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Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries

Article in Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine · April 2014

DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C807

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S312 Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

journal homepage: www.apjtb.com

Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C807 襃 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved.

Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries

Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus*, Abayneh Melaku Manaye
Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Ethiopia

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer Objective: To evaluate the concentration of bacteria and fungi in the indoor environment of
D r. P ravin M alla S hrestha, S enior Jimma University libraries, so as to estimate the health hazard and to create standards for indoor
Research fellow, University of air quality control.
Massachusetts. Methods: The microbial quality of indoor air of eight libraries of Jimma University was
Tel: 413-577-2747 determined. The settle plate method using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media
Fax: 413-545-1578 was employed to collect sample twice daily. Isolates were identified according to standard
E-mail: [email protected] methods.
Results: The concentrations of bacteria and fungi aerosols in the indoor environment of the
Comments university libraries ranged between 367-2595 CFU/m3. According to the sanitary standards
This study evaluated the indoor air classification of European Commission, almost all the libraries indoor air of Jimma University
quality of the eight different libraries was heavily contaminated with bacteria and fungi. In spite of their major source difference, the
through colony forming count method average fungi density found in the indoor air of libraries did appear to follow the same trend with
using both bacterial and fungal bacterial density (P=0.001). The bacteria isolates included Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus,
specific media. This is a simple and Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. while Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp.,
conventional way of microbial air Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were the most isolated fungi.
quality assessment. Conclusions: The indoor air of all libraries were in the range above highly contaminated
Details on Page S316 according to European Commission classification and the most isolates are considered as potential
candidates involved in the establishment of sick building syndromes and often associated with
clinical manifestations like allergy, rhinitis, asthma and conjunctivitis. Thus, attention must
be given to control those environmental factors which favor the growth and multiplication of
microbes in indoor environment of libraries to safeguard the health of users and workers.

KEYWORDS
Indoor air, Open-plate technique, Microbiological assessment, Bacteria, Fungi, Sedimentation
technique

1. Introduction of people. One of the problems of indoor air quality is

affected by the presence of microorganisms which include
How safe is the air in your surrounding environment that bacteria, moulds and viruses[1,2] and people spends 80%-
you spend much of your time? Indoor environments are 90% of their time in indoors environments[3] by breathing
fundamental environmental factors capable of impacting on average 14 m3 of air per day[4]. These makes people
health. Air quality of indoor environments is one of the highly exposed to indoor air environments. As of these, in
main factors affecting health, wellbeing and productivity recent years there has been a growing interest in indoor
* C orresponding author: D epartment of E nvironmental H ealth S cience and Article history:
Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia. Received 18 Feb 2014
Tel: +251-911-774580 Received in revised form 25 Feb, 2nd revised form 1 Mar, 6 Mar 2014
Fax: +251-471-11 20 40 Accepted 20 Mar 2014
E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Available online 5 Apr 2014
Foundation Project: Supported by Jimma University.
 Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus and Abayneh Melaku Manaye /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317
S313

microbe studies[1-3,5-13]. 2.2. Sampling procedure

T he activity of people and equipment within the
indoor environments is thought to be the principal factor Bacteria and fungi measurement were made by passive
contributing to the buildup and spread of airborne air sampling technique: the settle plate method using
microbial contamination[5,6,14]. Particular activities like 9 cm diameter Petri dishes. The sampling height which
talking, sneezing, coughing, walking and washing can approximated to human breathing zone was 1 m above
generate airborne biological particulate matter. Food stuffs, the floor and at the center of the room. Bacteria and fungi
house plants and flower pots, house dust, textiles, carpets, were collected on 2% nutrient agar and 4% sabouroad agar
wood material and furniture stuffing, occasionally release respectively. To obtain the appropriate surface density for
various fungal spores into the air[11,15]. counting and to determine the load with respect to time
M oreover, the environmental factors mainly include of exposure, the sampling times were set at 30, 60, 90 min.
temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, air movement, Moreover, samples were collected twice a day at 8:30 a.m.
building structures and location, poor design, ventilation and 4:00 p.m. After exposure the sample were taken to the
system as well as interior or redesign which enhance laboratory (Department of Environmental Health Science
microorganism’s growth and multiplication in the indoor and Technology, Jimma University) and incubated at 37 °C
atmosphere[2,7,16]. for 24 h for bacteria and at 25 °C for 3 d for fungi.
A review made by WHO on the number of epidemiological Once colony forming units (CFU) were enumerated, CFU/
studies showed that, there is sufficient evidence for an m were determined, taking into account the following
3

association between indoor dampness-related factors and equation described by Omeliansky[17,18].

