ANIMAL TISSUES

Prepared by:
LENOR M. TUNAC
MAED-BIO
Objectives:

•List the types of animal tissues

•Describe the different types of
animal tissues
•Give and explain the function of
the different animal tissues
Key Terms

•Histology:
•the study of tissues.

•Tissues:
•Simply groups of similar cells that work
together performing the same task
•Greatest form of teamwork in the body
Where are tissues found?

With few exceptions, organs are

composed of four basic tissue
types:
– Epithelial Tissue
– Connective Tissue
– Muscular Tissue
– Nervous Tissue
Skin, the largest organ

* made of all four tissue types

Why Study Histology?

Knowing the difference between normal

and abnormal tissue is the first step in
diagnosis and treatment of patients.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue

•Makes up 3% of your body weight

•They don’t move
•They don’t send messages
•Their cells are all touching one another
•Of all tissues, they are the most widely
varied in structure and function
Epithelial Tissue
•Forms the covering or lining of all free
body surfaces both external and
internal as in the skin and lining of the
DT
• One type of epithelium forms the outer layer of
the skin
• Another type of epithelium lines the air sacs of
the lungs
•Cells lie on the basement membrane
and the cells are held together by
intercellular cement.
Locations of Epithelial Tissues

•Covers the body (epidermis)

•Found on the inside of hollow organs
and the outside of all organs
•Found above a connective tissue layer
(epi = above)
•Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts, and
blood vessels inside the body
Epithelial Anatomy
•Apical surface – upper surface that is free or
exposed to the “exterior”
•Basal surface – attached surface (below)
•Microvilli – small fingerlike extensions that
increase the surface area allowing for more
work to be done
•Cilia-hair-like projections
 Functions of Epithelial Tissue
• Protects from physical & chemical injury and
against microbial infection
provide covering of the body
• Contains nerve endings which respond to
stimuli
Comprising the sensory organs of the body
• Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials
Provide secretory portion in organs as well as in
the duct of these organs
• Secretes fluids to lubricate joints
• Line the cavities of some internal organs as
KIDNEY and DIGESTIVE TRACT
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUES

•According to the arrangement of cells,

number of cell layers
•Shape of cells
•1a. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM- epithelial
cells are one layer thick
•2a. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM- cells are
arranged in two or more layer
Cell Organization
•Simple – single layer of cells; typically found
where absorption and filtration occur or a
single layer of epithelial is needed
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar

•Stratified – layers of cells; common in areas

where protection is needed like the skin
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
Three Basic Shapes

•Simple Squamous – like

scales, or pancakes (“being
squashed like a pancake”)
•A single layer of flat cells
with scaly appearance
•Found in the skin , linings
of the body cavity and
blood vessels
•Permits diffusion or
filtration through a
semi- permeable membrane
Squamous Epithelium

• Simple – one cell thick

Forms solid layer of cells

which line blood vessels,
body cavities and covers
organs in body cavities

Stratified – multiple layers

Forms epidermis
Three Basic Shapes

•Simple Cuboidal – looks like

cubes
•A single layer of
approximately cube-shaped
cells
•Nucleus of each cells is large
and centrally located
•For secretion and absorption
•Found in the kidney tubule,
surface of ovaries, linings of
many glands and their ducts.
Cuboidal Epithelium

Cuboid Cells
• Simple – one cell thick
Duct
• Roughly cube shaped

Line ducts in kidneys

Cuboid Cells where re-absorption and
secretion activities take
place.

Duct
Three Basic Shapes
• Simple Columnar – longer and look like
columns
• Single layer of cells taller than they are
wide
• With large oval-shaped nuclei usually
located at base of cells. May be ciliated
or non-ciliated; may secrete mucus.
(goblet cells) may have microvilli on
free surfaces of cells
• For lubrication, secretion, absorption,
protection, cilia and mucus combine to
sweep away foreign substance
• Found in the stomach, intestines,
digestive glands, gall bladder, upper
respiratory tract , uterus
Columnar Epithelium

• Simple – one cell thick

• Column shaped (long and

narrow)

