Alternative

definition;
Scalar point function and scalar field: to each point
I
them
(n,y,z)
of a
region R in
space coresponds a

scalal iscalled
definite denoted by plx, y, , then plu, y, 2)
scalar pointfunction in R. region
The R SO

iscalled
defined a scalar field.
ex:
Temperative play,2) any point P of unevenly heated
at

body isscalar medium

pointfunction. The itself is scalar field.

and field:If
vecta pointfunction vector to each point
(n,y,2) of R there
a
region in
space ->
corresponds a

definite vector
by f I called
denoted
(n,y,z), then My, 2) is

rector pointfunction in R.
region
The R SO

iscalled
defined a vector
field.
ex: The
velocityof moving bodyin a certain
region
attime t is a rector point function.

Level
surface:p(,y,z) c
=

represents family of surfaces in scalar field. If at

each pointon P(n,y,z) has same value
surface c
=

iscalled level
then
surface surface
p(n,y,z)
a(n', y'2'
&

S ·

levelsurface
4(x,y,2) c,
=

P(x,y',z') c
=
 vector
diff eventiation

vector
functions:Functions whose values are vectors

depending points
P
on in space.
v v(P)
= =

v,(P)Y 2(P), v()ka[v,(p),v(p),vg(P)E)

+
+

I Domains
may
be 3-D
or
surface a crave on in space)
ex: velocity vector function of a rotating body.

Scalar whose values all scalars

functions:Functions depending
on
points
the P in
space.
(no, Y, 20)
(n,y,z)
f f(P) =

I x
ex:the distance f(P) of any point P
from fixed point P. a

scalal
in space isa function
f (P) f(x,y,2) (x x) (y y) (z z)2
= + = - + - -

A vector function defines a vector field and a scalar

function defines a scalar field in the domain.

In
general,
is vector
field is a
function whose
domain isa set

of points in R"(aR3) whole

range isa set of vectors
in
v (aV3) oh

LetD be a setin R2(a plane region). A vector

2

field on R is a
function I
that
assigns to each

point (x,y) inD a 2-dimensional vector F(x,y)

-y F(x,y)
M

L
(x,y)
L
·

7
>
*

0
r S

·rectr field on 2
 2

M -

* >
F(x,y,z)
↑

(, y, z2
·

*
>

0
y
L
&

W
L

R
field
2
vector on

ex:
i Amagnetic field B
1 1 -
in a
region of space
B
B,i Bz1 Bk=
+ +

a) velocity field of water

flowing in a
pipe, v, 3,2)

DCR"
Scalal
field: Let Japlane region)

scalar field R2
A on is a
function of that

assigns a scalar value pln, y) to each point

(n,y) of D.

ex:
Temperature, concentration, density
Derivative
of vector function:Arector function is said

to be
differentiable at a
point to
if the following
limitexists.
v (t):him v(t+xH -
o(t)
At -> 0 t
A

~"It iscalled dominative v(t)

obtained
of
v(t) is by differentiating each
component separately
 Q
~
v'lti
1
Triangle law

at)
At
se of add" of vectors
-(t+
v(t]

nota cartesian cordinate

system
In
components given

v'(t) I v, (t),
=

v(t), v,(t) 1
1) Find velocity, speed and acceleration
of a particle
whose motion in
space
is
given by CH=2cost+
2 int + cost
5 R.
Poli (t) r(t)
=
=
-
exint/ +2 cost I-10 cost sint
(H) =
-2xinti + 2 cost
1-5 inct
(t) r"(t)
=
=
-ecostY-2sinty-lost
speed is ((H):(2xint) + (2c0rt)+ (-5sinct)

speed:inzt

2)
COSO =

E
6)
positionrecentof sin acetate
The time t is

Find the condition

imposed on a
by regining
thatat time t =
1 the acceleration is namal
to the
position vector.
Y
=-sin(t-1) cosh(t-11I+32t2
sol +

