Hypertext

- is a non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”. Such links help the
readers navigate further information about the topic being discussed, and may also lead to other links that
can direct the readers to various options. Hypertext also allows the readers to create their meaning out of
the material given to them and learn better associatively
- is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references to other text that the
reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically
activated by a mouse click, keypress set or by touching the screen. Rather than remaining static like
traditional text, hypertext makes possible a dynamic organization of information through links and
connections (called hyperlink).

The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of information on servers linked across the internet.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL has this form:

Today, links are not just limited to text or documents but may also incorporate other forms of multimedia, such as
pictures, sounds and videos that stimulate more senses. This is called hypermedia.

HOW TO CREATE A HYPERLINK?

STEP 1: SEARCH TO YOUR BROWSER THE WEB YOU WANT TO GO TO WHEN THE READER CLICK THE
HYPERTEXT.

STEP 2: COPY THE URL/LINK OF THE CITE.

STEP 3: GO TO YOUR FILE AND HIGHLIGHT THE WORD WHERE YOU WANT TO INSERT A LINK

STEP 4: CLICK THE INSERT ON THE HOME TAB

STEP 5: CLICK THE LINK

STEP 6: PASTE ON THE BAR THE LINK/URL THAT YOU COPY ON THE WEB AND PRESS “OK”

AND YOU ARE DONE. REMEMBER, YOU CAN SEE IF YOU ARE SUCCESSFUL WHEN THE WORD COLOR TURNS
TO BLUE, AND IT SHOULD BE UNDERLINED!

Intertextuality or intertext
- is one method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text. It
happens when some properties of an original text are incorporated in the text that is created by another
author. One good reason why it occurs is perhaps the second writer is greatly affected or influenced by the
first writer, leading to a combination of imitation and creation.
-
Intertextuality is said to take place using four specific methods, namely:

Retelling
- It is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative
Quotation
- It is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author has made.
Allusion
- In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in another
text without the use of quotation
Pastiche
- It is a text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of another text without making fun
of it unlike in a parody

Textual evidences
- are information gathered from the text that supports your assertion or counterclaim about the text. It refers
to any proof of an argument, a claim, a counterclaim, an assertion cited in the text leading to a conclusion.
In expressing your judgment about the text:
● First, state your idea about the text.
● To determine evidence from the text, look for clues and keywords that support your idea about the text.
● Quote or paraphrase the part of the text that helped you come up with your idea.
● Use quotation marks to quote a part of the text. If it is from a book, indicate the page number at the end of
your sentence.
● Lastly, express how the quote supports your idea.

Types of textual evidences

Referencing
- This is the act of mentioning a specific section of the text, like an event or action.

According to Fussell, “The Oxford Book of English Verse presides over the Great War in a way that has never been
fully appreciated” (159).

Paraphrasing
- This is restating an author’s or someone else’s work using your own words without losing the original idea
of the text.
Summarizing
- This is stating the essential ideas together of the text in a shorter way.
Quoting
- This is stating a part of a text in the exact way it was written.
Example:
- Samantha King, a forensic specialist, stated that “DNA evidence is usually indisputable.”
- According to Confucius, “You can’t open a book without learning something.”

Book Review or Article Critique

- One of the basic school requirements is writing a book review or an article critique.
- A book review or an article critique gives essential information about a book (fiction or nonfiction) or an
article (e.g., from the newspaper, magazines, academic journals) and provides an evaluation or a critical
analysis of it.
Before writing a book review or an article critique, you are required to do the following:

READ THE MATERIAL

- you must first read and understand the material. As you read, take down notes. Write down the following
elements which will be useful in your review or critique: title; genre; for a book: theme(s), characters, mood,
and tone; for an article: main ideas or arguments, and presentation of ideas; author’s writing style and
language; and author’s purpose. Formulate questions about the content. These questions may be about
concepts that you do not fully understand or that you want to elaborate on later on in your analysis. Read
the material more than once for an in-depth understanding of what the author is trying to convey.
-
WRITE THE REVIEW OR CRITIQUE PAPER
- Your paper should give an informed analysis of the material. It should be more than just a summary of the
book or article. Be mindful of the structure of your review or critique. Like all essays, a book review or an
article critique has an introduction, body, and conclusion.
The structure and features of a book review and an article critique.

1. Introduction
- As a starting point for your book review or article critique, uses the notes that you have taken down while
you were critically reading the material. Be guided by the following when writing the introduction:
2. Body
- This is the analysis and evaluation part of the review or critique paper. Here are some questions that can
help in your critical evaluation of the material.
3. Conclusion
- This is a summary of your overall evaluation of the material. You may include here the main reasons, stated
in the body paragraphs, why you agree or disagree with the author. After writing the review or critique, do
not forget to cite the references you used for your paper. Follow The American Psychological
Association referencing style (or APA as it is more commonly known).

Literature Review
BEFORE WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW, YOU ARE REQUIRED TO DO THE FOLLOWING:
- You must identify the issue to be discussed in the paper;
- It is also important to determine the problem statement, main statement questions, research/problem
findings, and scope and delimitation of the paper;
- After doing so, collect the materials from credible sources. Then evaluate and categorize the information
gathered; and
- Make sure that the information contributes to understanding the topic and is supported by evidence such
as case studies, statistics, or scientific findings. The information gathered can be either the same or against
your proposed statement.
THE STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
● Chronological Literature Review is a type of review where the information is arranged sequentially in the
progression of time. It is best used for historiographical papers and research methodology that focuses
more on how the ideas have developed over time.
● Thematic Literature Review is a type of review that defines or describes the theory of categories
significant to your research. It can be compared to an inverted pyramid that focuses on broad to specific
topics and ends with a synthesis. It is considered more essential as compared to the Chronological
literature review.

This type of literature review can be compared to an inverted triangle mounted to a support base.
Broad Topic
- The broad topic discusses a clear background on what the
research is. It gives the reader an overview of what the general
topic is all about.
INFORMATION PARTLY AND DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE PAPER
- Writing next after the broad topic is the information somewhat
related to the research. Partly related information refers to
data from studies not directly related but somehow can
influence the research. The information directly related to the
paper refers to data from other authors with the same problem
statement. It can either agree or disagree with the problem stated.
Synthesis of the Literature Review
- The last part of writing the literature review is to synthesize all of the information gathered. Synthesis, in the
simplest definition, means putting together multiple ideas from different sources to understand the role of
each part or element of the paper. It is also suggested to compare and contrast works done by other
authors.
Research Report
- is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer’s views and findings
on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a long composition which follows the principles of good writing.
It is a scholarly work and not just a collection of notes lifted from many different sources and strung
together, one after the other.
COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT
A) Title
- It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be
as short as possible, including essential keywords.
B) Abstract
- It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length, containing
200–300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that gathers the key elements
of the remaining sections into a few sentences.
C) Introduction
- It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any
literature that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a rationale of why the research is
important and will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question. Lastly, it should
contain a summary of the key question following the completion of the research.
D) Methodology
- This is arguably the most important section for two reasons:
(1) it allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research, and
(2) it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings.
Typically, the information in the methodology section is arranged in chronological order, with the
most important information on top of each section.
E) Results
- In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short introduction.
Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion section.
F) Discussion
- This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing
body or literature.
G) References
- This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report.

Project proposal
- is a document that is written for problem-solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling.
Generally, proposals are used to convince the reader to do what the proposal suggests, such as buying
goods or services, funding a project, or implementing a program. Proposals in the professional world are
used for internal (within an organization) and external (from one organization to another) purposes. They are
ways of generating income for companies or seeking funding for projects. This is provided to the sponsor
of the project for approval.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE PROPOSAL
1. Gathering the Data. One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well-researched. It needs
concrete data to back up its claims, so it can become more credible.
2. Organizing the Data. A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized.
3. Writing the Proposal. Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.
4. Revising the Proposal. Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send
it out.
FORMATTING THE PROJECT PROPOSAL
Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is about 2-4 pages long.
Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages. Regardless of their purpose and audience.
STANDARD PARTS OF PROJECT PROPOSAL!
1. Introduction:
Rationale – this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it.
Objectives – these reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of results.
Benefits – these show what the reader or the target audience can gain from the proposal, which may be
improvements in processes or systems, an increase in revenue, or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries of the
proposal.
2. Project Description:
Methodology – this entails the different activities; the project will take on, including the manpower (i.e., the people
involved and their duties), resources to be utilized and the expanded output.
Schedule – this discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates of each activity in the project.
Budget – this presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project, which can be itemized or shown as a
whole, depending on the needs of the project.

Position paper
- is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity about an issue. As a debate, it
presents one side of an arguable opinion and persuades the readers or audience that the author has a
well-founded knowledge about the issue. In writing the Position Paper, your goal as a writer is not only to
state and defend your position on the issue but also to show how your stance relates to other positions. Do
remember that arguments should be supported with reasons and evidence.
ISSUE CRITERIA
- Is it the actual and real issue?
- Can you clearly identify two positions?
- Are you an advocate of one of these positions?
- Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
- Factual knowledge, which is valid and verifiable information
- Statistical inferences, which are conclusions drawn from data gathered
- Informed opinions, which are based on knowledge of the facts and carefully considered principles, and rely
on evidence instead of limited personal experience
- Personal testimony, which are personal or first-hand experience of the writer or knowledgeable party
COMPONENTS OF A POSITION PAPER!
I. THE INTRODUCTION IDENTIFIES THE ISSUE THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED AND STATES THE AUTHOR’S
POSITION ON THAT ISSUE.
- Introduce your topic with background information
- Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position
II. THE BODY – CONTAINS THE CENTRAL ARGUMENT AND CAN BE FURTHER BROKEN UP INTO
SECTIONS:
A. Possible objections to your position (counterargument)
B. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that contradict the author’s
position (your argument)
C. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counterarguments. This is where you
can work to discredit some of the counterarguments and support your own.
III. CONCLUSION – RESTATE THE KEY POINTS AND WHEN APPLICABLE, SUGGEST A RESOLUTION TO THE
ISSUE (THOUGHTCO 2020).
A. restate your position
B. provide a Plan of Action

Composing Professional Correspondence

Application Letter for College Admission
- This is a one-page letter used and required for college and university admission. It briefly states the
student’s intention for applying and attending the college program. If there is no required format, write the
letter in a full-block style with the format of one-inch margin, twelve-point font size, and single-spaced
paragraph.
Things to consider:
1. Why am I writing a letter? Is it for college admission or for job application?
2. Who will receive my letter?
3. Which format (Block, Modified, Semi-Block) will I use in writing my letter?
4. What is my purpose for writing a letter?
5. How does my background make me a great candidate to consider?
6. How could I ensure that I would be considered/admitted?
7. What contact information should I include?
Parts of college admission letter
1. Heading, Date and Inside Address
2. Greeting or Salutation
3. Body
4. Complimentary Close
5. Signature and Sender’s Identification

1. Heading, Date and Inside Address

(Example)
Heading: Purok 5, Sto. Cristo
San Antonio, Nueva Ecija, 3108
Date: April 8, 2022
Inside Address: MA. TERESITA C. VEGA, PhD Campus Director Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

Purok 5, Sto. Cristo

San Antonio, Nueva Ecija, 3108

April 8, 2022

MA. TERESITA C. VEGA, PhD Campus Director Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology San Isidro, Nueva
Ecija

2. Greeting or Salutation
(Example)
Dear Dr. Vega: or Dear Madam:
Dear Madam/Sir:

3. Body

4. Complimentary close- (Example) Sincerely, or Respectfully yours,

5. Signature and Sender’s Identification (Example)

(Signature)
JOHN NICOLO A. GARCIA

Application letter for employment

Parts of Application Letter for Employment
1. Heading, Date and Inside Address
2. Greeting or Salutation
3. Body (includes information regarding the job that the applicant is applying for, where the job post is seen,
and the skills and experiences the applicant possesses)
4. Complimentary Close
5. Signature and Sender’s Identification

Letter Formats
1. Full-Block Format - straight

2. Modified Block Format - date and complimentary close on the right, no indentations

3. Semi-Block Format - date and complimentary close on the right with indentations in each pragraph

Resume
- To be hired in a work or job, the applicant has to prepare and pass a resumé that serves as a marketing tool
consisting of his/her personal information, such as objective/s, educational attainment, activities, skills, and
achievements.
Things to consider before Composing a Resume;
1. Name at least three traits or characteristics that you think people admire about you the most.
2. Think of a challenge or a problem that you had encountered. How did you arrive at a solution?
3. Which subjects do you do well in school? Why?
4. What do you think is your expertise?
5. What makes you proud of yourself?
Important Features of a Resume
Heading, Objectives, Professional Summary, Expertise and Achievement, Work Experience, Educational
Background, Character Reference/s, Background information/ Personal details
Heading
- Personal Details-include your full name and contact information.
Objectives
- To obtain employment as a Human Resource Staff at JTBC Company where I can utilize my existing skills
and knowledge.
Professional Summary/Work Experience

2018-Present DanBam Phils. Inc.

HR Staff
Sta. Rosa City, Laguna
▪ Supervised the interview process
▪ Participated in recruitment efforts
▪ Organized job application resumes

2017-2018 Laguna Brewery, Inc.

HR Staff (Internship)
Cabuyao City,
Laguna,
▪ provided support within the HR functions such payroll and interview process
▪ Ensured completion of the requirements for new employees

Expertise and Achievement

- Proficient in Microsoft Office, Strong oral and written communication skills, outstanding employee of the
year
Education -
2014 – 2018 Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Sta. Rosa Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Human Resources Development Management
Cum Laude
Character Reference/s -

ALLAN Z. GOZON MARY JOY D. GUZMAN

HR Manager, HR Manager
Dan Bam Phils. Inc.
Sta. Rosa City, Laguna
+639951012345
[email protected]

Three Types of Resumé Format

1. Chronological format
Heading
1. Objective
2. Work Experience
3. Educational Background
4. Skills/Expertise
5. Voluntary Activities/Involvement
6. Character Reference/s

Office correspondence
Three Major Forms of Office Correspondence: business letter, business memo, and business e-mail.