• Lines digestive tract where

re-absorption & secretion
occurs.
Two Types of Stratified Columnar

• Ciliated

cilia

• Unciliated

No cilia
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
•Composed of several layers of flat
squamous cells
•For protection
•At epidermis, vagina ,mouth, esophagus
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
•A multi-layered arrangement of cells with
superficial composed of cuboidal cells
•For secretion
•At ducts of sweat glands, oil glands and
developing epithelium in ovaries and testes
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
•Several layers of thin, tall columnar cells,
sometimes ciliated
•For secretion and movement
•In the larynx, part of soft palate, pharynx, ducts
of salivary and mammary glands
Atypical Epithelium –
Confusing Epithelial Tissue
•Transitional Epithelium – stratified tissue
that can’t make up its mind as to
whether it is squamous or cuboidal
•Shape of cells depends upon the amount
of stretching (ex: bladder)
Atypical Epithelium –
Confusing Epithelial Tissue
Transitional Epithelium
•Surface cells cannot be classified by
shape because it changes as tissue is
distended
•Usually no distinct basement membrane
•Allow for changes in shape
•At urinary tract
Atypical Epithelium –
Confusing Epithelial Tissue
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
•Looks like it has more than one layer
because of the position of the nucleus
•Nuclei are positioned
at differing levels
•Cells narrow in
the area without
the nucleus
Atypical Epithelium –
Confusing Epithelial Tissue
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
•Single layer of cells varying in height and
shape
•Nuclei at different heights give false
impression of cells being multi-layered
•All cells in contact in the
basement membrane
but not all cells reach
superficial layer
Epithelial Tissue in Review…
 Types of Epithelial Membranes
•Mucous or mucosa– lining of tubes;
moistens and protects from enzymes
(stomach, trachea, and vagina)
•Serous or serosa – outside of organs;
lubricates (all thoracic, abdominal and
pelvic organs)
•Cutaneous or skin – body surface;
protection
•Synovial – synovial joints; lines and protects
synovial cavities (elbow, knee, hip, etc.)
Atypical Epithelium –
Confusing Epithelial Tissue
GLANDULAR Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelial cells modified to perform
secretion
•For synthesis , storage and
secretion of ducts
•Sweat, mammary, salivary, and
thyroid glands
Epithelial Secretion/Glands
■ The major function in many epithelial cells is
synthesis and secretion of specialized
products; organs composed primarily of such
epithelia are called glands.
■ Exocrine glands have epithelial ducts
carrying secretions to specific sites; the ducts
of simple glands are unbranched and those of
compound glands are branched.
The secretory portions of exocrine
glands may form round, saclike acini
(also called alveoli) or elongated
tubules; both types of secretory units
may themselves branch.

Endocrine glands lack ducts; secreted

substances are hormones carried
throughout the body by the interstitial
fluid and blood, with specificity
produced by the hormone receptors of
target cells.
Glands have three basic secretory
mechanisms: merocrine, releases
product which contain protein by
exocytosis. Most exocrine glands are
merocrine. Holocrine, lipid product are
released; the best example is
sebaceous gland in the hair follicle
and apocrine, in which apical, product-
filled areas of cells are extruded.
■ Exocrine glands producing mucus, or
similar individual cells called goblet
cells, are called mucous glands.

■ Exocrine glands producing largely

enzymes (proteins) are called serous
glands
Connective Tissue
 Connective Tissue
• Made up of different types of cells in varying
amounts of a nonliving substance around the cells,
called the matrix.
• Examples of connective tissue include:
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Adipose tissue (fat)
• Blood
 Connective Tissue
• Protects, supports, and binds together other body
tissues.
• For support and connection of the body
• Serve to bind tissues and organs together
• Supports and protects the body parts
• Cells are embedded in an extensive of large amount
of intercellular matrix and are widely separated
 • Loose connective tissue
(under skin and epithelial tissue)
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

1. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Characterized by the loose ,irregular
arrangement of fibers, the large amount
of ground substance (matrix) and the
presence of numerous cells
a. AREOLAR- elastic resistant, pliable,
contain fibroblast
Basic supporting substance around
organs, muscles, blood vessels and nerves
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

1. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

b. ADIPOSE- Consist of clustered
adipocytes (cells specialized for fat
storage)
•Cells are rounded or polygonal with thin
layer of cytoplasm and the nucleus at
one side
•Specialized areolar tissue for storage of
reserve food or fat, protect the body
against excessive heat loss.
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

1. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

c. RETICULAR- Makes the framework of
lymph glands , red bone marrow, spleen ,
and of delicate branching fibrils
LOOSE and DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

2. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

•Characterized by the compact
arrangement of fibers, limited amount
ground substance and smaller number
of cells
• Provide support and protection,
connect muscles to bones (tendon) and
bone to bones (ligaments)
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
a. IRREGULAR
•Dermis of skin, capsules of many
organs, covering sheaths of nerves,
tendons, brain, spinal cord and deep
covering of muscles

b. REGULAR
• Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
 • ligaments - tough, elastic
bands of connective
Anatomy of a Joint tissue
• surround the joint to
give support and limit
the joint's movement.
• Attach bone to bone