4 sinhlt-1y+66t
At--cos(t-1)
Acceleration -
+

acceleration test
Att
=1, M

Ifandat anamal,
then dotproductis the

622 0 2
1 6 11
-

1 +

=
=
= =
=

Practice problems:
1) A particle
I
moves along the crave x = t +1,
y t,2
= 2t
=

5,
+

where t is the time. Find the

and acceleration
components of its
velocity at
time t =
1

in the direction 2
i+3.+ 6k
Ans:component of velocity along 25 35+6k
+
24
=

I
---acceleration
---11-=
A :(t xt) =(t 4t)I
2) particle moves
along the come - +

18t23t3),
+ where t is the time. Find the
magnitude
 of tangential components
of its acceleration at t 2.
=

Ans: 16

Find
3) angle between unit
tangentvectors drawn to
at the points
y:asinat,
the at
chive :a
corst, 2:

t
I
and t
I
Amor
cos()
=
=
 The vector
differential operator is denoted
by
I (read asdel) and is
defined as
M
t 2i
= 1
+

y Ek +

-2
by
Gradientof a scalar
field:
scalar
Ip(n, y, 2) is
function then, the
a

gradientof a is denoted
by glad (0) rp, defined a

as

gad/4) 5 24i dj d
+
+
= =

Note:The
operator gradient
is always applied on

scalar
field and the resultant
is a vector i.e.

the operator gradientconverts a scalar field into

a vector
field. ID is a rector function. Beware
cannotexist
I

alone, it is an
operator and
mustoperate on scalal function.

Physical significance:P gives the direction

of
rate
maximum
of change of 6 ata particular point
-P points in the direction
of most rapid decrease
of p.

Geometrical interpretation of gradient:(Function of variables 3

Letp(x,y,z) =
c be the
surface. LetP(, yo, 20) be
a
pointon the
surface. Ifthe differentiable functions
x =

f(t),y g(t), = z 4(t)

=
are parametric equations of
deviative
curve C on
surface
then
of p(f(t), g(t),h(t)) c
=

+
wit t is
 2
C 1 p(x0y.,20)
=

at
fedle,
a
e
poit; on >
vector
of
P r =

Position rector of
a =
d
+

7
y

ra

o
(i 6 2).(i yyy 1) ↳
+
+ + +

0
=

Alt =tos
FF(x,y0,2).r(t) 0
=

F(no,Yr,20)
=>

arthogonal
is to vector a(to).

=>

EF(n,Jr,20) is namal (perpendicular) to surface

atP.
differential (actual change in r)
↳
Note:
p.dr =

(i 6 h).(duT+dy +
+
+ drk)

ro.dr
↓du+dy+de d4
=

I
total
differential of d

Properties:Ifand I are continuous and

differentiable
scalal pointfunctions then

1) glad (f Ig) geadf geady =

I

a
v(f g) vf rg
=

= =

g vf fxg
2) Send
(5) (t)
-

=
=
=

92
 3) v(fg) gyf fvg
=
+

Unit normal vector:Since tois namal vector

tosurface(a, 2) then unit

vectoan
1

where i x
=

b namal rector.
=

Note:The
angle bow the normals to the surfaces
,
↓, and
de is Cobo:
n,2
wane ,

Directional derivative:
From the definition of gradientit isobserved
derivatives
the partial late
of change of t along
coordinate idea
axes. The
of extending this
to

direction makes and lead

arbitrary sense to

directional derivative. Directional derivative

concept of
measures variation
of a
function along a
given
direction

Definition:If t is a
differentiable function of
and directional derivative
x
y,
then the
off in
direction
the
of any unit rector, u <a,b) =

is

Duf(x,y) fa(,y)a fy(x,y)b f.

+
= =

nothing but projection of grade

on unit vector i
Note: the unit vector is makes angle
1) If an o

positive
with se axis then we i <c01o,sinc)
write =

and
Du P(x,y) dr (x,y)coso+dy (n, y)
= sinc

Maximum value directional daivative:

2) of

But:v f.:Irf)(4) coo- lvf1coro (:.(u)=1)

the
range of core is [-1,11 ie. -111000/

-Ivf) but I
=> =

In other words,
value directional derivative is
lif
the maximum
of
and it occurs when I has same direction as

