CVL 203 Photogrammetry

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CVL-203

CVL 292: Contemporary issues in


Civil Engineering
CVL-203: Photogrammetry

Prepared By:
Eng. Mohamad Dabol

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Photogrammetry

The science, art, and technology of obtaining reliable information from photographs.

Metrical Photogrammetry

Determining spatial information including distances, elevations, areas, volumes, cross


sections, and data for making topographic maps from measurements made on
photographs.

Aerial photographs (exposed from aircraft) are normally used, although in certain
special applications, terrestrial photos (taken from Earth-based cameras) are employed.

Interpretative Photogrammetry (photographic interpretation)

Recognizing objects from their photographic images and judging their significance.
Critical factors considered in identifying objects are the shapes, sizes, patterns, shadows,
tones, and textures of their images.

>> initially it relied on aerial photos.


>>Now other sensing and imaging devices such as multispectral scanners, thermal
scanners, radiometers, and side-looking airborne radar are used.

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Advantages of Photogrammetry

1. speed of collecting spatial data

2. relatively low cost

3. ease of obtaining topographic details, especially in inaccessible areas

4. reduced likelihood of omitting details in spatial data collection.

Applications of Photogrammetry

1. It is used in land surveying to compute coordinates of section corners and


boundary corners
2. Large-scale maps are made by photogrammetric procedures
3. Photogrammetry is used to map shorelines in hydrographic surveying, to
determine precise ground coordinates and to develop maps and cross sections for
route and engineering surveys.
4. Photogrammetry is playing an increasingly important role in developing the
necessary data for modern Land and Geographic Information systems (LIS and
GIS)

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Applications of Photogrammetry (other field rather than engineering)

1. Geology
2. Forestry
3. Agriculture
4. Archology\
5. Military intelligence
6. Traffic management

Types of aerial photographs

1. Vertical: taken with the camera axis aimed vertically downward or as nearly
vertical as possible
2. Oblique: made with the camera axis intentionally inclined at an angle between the
horizontal. It can be:
- High: Horizon shows on the picture
- Low: Horizon does not show on the picture

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Vertical aerial photographs

A truly vertical photograph results if the axis of the camera is exactly vertical when
exposure is made.

Small tilts, generally less than 1° and rarely greater than 3° are present, and the
resulting photos are called near-vertical or tilted photographs.

Although vertical photographs look like maps, they are not true orthographic projections
of the Earth’s surface.

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L: Exposure station

Contact print positive, is a 180° exact reversal of the negative.

The distance OL is the camera focal length.

The x-axis is positive in the direction of flight. Positive y is 90° counterclockwise from
positive x.

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Strips of Vertical aerial photographs

Vertical photographs for topographic mapping are taken in strips (flight lines)

They have a sidelap (overlap of adjacent flight lines) of about 30%.

And Endlap (overlap of adjacent photographs in the same flight line) is usually about
60±5%.

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Scales of Vertical aerial photographs

Definition: The scale of a vertical photograph is the ratio of a photo distance to the
corresponding ground distance.

Since a photo graph is a perspective view, scale varies from point to point with variations
in terrain elevation.

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Summary

Average photographic scale

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‫‪Example 1‬‬ ‫الطريقة االولى لحساب السكيل‬

‫‪10‬‬
Solution

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Photo scale and map scale

Example 2 ‫الطريقة الثانية لحساب السكيل‬

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Example 3

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Ground coordinates

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Relief displacement

Relief displacement on a vertical photograph is the shift or movement of an image from


its theoretical location caused by the object’s relief—that is, its elevation above or below
datum.

It occurs along radial lines from the principal point and increases in magnitude with
greater distance from the principal point to the image.

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Where:

d: is the relief displacement,

r : the photo radial distance from the principal point to the image of the displaced point

h: the height above datum of the displaced point,

H: the flying height above that same datum.

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Example 4

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Flying height H (approximate method)

Example 5

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Flying height H (Pythagorean method)

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Remote sensing

It is the extraction of information about the earth and our environment from imagery
obtained by various sensors carried in aircraft and satellites(Satellite imagery can monitor
our entire planet).