a wide range of effects on respiratory health, including N = 5a伊10 (bt) ,
4 −1

asthma development, asthma exacerbation, current asthma, Where N=microbial CFU/m of indoor air; a=number of
3

respiratory infections, upper respiratory tract symptoms, colonies per Petri dish; b=dish surface (cm2); t=exposure
cough, wheeze and dyspnoea[1]. time (min).
Thus microbiological air quality is an important criterion Then, identification of isolates was done according to
that must be taken into account when indoor workplaces standard methods[19,20].
are designed to provide a safe environment. This study
provides information on the current concentration of 2.3. Statistical analysis
microorganisms and describes bacterial and fungal loads
for different libraries of Jimma University. Moreover, co- SPSS Statistics 16.0
software was applied to determine the
existence of bacteria and fungi were established to see the likelihood of statistically significant differences between
impact of environmental factors on their multiplication and the concentrations of bacteria and fungi measured at
growth in the indoor air of the libraries. different sampling place as well as the linearity between
the concentrations of bacteria and fungi measured.

2. Materials and methods

3. Results
2.1. Study area
The indoor air microbial loads of eight libraries of Jimma
J imma U niversity is a public higher educational U niversity were determined by taking 96 samples. T he
institution established in D ecember 1 9 9 9 by the results of the research into the concentration, concentration
amalgamation of Jimma College of Agriculture (founded in range, arithmetic mean and standard deviation of
1952), and Jimma Institute of Health Sciences (established bacterial and fungi aerosol present in the investigated
in 1983). The two campuses are located in Jimma city, 352 libraries are presented in Table 1, 2, and 3. And also the
km southwest of Addis Ababa with an area of 167 hectares. type of microorganism isolated and microbial air quality
Currently a total of 28 583 students are enrolled in campus standard of eight libraries are indicated in Table 4 and 5,
programs. The study included eight libraries of Jimma respectively.
U niversity, namely, K etofurdessa T echnology L ibrary, T he results indicate that the highest bacterial CFU /
A griculture and V eterinary M edicine L ibrary, H ealth m air has been recorded at 8:30 a.m. in Health Science
3

S ciences L ibrary, S ocial S cience L ibrary, T echnology Library at 90 min exposure, which is 2 595 CFU/m , while
3

Library, Education Library, Law Library and FBE Library. the lowest bacterial CFU/m air were recorded at 4:00 p.m.
3

The study was conducted between Aprils to May, 2013. in Ketofurdessa Technology Library at 30 min exposure
S314 Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus and Abayneh Melaku Manaye /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317

Table 1
Number of bacterial CFU/m air at different sampling time of day at different time of exposure.
3

Petri dish Sampling sites

Sampling
exposure time Ketofurdessa Agriculture and Veterinary Health Science Social Science Technology Education Law FBE
time
(Min) Technology Library Medicine Library Library Library Library Library Library Library
30 8:30 a.m. 498 1 101 2 123 760 1 887 1 415 1 153 1 625
4:00 p.m. 367 944 1 887 682 1 573 944 865 1 389
60 8:30 a.m. 799 1 678 2 202 839 2 333 1 730 1 756 1 730
4:00 p.m. 773 1 468 2 045 708 1 913 1 101 1 546 1 546
90 8:30 a.m. 856 2 097 2 595 865 2 429 1 992 1 844 1 879
4:00 p.m. 830 1 905 2 525 751 1 975 1 538 1 651 1 782

Table 2
Number of fungi CFU/m air at different sampling time of day at different time of exposure.
3

Petri dish Sampling sites

exposure time Sampling time Ketofurdessa Agriculture and Veterinary Health Science Social Science Technology Education Law FBE
(Min) Technology Library Medicine Library Library Library Library Library Library Library
30 8:30 a.m. 734 734 786 839 1 678 1 101 1 468 944
4:00 p.m. 629 577 524 603 1 048 944 682 839
60 8:30 a.m. 891 1 258 839 1 035 1 809 1 861 1 494 1 022
4:00 p.m. 904 944 603 813 1 114 1 586 826 891
90 8:30 a.m. 970 1 450 1 180 1 075 1 940 1 992 1 608 1 092
4:00 p.m. 882 1 083 979 848 1 442 1 634 1 022 961

which is 367 CFU/m (Table 1 and 3). The highest fungal CFU/
3
Table 3
m3 air has been recorded at 8:30 a.m. in Education Library The range of microbe’s distribution in Jimma University libraries.
at 90 min exposure, which is 1 992 CFU/m3, while the lowest N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
fungal CFU/m3 air were recorded at 4:00 p.m. in Health Bacteria CFU/m
3
48 367 2 595 1 476 582
Science Library at 30 min exposure, which is 524 CFU/m Fungal CFU/m
3 3
48 524 1 992 1 087 381