(when a and xp]

of coso=1, 0 is angle by
value directional directive -(f)
is
The minimum
of M
and it when and have oppositedirections
occurs u
I
(when cor 0 = -1.
ex:
Ifyou are
standing in a hot
room

and thinking to move in a direction

along
which
temperature change isquickestor maximum.
Then
gradient of temperature field calculated at
direction need.
your position points to the
you
Directional daiative DT
Ch
measures the
variation temperature direction.
of in that
 Problems:

13 Find
gradientof scalar field p(n,y,z xy+ 2n%yz-syz
=

Sol

= p
2i 2 2
+ +
=

-p =
(y2 4xyz)i (2xy
+ + 2022
+ - 34) I (2x2y-6y2) k
+

2) If b xyz +xyz,
= determine
grado at
P =
(1,3,2)
sol

- b (2xyz yz4i
=
+
(n z 2uyz)
+ +

+ (sxyz 2ny2)i +

AtP =
(1,3,2) we
get
+y 84i 321 22k
A
+
+
=

3) Determine the directional denrative DuP(x,y) if

p(x,y) x) =
-

xxy 4y2
+
andu is the vector
unit

making angle of
withx-axis.
What
is DuP(1, 2)?
Bol:

DuP(x,y) Pr(x,y)cos + =

by(x,y) sin
2
=(3n 3y) 8y) I
3 ( 3x
- +
- +

(8
354 353)y1
-

3x
1
+ -

=
-

DrP(1,2) 1135.1 = - 3(1) +

(8- 353)2-

35
..
Du P(1,2) 13 -

2
4) Obtain the directional deviative of
function a

d(x,y,z) zxy yz2 xz

=
+ +
atthe point p(1,2,-1)
direction 24 38 4k.
the
of vector
in + -

38 4k
-
sol:Given:0 n2+2xy+y2 =
v 2i
=
+
=

WKT
Dup(x,y,z) +4.x =
+
0

x 6i
5+
=
+

+0 (2xz =

2y2)i (4xy z2j

+
+
+
(x
+

2yz)k
+

-(x,2, -
1
6i
=
+

9j - 3k

Here - is not C unit vector.

i 24t= it - are
unit vector, a =

⑪ buP(u,y,z) (6i 95
=> =
+
-

3k).( I) +

=(6) (x) (
+
+
-

3)

- 51 9.4704
=

-9

5) Find unit normal to the

surface ayz=1 at 12, 11)
sol.
nyz-2 0
=

LetP 2
xyz
-
=

A
To yz1 xzg + xy k
-
=
+

At C2, 1, B:x0 i 2j + 2k =
+
 :It41 +2 =
13
=

name a
unit

info
real

Find directional derivative 1

6) the
of Ply,y,2): at

x
+
y+22
the
point (1,2,-3) in the direction
of ai-3+
sol:
=b = -3x Y -

zy j -
22 k
(n2 y2z2)2 (x2y z)2 (n2 y2 z2)2
2
+ + + + +
+

A(1,2, -
3 +
=

4
yzi my +
= -

=b
ii 25 3kI
=
-
+

I 24
=
-

38 k
+

(v) 4
=
=

i (ai-35+ h)
unitrector,
=
=

directional daiative p.4

-( 2y-sk).(2-3 +
the is =

-ir(2-6-3) "i
=
 -) Find the angle blw normals
the to the
surface
seyz= 4 at
the points
51,-1,2) and (4,1,1
Kol: Letb =

xy322 -

-b y3z2i 3xy222j 2xyz

=
+ +

Normal at
L-1, -1,2):4, Yp = = -
4 12 4k - +

(-, -

1,2)
Normal (4,1,-1):2 4 125 o
4(,,1,
at =
=
+
-

-
1)

namals.
Leto be
angle bit a

:. 2010
n,.4g
=

(
=
- 45 12; 4k).(i
-
+

128
+
- sk)
arcoso=,., In,1In21 44646 +

where I,:b,,-1,2)
-eg
COSR
(b), -

1,2)

159.765
(isi C
:o cos'
=

and
=

8) Find
2
the
angle by 2 surfaces city + 2 9

z
n
y
+

3
=
at
(2, -1,2)
atcommon
Sol:The
angle blw 2
surfaces pointis
bow normals drawn to the
angle the
surfaces
at
that point.
Given: ↓, ay z2 9,4 x
y z 3
+ -
+ - -
=
= +