•Remote sensing imaging systems operate the same as the human eye, but they can sense
over a much broader range than humans.

Methods of Remote sensing

1. Cameras that expose various types of film


2. Nonphotographic systems such as multispectral scanners (MSS), radiometers,
side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), and passive microwave

Application of Remote sensing

1. Land mapping
2. Measuring and monitoring various agricultural crops
3. Mapping soils
4. Detecting diseased crops and trees
5. Locating forest fires
6. Mapping the effects of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes
7. Analyzing population growth and distribution
8. Monitoring water quality and detecting the presence of pollutants

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Errors in Photogrammetry

1. Measuring instruments not calibrated.


2. Inaccurate location of principal and corresponding principal points.
3. Failure to use camera calibration data.
4. Assumption of verticality when photographs are actually tilted.
5. Assumption of equal flying heights when they were unequal.
6. Disregard of differential shrinkage or expansion of photographic prints.

Mistakes in Photogrammetry

1. Incorrect reading of measuring scales.


2. Mistake of units.
3. Confusion in identifying corresponding points on photographs.
4. Attachment of an incorrect sign (plus or minus) to a measured photographic
coordinate.
5. In computations.

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Spring 2022 - E-Learning Assignment #3 - 10%

Grade:

Course Code/Title : Principles and Practice of Geomatics (CVL 203)

Sections Number : M2

Instructor Name : Dr. Chady El Hachem

Semester/Year : Spring 2022

Due Date: 16 May 2022 to be delivered as electronic copy only (pdf upload to Moodle)
individually.

Name your solution file as StudentID_StudentName_CVL203_ASS3.pdf (you can save as


pdf in MS Word to convert to pdf)

You can use word, jpg to pdf conversion: https://www.pdfen.com/merge/merge-word-to-pdf-pdfa


or jpg to pdf conversion: https://jpg2pdf.com/
and combine multiple pdf pages into one page : https://www.pdf2go.com/merge-pdf

Submission Date:

Student Name and ID Number

1.

Student declaration:
By writing my name above, I attest that I have done this assessment /homework/
assignment alone. I understand that any act of plagiarism will be treated as an academic
misconduct for which provisions stipulated in the Student Code of Conduct should apply.
Question [1] [50 pts.]
The vertical photograph in this figure was exposed with a 20 cm focal length
camera at a flying height of 4000 m above datum.

You are required to:

a) [15 points] Determine the photo scale at point a, if the elevation of point A on the
ground is 800 m above the datum.
b) [15 points] Determine the average photo scale, if the average terrain is 1400 m
above datum.
c) [10 points] If the length of (ab) measures 1.6 cm on the vertical photograph,
however, on a map plotted to a scale of 1:5000, it extends 4 cm, then, what is the
photo scale?
d) [10 points] Based on the given information in part c, If the true length of CD is 200
m, then, what do you expect the length of (cd) relative to (ab), longer or shorter,
clarify your answer.

Course Title: Basic Principles and Practice of Geomatics Course Code: CVL 203 2|Page
Question [2] [50 pts.]
The vertical photograph in this figure was exposed with a 10 cm focal length
camera at a flying height of 3000 m above datum.

Knowing that
xa = -2.0 cm, ya = -1.6 cm, xb = +2.0 cm, yb = +1.4 cm, and hA = hB = 300m,

You are required to:

a) [5 points] Determine the length of line ab on the vertical photograph.


b) [10 points] Determine the coordinates of point A (Xa and Ya).
c) [10 points] Determine the coordinates of point B (Xb and Yb).
d) [10 points] Determine the length of line AB.
e) [15 points] At a different flight height, H’, the length of line a’b’ on a vertical
photograph was (0.2 ab) at the given flying height of 3000 m above datum. Then,
determine H’ above the same datum.

Course Title: Basic Principles and Practice of Geomatics Course Code: CVL 203 3|Page

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