(Table 2 and 3). Valid N (listwise) 48

Table 4
Type of microorganism isolated from each Jimma University libraries.
Type of microorganisms Ketofurdessa Agriculture and Veterinary Health science Social Science Technology Education Law Library FBE Library
isolate Technology Library Medicine Library library Library Library Library
Bacteria
Micrococcus sp. + + + - + + + +
Staphylococcus aureus + - + + + - + +
Streptococcus pyogenes + + + + + + - -
Bacillus sp. - + + - + - - -
Neisseria sp. - - - - + - - +
Fungi
Cladosporium sp. + - + - + + + +
Alternaria sp. - + - - + + - +
Penicillium sp. - + + + + + + -
Aspergillus sp. - - + + - - + +

Table 5
Evaluation of air quality in the designated areas of the Jimma University libraries according to the sanitary standards for non-industrial premises[20].
Sampling Sites and time
Range of Ketofurdessa Agriculture
Group of Pollution Health science Social Science Technology Education
values Technology and Veterinary Law library FBE library
microbes degree library library library library
(CFU/m ) library Medicine library
3

8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10 p.m.
Bacteria < 50 Very Low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
50-100 Low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100-500 Intermediate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
500-2000 High √ √ √ √ - - √ √ - √ √ √ √ √ √ √
>2000 Very high - - - - √ √ - - √ - - - - - - -
Fungi < 25 Very Low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
25-100 Low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100-500 Intermediate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
500-2000 High √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
>2000 Very high - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(√) In the range; (-) Not in the range
 Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus and Abayneh Melaku Manaye /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317
S315

The scatter plots of bacteria versus fungi concentration, increase the shedding of bacteria and agitation of air.
shows positive linear associations (P=0.001) with regression S imilar studies revealed that, the presence of aerial
coefficient (R2=0.22, n=48) as presented in Figure 1. bacteria was associated to the presence of personnel into
2500 the air of the partially closed premises[7,12]. The structural
y=0.3047x+637.32
R2=0.2162
design and the low number of occupants per area might
2000
be responsible for low bacteria burden of Ketofurdessa
3
Fungi CFU/m

1500 Technology Library. Hence, an obvious practice to improve

a more healthy quality of indoor air in the building would
1000
be to avoid overcrowding and to design good ventilation
500 systems.
The concentrations of fungi measured in all libraries
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
were significantly different to each other (P=0.000) like
Bacteria CFU/m
3

Figure 1. Scatter plots of fungal against bacteria concentration at libraries that of bacteria concentration. Although in some specific
of Jimma University. cases the values for fungi contamination were maintained
As can be seen in Table 4, the most isolated bacteria during occupancy, its total mean concentration slightly
were Micrococcus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, decreased as occupation progressed, suggesting that most
whereas to a lesser extent Bacillus and Neisseria were fungi species present in the air were not human-borne.
isolated. The most detected fungi were filamentous species S imilar observations by others are in agreement with
with aerial growth and fluffy, cotton-like appearance. these data[12,13,21]. It thus seems likely that the dampness
Determination of properties such as size, shape, hyphal situation of the building might create favorable condition
disposition and spore arrangement led to the results shown for the fungi contamination, which can be dispersed
in Table 4 on the most common fungi. through droplets during disturbing and then maintained
in aerial suspension. Hence, the most important means
for avoiding adverse health effects is the prevention (or
4. Discussion minimization) of persistent dampness and microbial growth
on interior surfaces and in building structures.
Microbiological quality assessment of indoor air study In spite of their major source difference, the average
is one of the most vital investigations to determine the fungi density found in the indoor air of libraries did appear
microbial indoor air pollution. T he information on the to follow the same trend with bacterial concentration.
indoor microbial concentrations of airborne bacteria and This can be explained by the fact that the existed indoor
fungi is necessary both to estimate the health hazard and air environmental factors of the libraries favor fungi and
to create standards for indoor air quality control. T he bacteria growth. As indicated in numerous studies, the
concentrations of bacterial and fungi aerosols in the indoor environmental factors especially dampness enhance
environment of Jimma University libraries, estimated with microbial growth and multiplication in the indoor
the use of the settle plate method, ranged between 367- atmosphere[2,16].
2 595 CFU/m . Thus, the microbial loads of the buildings were favored
3

