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Ch-10 (Human Resources) Class 8 Geography - Notes

This document discusses human resources and population distribution, density, and change around the world. It notes that population is unevenly distributed globally, with over half living in just ten countries like China, India, and the US. Population density is highest in South Central Asia and Indonesia. Factors influencing population distribution include geography, resources, climate, and economic opportunities. Population change is driven by birth rates, death rates, and migration. Different countries and regions exhibit varying patterns of population growth and composition, which can be illustrated using population pyramids.

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337 views6 pages

Ch-10 (Human Resources) Class 8 Geography - Notes

This document discusses human resources and population distribution, density, and change around the world. It notes that population is unevenly distributed globally, with over half living in just ten countries like China, India, and the US. Population density is highest in South Central Asia and Indonesia. Factors influencing population distribution include geography, resources, climate, and economic opportunities. Population change is driven by birth rates, death rates, and migration. Different countries and regions exhibit varying patterns of population growth and composition, which can be illustrated using population pyramids.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Class 8 - Geography

Chapter 10 – Human Resources

Introduction
1. Any nation's greatest resource is its people. The skills and abilities of people
turn nature into resources.
2. People are the building block of a country's development.
3. Human resources are unequally distributed across the globe.
4. Increased population indicates rich human resources.

Distribution of population
1. The distribution of population refers to the pattern in which people are
spread across the world.
2. Population distribution is extremely uneven all over the globe. This is
evident from the fact that ninety per cent of the total population of the world
resides in only thirty per cent of the land.
3. Uneven population distribution makes regions of Asia, Europe, North
America very crowded while areas like tropical deserts, high mountains,
equatorial forests have sparse populations.
4. China, India, the USA, Indonesia, and Brazil are the top five most
populated countries in the world. In fact, sixty per cent of the entire world's
population lives in just ten countries.
5. Most of the population lives in the north of the equator rather than the
south.
6. Three fourths of the world's population resides in Africa and Asia.

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Density of population
1. It is a measure of the number of people residing in one unit area of the
earth's surface.
2. It is usually expressible in the unit per sq. km.
3. The average density of the world's population is 51 people per sq km.
4. South-Central Asia has the highest population density and Indonesia is the
most population-dense country on Earth.
5. In our country, the density of India's population is 382 people per sq km.

Factors affecting the distribution of population


1. The geographical factors affecting the distribution of population are
as follows—
a) Topography: Plains like the Ganga plains of India are more suitable for
human settlements as they provide facilities for farming and other
manufacturing activities. Hence, plains have more population than
mountainous regions.
b) Water: As water is a necessity for survival, people prefer settling in areas
with easy availability of freshwater like the river valley regions.
c) Climate: Extreme hot or cold climates like that of the Sahara desert or
polar regions are not favourable for human settlements. They prefer
staying in regions with climatic conditions neither too hot nor too cold.
d) Soil: Fertile soils promote agriculture and hence attract humans. This is the
reason why Ganga and Brahmaputra plains, Hwang-Ho plains, plains formed by
the Nile river are densely populated.
e) Minerals: Areas having mineral deposits attract the human population as
such areas are good sources of employment. For instance, with the discovery of
oil in the middle-east vast populations have settled there.

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2. The social, cultural, and economic factors affecting the distribution
of population are as follows—
a) Social factors: Areas with better education, housing, health establishments,
and other such facilities attract more population. For instance, the city of Pune.
b) Cultural factors: Areas with high cultural and religious significance also
attract the population. For example, every year several Hindus visit
Haridwar and often settle there because of the place’s religious importance
for them.
c) Economic factors: Industrial areas tend to attract the population because of
high employment opportunities.

Population change
1. It is referred to as the change in the number of people during a period.
2. It is caused due to changes in three factors, viz., birth, death, migration.
a) Birth rate: It refers to the number of live births per thousand people.
b) Death rate: It refers to the number of deaths per thousand people.
c) Migration: It is the movement of people in and out of an area.
3. Natural growth rate refers to the discrepancy between the birth and death
rates of a country. For instance, after 1800 , better medical facilities, increased
food supplies led to a decline in death rates and an increase in birth rates. This
resulted in the rising of the world population.
4. On the other hand, in the case of migrations, either emigrants leave a country
or immigrants arrive in a country. This results in a change in the population
size of both countries. For instance, the USA gains a huge population by in-
migration while Sudan loses a massive part of its population by out-migration.

Patterns of population change


1. Rates of population growth aren’t the same across the world.
2. Despite the rising population, some countries are not witnessing this growth.

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3. Countries like Kenya have high growth rates while countries like the UK
are experiencing a decline in population growth.
4. There is no relation between the economic stature and population of a
nation.
5. Birth rates and death rates are important factors causing population
change.

Population Composition
1. It refers to the population structure concerning aspects like age, sex, health
conditions, income level, occupation, and literacy.
2. The population composition of a nation can be diagrammatically represented
in the form of a pyramid-like structure called a population pyramid which
is also known as the age-sex pyramid.
3. In population – pyramids, the total population is divided into various age
groups which are further divided into subcategories like females and males.
4. The number of children below 15 years represents the birth levels and is at
the bottom of the pyramid. And the number of aged people above 65 years
represents the death rates and is at the top of the pyramid.
5. Different countries have different types of population pyramids—
a) The first type includes the pyramids that narrow at the base because of low
birth rates. Due to decreasing death rates it broadens in the higher age groups.
For instance, the population pyramid of Japan.

Figure 6.1: Population pyramid of Japan

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b) The second type of population pyramids includes those that broaden at the
base because of the high birth rates and decreasing death rates in the younger
age group. It happens because not only many children are born but also more of
them survive till adulthood. For instance, India’s population pyramid.

Figure: Population pyramid of India

c) The third type includes the population pyramids of the least developing
countries. They widen at the base due to high birth rates and tapper offs in the
middle and which indicate increased death rates. For instance, the population
pyramids of Kenya and Nigeria.

Figure: Population pyramid of Niger

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