21st Century Literature transmitted within a particular

Chapter 1: The Pre-colonial culture or community.

Literature of the Philippines o often characterized by
Damiana Eugenio heroic themes, grand
- authored a series of books scale, and their role in
about Philippine folk literature. conveying cultural
identity, history and
Folk values.
Literature
Folk Songs
Folk Folk - or “awit”, were the most
Folk Epic
Narratives Songs enduring because they are
relatively easier to remember
for their melodies and lyrics.
Folk Narratives
- refers to the stories that could
Prose – written using grammatical
be either in prose or in poetry.
sentences, uses paragraphs and
These are myths, alamats
sentences, straight-forward
(legends), and kuwentong
o ex: autobiography, essay,
bayan (folktales).
short story, novels
 Myths
Poetry – follows a rhythm, uses
o stories about Gods and
lines and stanzas, expressive
Goddesses, explains the
o ex: lyric poetry, haiku, ballad
origins of the world.
 Folktales (kuwentong bayan)
Chapter 1.5: Philippine Literature
o stories of people’s
During the Spanish Colonization
everyday lives at that
March 16, 1521 – start of Spanish
time.
colonization
 Legends (alamat)
o stories based on real or
Ferdinand Magellan
historical events that - a Portuguese expeditioner
often involve heroic sent by the King of Spain to
figures and cultural explore the world.
values. o he landed in the
Philippine Islands.
Folk Epic
- lengthy, traditional narrative
poem or story that is orally
 1. Jose Rizal (Laong Laan at
Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi Dimasalang)
- he was able to establish a 2. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (Deigo
Spanish settlement in Cebu in Laura)
1565 3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)

Ladino Poets La Solidaridad

- Filipinos who are fluent in both - the official newspaper of the
Spanish and Tagalog, they propaganda movement that
are the ones who wrote was created and published in
literary pieces mainly focused Spain.
on religion. o first written in Spanish.
o leads to catechism
Chapter 2: Philippine Literature
Religion and Christianity During the American Colonization
- main influence of the Education/Public Schools
Spaniards to the Filipinos - main influence of the
Americans to the Filipinos.
Pasyon o The Filipinos were
- poetic narrative in the trained under the
Philippines that recounts the American system of
passion, death and education.
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Thomasites
Illustrados - first American teachers of the
- are elite Filipinos who studies Filipinos
in Europe. They wrote the
literary pieces in prose and in Thomas
poetry that bravely expressed - name of the vessel where the
their resentment to the state Thomasites rode to get to the
of the Philippines under the Philippines
Spanish regime.
President McKinley
Pseudonyms – alias or pen name - he is the American president,
he proposed that English shall
The 3 Pioneers of the be used as the medium of
Propaganda Movement instruction in educating the
 Filipino scholars in American 2 Houses of the Philippine
established schools. Congress
1. Upper house – Senate
2. Lower house – House of
3 Timeframes of Filipino Writers representatives
1. Period of Re-orientation Pete Lacaba
(adjust) - published the poem
2. Period of Imitation (copy) “Prometheus Unbound” in
3. Period of Self-discovery the crony magazine focus on
(master) under the pen name “Ruben
Cuevas”.
Notable Writers
1. Jose Garcia-Villa “Marcos Hitler Diktador Tuta”
2. Angela Manalang-Gloria - hidden message in the poem
3. Paz Marquez-Benitez Prometheus Unbound.

Chapter 2.5: The Post-colonial What powers did President

Period and the Contemporary Marcos have at the time?
Times - According to Katerina
Martial Law Francisco, Marcos was able
- imposed by President to bring the powers of the
Ferdinand Marcos in government under his rule. He
September 21, 1972 because was the leader of the country
of the communist threat to the and operated the entire
Philippines. (classless society) government under his power,
o carried out regulations to as he ordered the AFP to
shut down and take over squash any form of dissent or
privately owned media rebellion.
outlets.
REMEMBER!
REMEMBER! Both chambers of Congress were
Marcos wrote in his diary that it padlocked during the Martial Law,
was his last resort since his from 1972 to 1986.
Secretary of Defense, Juan Ponce After the Martial Law was declared,
Enrile, was ambushed in 1986. there were midnight arrests of
o the ambush was around 8,000 people:
fake/staged.  senators
 congressmen
  opposition leaders - she had enough of the
 journalists presence of the visitors so she
leaves and never comes back.

Uncles/Aunts or The “Relatives”

The Safe House – pgs. 24-28 - refers to the visitors who goes
to the narrator’s house.
Sarah Nicole Roldan Grandparents
- author of “The Safe House”. - they were the ones who took
the narrator and her brother in
Safe House after their father was arrested.
- Dictionary Meaning: a secret
location, used by spies or Camp Crame
criminals in hiding. - the jail where the narrator’s
- Literal Meaning: a location father was sent after he got
where the person lives and arrested.
feels safe or finds comfort.
- Idiomatic Meaning: a person Removing Nails
whom you trust and have an - a way of torture before.
emotional attachment with.
ANSWER KEY (pg. 29)
Little Girl /di ako sure kung tama ‘to
- the narrator of the story, she HAHAHAHAHHA
is an innocent child who is 1. A.
unaware of the crisis and 2. C.
issues their society face, as 3. D.
well as the meetings her 4. D.
father and the “uncles/aunts” 5. C.
secretly hold.

Father
- one of the people involved in
the secret meetings. He was
later arrested and is sent to
Camp Crame.

Mother