The concentrations of bacteria measured in all libraries by the environmental conditions which enhance their
were significantly different to each other (P=0.000). These development. And also it was stated by WHO that dampness
can be mainly explained by the variation of density of situation has to be considered as the risk indicator for
occupant during sampling time as well as the variation health risks of biological contaminants of indoor air[1].
of ventilation conditions [2,16] . I n the H ealth S cience A quantitative interpretation of the results describing
Library, the highest CFU/m might be due to the number the air quality in the library is difficult due to the lack
3

of occupants during assessment relative to size of library of widely accepted normative and reference values.
which is around 13 times higher than the other libraries, Universally applicable standards defining an acceptable
whereas the lowest concentration were recorded at level of indoor air contamination with microorganisms
K etofurdessa T echnology L ibrary that had the lowest have not yet been established. Evaluation of the air quality
density (0.06 occupant/m2) than the others. These situations in the designated areas on the premises of the libraries
S316 Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus and Abayneh Melaku Manaye /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317

in Jimma University was based on the sanitary standards in Jimma University, so as to make them sufficient for the
for non-industrial premises formulated by the European current and future student population.
Commission in 1993[22]. According to this classification, the
air in the all libraries was in the range of highly or very Conflict of interest statement
highly contaminated with bacteria and fungi.
T he air in the K etofurdessa T echnology L ibrary, The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
A griculture and V eterinary M edicine L ibrary, S ocial
Science Library, Education Library, Law Library and FBE Acknowledgements
L ibrary showed a similar level of contamination with
bacteria. The other two, Health Science Library and the The authors are grateful to Jimma University for the
morning sample of T echnology L ibrary indicated high financial support, library staffs for providing access
bacterial contamination. The results of the research into to the sampling points as well as to the D epartment
the concentration of mould fungi on the premises of of E nvironmental H ealth S cience and T echnology for
the university library indicate that a high level of fungi providing lab facilities.
contamination was determined in all libraries.
This remark, coupled to the fact that more than 14 m Comments
3

of air is daily inhaled by a human adult[4] leads to the

conclusion that the airborne microbial intake per day of Background
the occupants of the analyzed building might likely exceed Library is one of the important indoor places, where
by at least 14-fold the average number of microorganisms significant number of people spend their time daily.
expressed above. The control of the microbial load of the Therefore, air quality of the libraries should be optimal in
surrounding air is thus important to establish the quality terms of number of microbial contamination. Especially,
and health conditions of the services rendered by any presence of harmful microbes in the air should be avoided
public institution. or at least their presence should be below their pathogenic
The microbial isolates included five bacteria and four level.
fungi which are Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. for Research frontiers
bacteria isolates. The most isolated bacteria are Gram- S tudies were carried out to determine the indoor
positive cocci belonging to saprophytic microflora, air quality of eight libraries throughout the J imma
generally associated to human skin and mucosa, thereby University. The study revealed that all eight libraries were
suggesting that the main bacterial contamination contaminated in the range of high to very high bacterial
suspended in the indoor air derives from human presence. and fungal contamination level.
The fungi isolates includes Cladosporium sp., Alternaria
sp., Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., in which they Related reports
are recognized as opportunistic pathogens for humans T he number of occupants increases the shedding of
and often associated with clinical manifestations of bacteria and agitation of air increases the bacterial count
allergy, rhinitis, asthma and conjunctivitis. Also, these in indoor environment (Meadow et al., 2013), whereas there
microorganisms are considered potential candidates is no effect in the fungal count due to the agitation or
involved in the establishment of sick building increase in occupancy (Soto et al., 2009).
syndromes[23,24].
I n C onclusion, almost all the libraries of J imma Innovations and breakthroughs
U niversity were heavily contaminated with bacteria T his is a study done to access the microbial
and fungi. T hus, attention must be given to control contamination level in indoor air. The study was conducted
those environmental factors which favor the growth and in eight different libraries.
multiplication of microbes in indoor environment of
libraries to safeguard health of users and workers. And also Applications
it needs to increase the size and the number of libraries The result showed that there is an immediate need to
 Samuel Fekadu Hayleeyesus and Abayneh Melaku Manaye /Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S312-S317
S317

improve the indoor air quality of all the libraries. One of [10] H uttunen K , R intala H , H irvonen MR , V epsäläinen A ,
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