• tendons – another type

of tough connective
tissue
• on each side of a joint
attached to muscles
that control movement
Kne of the joint.
Joint
• Attach muscle to bone
 Skeletal Muscle Attachments
•Epimysium blends into a
connective tissue attachment
•Tendon – cord-like structure
•Aponeuroses – sheet-like
structure

•Sites of muscle attachment

•Bones
•Cartilages
•Connective tissue coverings
Trunk Muscles
Muscle Architecture
Muscles of the Lower Leg
B. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. CARTILAGE
•Has a firm yet elastic matrix called
CHONDRIN , a rubbery substance
composed of a mixture of protein and
polysaccharides. The cells
(CHONDROCYTES) ARE found in
randomly scattered spaces (lacunae) in
the matrix
 B. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
a. HYALINE CARTILAGE
•Translucent, pearly, blue-white appearance
•Known as fetal skeleton; most of this will develop
into bone and forms major part of embryonic
skeleton; aids in the free movement of joints,
assist growth of long bones, allow rib cage to
move during breathing
•Cover joint surfaces, rib ends , especially the
costal ribs, present in the nose and tracheal rings.
•OSSIFICATION- replacement of cartilage into a
bone
B. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
b. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
•Contain yellow elastic fibers
•Allow stretching , provides support and
suspension
•Present in the external ears of mammals ,
Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, larynx
c. FIBROUS CARTILAGE OR FIBROCARTILAGE
•The most resistant type, made up largely of
fibers, fewer cells and less matrix
•Found in the Intervertebral disks, fleshy
pads between
B. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. BONES
•Make up the framework of the body
•Provides protection for delicate organs
like the brain , spinal cord, heart and
lungs
•Has a hard rigid matrix due to the
presence of mineral deposits chiefly
calcium carbonate
•Production of RBC through
hematopoiesis
B. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. BONES
•During the life of an organism, the
proportion of mineral gradually I increases
and the organic material decreases. So that
bones are resilient in early youth and brittle
at old age
•The bone cells are called OSTEOBLASTS
which later mature into OSTEOCYTES are
located in spaces lacunae which are rather
regularly arranged
 Bone Formation
• Babies are born with 350 bones, many
are composed almost entirely of
cartilage.
• Later the cartilage cells will be replaced
by cells that form the bones.
(ossification)
The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull
will fuse around age
2, but growth of the
skull continues until
adulthood.
Long bones develop and grow throughout
childhood at the centers of ossification
(growth plates)
•PARTS OF BONE
•The haversian canal and the concentric
lamellae constitute the haversian system of
which there are several in the section of the
bone.
•LACUNAE- little spaces which houses the
osteocytes
•OSTEOCYTES- Bone cells
•CANALICULI- minute canal in the matrix
that joint the lacunae with one another
and with the Haversian canal. Through
this canal, the protoplasmic projections
of each bone cell pass.
•PARTS OF BONE
• MATRIX- the ground substance where
the lacunae and other substances are
located
•LAMELLAE- layer of hard inorganic matrix
•Concentric layer of matrix surrounding the
haversian canal
•HAVERSIAN CANAL- central canal at the
center of the concentric lamellae. each
haversian canal transverses the bone
longitudinally and serves as the passage
of blood vessels and nerves
•The haversian canal and the concentric
lamellae constitute the haversian system of
which there are several in the section of the
bone.
•LACUNAE- little spaces which houses the
osteocytes
•OSTEOCYTES- Bone cells
•CANALICULI- minute canal in the matrix
that joint the lacunae with one another
and with the Haversian canal. Through
this canal, the protoplasmic projections
of each bone cell pass.
 Bone

• Haversian canal with

blood vessel and nerve
• Lacuna openings with
osteocytes in them

• Calcium carbonate
matrix
 Structure of Bone
• Here is another
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Bone Formation
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 Structure of Bone
What parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves!

5 • Blood vessels 1
3 • Bone marrow
1
• Compact bone
• Haversian
7
canal
2
4 • Osteocyte { 3

6 • Periosteum
• Spongy bone
2 5

4
 Blood
• What is plasma?
• A clear, straw
colored fluid
• What percent
of plasma is
water?
• What’s in plasma?
Plasma
(55% of whole blood)