+4, 2x
=

+ 2y 22k, +2 2xi 2yj t

+
=
+ -

4 2 4,d - 28 t
(,,-,2)
=4
+

=
-
= -

(2, 1,2)
-
 2000 -

50,.x42 16+ 4
=
-
4

-
56
Id, 11Pel
:o
cs(,)
= 54.41.
=

as Find the maximum directional derivative of

p(x,y,z) cy = z
at(1, -2, 3).
Boli
xp
2bi y 2k 3y2i
=
+
+
=

2x3yzy xy
+ +

At(1, 2,3) -

v6 36i
=

=
-

12 4k
+

The maximum directional derivative: 1 vb1=4s+=4 T

10) The
temperature in rectangular box isapproximated
a

by T(x,y,z) xyz(1 x)(z y)(3 2),02421,02y2,02223.

= - - -

islocated
If a
mosquito at
(t,,) in which
direction should it
fly to cool off rapidly as

as possible?
Sol: +T(x,y,z) yz(z y)(3 z)(1 zx)i xz(1 n)(3 z)(z zy)I
= -
-
-
+
- - -

+xy(1 x)(z y)(3 22) E -

-
-

-
T

Se,
t
*

y x

To cool most
rapidly, the
mosquito should in
off 1
fly
direction
the
of -1k
 Find constants and that
ii) a
surface b so

302-242-322+8 is athogonal to surface

0
=

an
y be
+ point (-1,2,17
at =

Soli
b,(x,y,z) 3x2 2y2 322 8
Let +
= - -

*
( ,2,1), -**-
=
(=d,) 62 6 62 555 254
=
+ + =
=

n (-64 rj x) (3 4y 3M)
=
- + +
- =

= + -
1

254 54

Let
b (m, y,z) anty-bz =
=
vb 2axi+zy-bR
=

-
2a
I
At( -1,2,1) bk
ydz 4j
-
=
= +
-

(42)
=> = X6+
b2

n
1

2a+
=
=
- -
b

4a2 b2+ 16
+

Since surfaces intersectorthogonally

5,nz 0
=

=
-

1(x 4 3k).1fxai 4 bt)

+ +
+

-
0
=

54 ↑b2 16 +
+

=> (34 4 34).( 2ai+

+
- +

4j bk) -

0
=

-
=>

6a + 16 -
3b 0ie.6a 3b
=
+

16
=

0
-

his
Also the point(-1,2,13 on
surface anty2 b2 =

a+ 4 bie.a
=>
= -
b =
- 4 8
-

08 and
Solving & => a =
b
AV.
=
Practice problems:
 Find
angleblue male atthe surface
54 the

-xy= 0 at

13,3, -3) tre:

cas"(z)
6) Find the constante a and b such that
n+ayz and bay 2 (b
S
urface 3x +
s)y
= =
-

at
intersect
orthogonally point (1,1,-2)
Ans: a -
=

1,b 2
=

Find
13 the
angle byw normats to the
surface
a
log z
y2-1 at
points (I, I, 1) and (2, 1, 1)
=

coi
Ans:
()
3) Find the directional derivative
of function
o (n,y,z) x
=

y
+ +
z the
at point (1, -1,2)
normal
in the direction
of to
surface
u
+y3 + 2 =8. A:952 ~ b.i
=
mu

attides find rate

9) of change
direction
of f p
in the
of
with direction
what does
R(1,2). In
I have

rate What
maximum
of change? is the maximum

rate
of change? Ans:Direction is
of 12,0) (1,2), =

Max. rate
of change is <1,231 15 =
10) Suppose that
temperature at point(n,y,2)
a in
space
is given by the
following relationship:
T(n,y,z) so
=
where is
I

measured in

Itn2+zy2 322,
+

celsius and which

degree n, y, z in metres. In

direction does the temperature increase

fastestat
the point (1,1, -2)? Whatis maximum rate
of change?

Directiverate"atange", Htm
Ans: