
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional 1/0 port. As an output
port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs, When Is are written to
port 0 pins, the pins ean be used as high-impedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to extemal program and data
memory. In this mode, PO has internal pull-ups.
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When Is are
written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the intemal pull-ups
and can be used as
puts. As inputs, Port | pins that are externally
being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups,
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional /O port with internal pull-ups. The
Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
and can be used as inputs.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control
signals during Flash programming and verification. RST
ALE/PROG
PSEN
EA/VPP
XTALI
XTAL2
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cyeles while the
oscillator is running resets the device.
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the
low byte of the address during accesses to extemal memory. This
pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant
rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes.
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external
program memory.
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory
tions starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
lox
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating cireuit
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
1 Programming the Flash
The AT89CSI is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased
state (that is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface
accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal.
The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the
AT89C51 inside the user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is
compatible with conver
nal third-party Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89CS1
is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. 2.1.1.2 Memory Organization 0, NOsene
SP03043 /:
Program Memory
‘The AT89C Microcontroller has separate address spaces for program memory and data
memory. The program memory can be up to 64K bytes long. The lower addresses may
reside on-chip
xTERNAL
vvTeanL
oo
Figure 5: Program Memory
Data Memory
The AT89C can directly address up to 64K bytes of data memory external to the chip.
The MOVX instruction accesses the external data memory. The ATS9CS1 has 128 bytes
of on-chip RAM (256 bytes in the AT89C52) plus a number of Special Function
Registers (SFRs). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct
addressing (MOV data addr) or by indirect addressing ‘omens | |
Figure 6: AT89C52 data memory organization
2.2 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Itis used to generate the clock needed. The crystal oscillator circuit sustains oscillation
by taking a voltage signal from the quartz resonator, amplifying it, and feeding it back to
the resonator. The rate of expansion and contraction of the quartz is the resonant
frequency, and is determined by the cut and size of the crystal.
Fig: Crystal oscillator
A regular timing crystal contains two electrically conductive plates, with a slice or tuning
fork of quartz crystal sandwiched between them. During startup, the circuit around the
a random noise AC signal to it, and purely by chance, a tiny fraction of the
crystal app!
noise will be at the resonant frequency of the crystal, The crystal will therefore start
oscillating in synchrony with that signal. As the oscillator amplifies the signals coming
out of the crystal, the erystal's frequency will become stronger, eventually dominating the
output of the oscillator. Quartz crystal filters out all the unwanted frequencies. xTAL2
XTALY
—| no
Figure 7: Crystal Oscillator a) Equivalent Diagram b) External view
2,3 STABLIZING CAPACITOR
‘The role of this capacitor is to normalize the fluctuating voltage,
Figure 8: Stabilizing capacitor
2.4 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY.
A seven-segment display is a form of display device that is an
alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment
plays are commonly used in electronics as a method of displaying
decimal numeric feedback on the internal operations of devices. In
our project, it shows the device number which is b
ng operated by
radio frequeney.
Figure 9: Seven segment display 2,5 NOT GATE IC 7404
ver
fifa fl pL aL Feel Ea
ye a y
7404 Hex inverter: a HH
HW L
Ce
° ont
WEE Isl GI
Figure 10: NOT Gate IC 7404
2.6 SWITCHES
This switch is used to reset the values. In other words these initialize the value.
Figure 11: Picture indicating switch button in the module
This one switch servers as reset to the automation system such that each time this is
pressed all 4 green LEDs at input port (port 1) glows and all the relays are switched off.
This switch connects to the reset state of the microcontroller i.e. pin no 9 which goes high
on resetting, 2.7 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
This module consists of
Diodes
© Voltage regulator IC
© Bridge rectifier
© Transformer
eh eaulsior
Bridge
Rectifier
> Transformer
Figure 12: Voltage Regulator
2.7.1 Voltage regulator IC
A power supply uses a regulator to maintain output voltage or current at specified limits.
An ideal power supply would have zero intemal resistance (ideal voltage source) or
infinite intemal resistance (ideal current source) so that the output voltage or current is
independent of load. These sources would have to be capable of supplying infinite
amounts of power and of course exist only in theory. They are used in engineering for
analytical purposes. A real world supply will have finite internal impedance. This
i impedance may vary with the load on the supply. The maximum current a voltage source
can deliver into a short circuit or the maximum voltage a current source can deliver
across a load can sometimes be quite high. As an example, a common 12 Volt automobile
battery can deliver as much as 1000 amps.
2.7.2 Filter capacitors
Capacitors can and are often placed across the regulator output terminals to reduce
residual ripple and to ensure low output impedance, but be aware that capacitive loads
may cause problems with loop stability.
Also, if the input voltage falls below the output voltage due to a short or component
failure, or sudden removal of the input voltage, this capacitor can discharge back into the
regulator, possibly damaging the pass transistor emitter-base junction due to reverse over
voltage. A protection diode is often added across the pass transistor to guard against this
type of fault.
2.8 TRANSMITTER SECTION
Figure 13: Transmitter module
The transmitter sends a signal over a frequency to the receiver. The transmitter has a
power source that provides the power for the controls and transmission of the signal, This
12 module operates at 35 MHz. This frequency has been allocated by the FCC for basic
‘consumer items, This transmitter sends bursts of radio waves that oscillate with a frequency
‘035,000,000 cyeles per second (35 MHz) as pulse modulation
2,9 RECEIVER SECTION
The receiver receives the transmitted signal. Iti
constantly monitoring the assigned frequency for
a signal, When the receiver receives the radio
bursts from the transmitter, it sends the signal to a
filter that blocks out any signals picked up by the
antenna other than 35 MHz. The remaining signal
is converted back into an electrical pulse
sequence. The pulse sequence is sent to the IC,
which decodes the sequence and starts the
appropriate action to be taken.
Figure 14: Receiver module
2.10 RELAYS
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is
able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be
considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of electrical amplifier. —* Relay
Figure 15: Picture indicating relays in the module
‘These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or chan
over contacts,
‘+ Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or
"make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switeh a
high-current power source from a remote device.
+ Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or
"break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to
remain closed until the relay is activated
+ Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one
normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.
Uses of relays:
© To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of
modems,
© To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal
This project of home automation system uses 4 relays to trigger 4 home appliances
that run on high power. However, many more home appliances can be connected to
the system using relays
4 R3
EMBEDDED PROGRAM
*
3.1 ALGORITHM
1) Initialize initial location address to #00H
2) Program port PI as input port. |
3) ‘Set port P2 as an output port
4) Initially move flow of control by moving PI data to accumulator
5) If P1.0==High then complement P2.0
6) Else If Pl .1 ==High then complement P2.1
7) Else If P1 .2 ==High then complement P2.2
8) Else If P1 .3 ==High then complement P2.3
9) Otherwise go back point 2 and continue
3.2 PSEUDO CODE. {
While (true)
acc=P1; //ace stands for accumulator while P are the ports
If{ace = = #f1H)
P2,0 = not(P2.0);
while(P1.4 == 1);
else Ifface = = #2H)
ee {P21 =not(P2
while(P1.4 == 1);
else Iflace = = #f4H)
{ P2.2=not(P2.2);
while(P1.4 == 1);
+ else Ifface = = 18H)
{ P23 =not(P2.3);
while(P1.4 == 1);
Hiend of while i 3.4 FLOWC!
ART
Start >)
‘0H,
[>] _ set Pt= input port
Set P2=Outout ot fq ——_______
pi MeRaRy See
Move data of Pt to accumulator
Complement P2.0
Fae ae