90%
Buffy coat leukocytes
and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Formed
elements  Dissolved gasses
Erythrocytes
 Vitamins  Enzymes
(45% of whole blood)
 Minerals  Hormones
 Salts  Waste products
 Nutrients  Plasma proteins
Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample
•The blood is a typical connective
tissue with liquid or fluid matrix
•It consists of
a) a fluid plasma made up of 90% water and
10% dissolved substances as protein (gamma
globulin) , carbohydrates (GLUCOSE, the form
of CHO circulated by the blood) , lipids
(phospholipids, cholesterol) and inorganic
salts as Na, Ca, Mg, K,
•b) free cells or corpuscles as RBC, WBC and
thrombocytes and blood platelets
Functions:
•BLOOD- a circulating or fluid tissue
•Transport:
• Oxygen from the lungs to the cells
• Carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs
• Digested food from the intestine to cells
• Waste product from the cells to excretory
organelles as kidney, liver, and lungs
•Carry anti bodies for immune defense
•Prevents blood loss (forms a clot)
•Establishes correct parentage
 Blood:
Erythrocytes, red
blood cells

• Hemoglobin carries oxygen

• No nucleus
• Made in bone marrow
•WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR LEUCOCYTES
•Soldiers of the body
•Much smaller in number , irregularly
shaped, larger in size,
•5000-9000/cc

TYPES OF WBC
•GRANULOCYTES
•With granules in the cytoplasm ,
nucleus lobulated
TYPES OF WBC - GRANULOCYTES
BASOPHIL- nucleus with one lobe
• With large granules
• Nucleus bent in S-shaped form
• 0.5%
EOSINOPHILS
• NUCLEUS WITH 2 LOBES
• With large but fewer granules in the cytoplasm
• Identified with eosin dye
• 2%
NEUTROPHIL
• Nucleus with 3 lobes or more joined by threadlike structure
• Cytoplasm with fine granules
• Identified with neutral dye
• 65-75%
• AGRANULACYTES
Without granules in the cytoplasm
LYMPHOCYTES
• For defense but not act as phagocytes rather they
have an intimate involvement with the immune
responses of the animal by producing antibodies
• Nonmotile
• 20-25%
MONOCYTES
• Capable of leaving the circulatory system to
become phagocytesin tissues
• 2-6%
RED BLOOD CELLS OR ERYTHROCYTES
• Transport gases as oxygen and CO2 which is facilitated by
hemoglobin
• HEMOGLOBIN- respiratory pigment which gives RBC red
color to the blood when combined with oxygen
• 5M RBC/mm3 in male
• 4.5 M RBC/mm3 for females
• Produced chiefly in the red bone marrow and an excess
supply in often
• Stored in the spleen
BLOOD PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES
• more or less disk-shaped much smaller than red cells
without nuclei
• more than a trillion blood platelets
• provide substance for blood clotting, thromboplastin
Leukocytes: White blood cells
Thrombocytes: platelets

•Platelets adhering to damaged

vessel
 Blood
B
L F
O O
O R
D M
A
C T
E I
L O
L N
Blood composition

•RBC (hematocrit)
40%
•WBC 1%
•Platelets 1%
•Plasma 58%
 Muscle Tissue

• Muscle tissue is specialized to contract and cause

movement.
• There are three main types of muscle tissue:
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Visceral muscle
• Can you guess the location and function of each
muscle type?
Muscles Tissues
Muscles are responsible for
all types of body movement
Three basic muscle types are
found in the body

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Visceral muscle
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE OR INVOLUNTARY VISCERAL
• Composed of cells that are long ,slender, and spindle shaped
• Myofibrils do not exhibit striations hence smooth
• Can’t be contracted at will like the peristaltic contraction of
the visceral organs
• Found in the walls of the digestive organs as the stomach and
small intestine
STRIATED, VOLUNTARY OR SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
• Composed of cells organized into long fibers
• Appear striated because of the alteration of light and dark
bands
• Under the control of the will
• With two or more nuclei ; such multi-nucleated condition is
termed syncytium
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY OR CARDIAC MUSCLE

TISSUE
• Can’t be contracted at will; with finer myofibrils
• The muscle fibers are striated
• The muscle fibers are striated and joined to one
another by cross bridges
• With only one nucleus
• Found in the heart
3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
•Striations Intercalated discs
Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called
neurons that receive and send electrical signals in the
body.
• Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits
impulses and together with supporting cells, makes
up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Nervous Tissue
• Neuron (nerve cell): Cell body, dendrite, axon.
Glial cells support the neuron
Types of Neurons
•SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURON- conducts
impulses from receptors as the skin, sense
organ towards the CNS.
•MOTOR OR AFFERENT NEURON- conducts
impulses from the CNS to effectors as muscles
glands
•SEVERAL nerve fibers bound together by
connective tissues constitute a nerve.
•SENSORY NERVE- made up of sensory neuron
•MOTOR NEURON- made up of motor nerve
•MIXED NERVE- made up of both sensory and
motor neuron
Schwann cells
make up the
myelin sheath.
Impulse jumps
from node to
node
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