DATABASE LAB

Lab1: Introduction
Basic Select Statement

Ruba Sultan
DEFINITIONS

 Database:is an organized collection of

information.

 Database Management System (DBMS):

is a program that stores, retrieves and
modifies data in database.

 StructuredQuery Language (SQL): is a

language used to access and modify data
in database. 2
DBMS

 DBMS that will be used Oracle 10g Express

Edition

 SQL *Plus is an SQL editor used to write SQL

statements and it’s included in Oracle
Database package.

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SQL STATEMENTS

Data Retrieval SELECT

Data Manipulation Language (DML) INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
Data Definition Language (DDL) CREATE
ALTER
DROP
TRUNCATE
RENAME
Data Control Language (DCL) GRANT
REVOKE
Transaction COMMIT
ROLLBACK 4

SAVEPOINT
PROCEDURES TO USE SAMPLE TABLES
Logging in as the Database Administrator2
 The first thing you need to do is to log in as the Oracle
Database XE Administrator.
 Follow these steps:
 Open the Database Home Page login window:
 On Windows, from the Start menu, select Programs (or All
Programs), then Oracle Database 10g Express Edition, and then
Go To Database Home Page2.
 At the Database Home Page login window, enter the following

information2:
 Username: Enter system for the user name.

 Password: Enter the password that was specified when Oracle

Database XE was installed. 5
PROCEDURES TO USE SAMPLE TABLES

6
PROCEDURES TO USE SAMPLE TABLES
Unlocking the Sample User Account2
 To unlock the sample user account:
 Make sure you are still logged on as the database
administrator.
 Click the Administration icon, and then click
Database Users2.
 Click the HR schema icon to display the user
information for HR.

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8
PROCEDURES TO USE SAMPLE TABLES
 Under Manage Database User, enter the
following settings2:
 Password and Confirm Password.
 Account Status: Select Unlocked.
 Roles: Ensure that both CONNECT and
RESOURCE are enabled.
 Directly Granted System Privileges: Check them all.

 Click Alter User.

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PROCEDURES TO USE SAMPLE TABLES

5-Click on Alter User

1-Set a password for HR

schema

2-Set a Account Status to

Unlocked

3-Enable both
CONNECT and
RESOURCE roles
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4-Check all Directly
Granted System
Privileges
DEMONSTRATION TABLES

 There are different tables that will used in this lab:

 COUNTRIES

 DEPARTMENTS

 EMPLOYEES

 JOBS

 JOB_HISTORY

 LOCATIONS

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DATA RETRIEVAL

 SELECT statement capabilities3:

 Selection
 Projection

 Join

 Basic SELECT Statement4

SELECT [DISTINCT] {*,column [alias],…}
FROM tablename;

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3 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-3 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
4 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-4 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
QUESTIONS

 Question1
Write a query to display all employee’s
information.
 Question2
Write a query to display all department’s
information.
 Question3
Write a query to display all department’s
names and their location.
 Question4
Write a query to display all information in
JOB_HISTORY table. 13
 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Operato Description Operat Precedenc
r or e
+ Addition () High
- Subtraction
/ *
* Multiplicati
on + - Low
/ Division
 Arithmetic operations can be used with both
NUMBER and DATE data types. 14
QUESTIONS

 Question5
Write a query to display all employee’s names
and their salaries and their annual salaries.

 Question6
Modify the previous query where each
employee gets $100 bonus for each month.

 Question7
Write a query to display all employee’s
numbers, names and their annual income.
15
NULL VALUE

 Null: is a value that is unavailable,

unassigned, unknown or inapplicable, and it
is not same as zero or blank space5.

 Arithmetic expressions containing Null value

evaluated to Null6.

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5 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-14 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
6 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-15 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
COLUMN ALIAS

 Rename column heading7.

 Immediately follows column name, use AS keyword
between column name and alias7.
 Requires double quotation if contains spaces or special
characters or case sensitive7.

 Question8
Write a query to display all employee’s numbers,
names and their annual income
Note: use appropriate column heading.

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7 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-16 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
CONCATENATION OPERATOR ||

 Concatenate a columns or a character strings to

other columns the result will be in one column.
 Use two vertical bars || for concatenation.

 Question9
Write a query to display all employee’s names and
their jobs.
Note: format must be as the following example

CLARK is a MANAGER 18
DISTINCT KEYWORD

 Used to eliminate duplicate rows8

 Used after SELECT statement8.

 Question10
Write a query to display all job positions in
EMPLOYEES table.

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8 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P1-23 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
DISPLAY TABLE STRUCTURE

 Using DESCRIBE command.

DESC[RIBE] tablename

 Question11
Display table structure for EMPLOYEES and
DEPTARTMENTS tables.

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ASSIGNMENT 1

 List at least ten different DBMS.

 List different versions of Oracle DBMS.

 Write a query to display all data from emp table,

separate each column by comma.
Note: use appropriate column heading.

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SELECTION

 Restricting Row using WHERE clause9

SELECT [DISTINCT] {*,column [alias],…}

FROM tablename
WHERE condition(s);9

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9 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P2-4Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
 CHARACTER STRING AND DATES

 Character string and date values enclosed in single

quotation10.
 Character values are case sensitive and date values are
format sensitive10.
 Default Date format is DD-MON-YY10.

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10 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P2-6 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
COMPARISON OPERATORS
Operator Description
= Equal to
<> or != Not Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
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QUESTIONS

 Question12
Write a query to display all employee’s information
whose salary $2800 or more and less than or equal
$3500.

 Question13
Write a query to display all employee’s information
whose job FI_MGR.

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MORE COMPARISON OPERATOR

Operator Meaning
BETWEEN …AND… Between two values(inclusive)

IN Match value in a list of values

LIKE Match character pattern

IS NULL Is NULL value

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This Table form

Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P2-6 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
QUESTIONS

 Question14
Write a query to display all employee’s
information whose salary $2800 or more and less
than or equal $3500.

 Question15
Write a query to display employee’s numbers,
names and salaries whose salary $800 or $3000
or $5000. 27
USING LIKE OPERATOR12

 Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard

searches of valid search string values.
 Search conditions can contain either literal
characters or numbers.
% denotes zero to many character.
 _ denotes one character

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12 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P2-12 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
QUESTIONS

 Question16
Write a query to display all employee’s
information for employees whose names
contain letter A.

 Question17
Write a query to display all employee’s
information for employees whose names
contain letter A and contain four letters.
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LOGICAL OPERATOR

Operat Operato
Description Precedence
or r
NOT Returns True if
NOT High
condition is False

AND Returns True if both

AND
conditions
evaluated True
Low
OR Returns True if one of
OR
conditions
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evaluated True
QUESTIONS
 Question18
Write a query to display names, jobs and
salaries for employees who get more than
$2650 and their job IT_PROG.
 Question19
Write a query to display names, jobs and
salaries for employees who do not get $800,
$3000 or $5000.
 Question20
Write a query to display all employee’s
information for employees who have known 31

commission.
SORTING
 Sorting rows can be implemented using
ORDER BY clause

 There are two options:

 ASC: ascending order, default13

 DESC: descending order13

 The ORDER BY clause comes last in the

SELECT statement13. 32

13 Introduction to Oracle: SQL and PL/SQL P2-22 Neena Kochhar, Ellen Gravina and Priya Nathan, July 1999
QUESTIONS
 Question21
Write a query to display all employee’s
information, sort output according to hire date
form most recently hired to least hire date.

 Question22
Write a query to display all employee’s names
and their annual income sort output according
to annual income in ascending.

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